Chp 19 Powerpoint - Springfield Public Schools 19 Powerpoint.pdf · 2/8/19 2 Figure 19.6 Order...

2/8/19

1

Chapter19

Amphibians:TheFirstTerrestrialVertebrates

Copyright©2016McGraw-HillEduca;on.Allrightsreserved.Noreproduc;onordistribu;onwithoutthepriorwriDenconsentofMcGraw-HillEduca;on.

Evolu=onaryPerspec=ve

•  Amphibia– “doublelife”– Frogs,toads,salamanders,caecilians


Figure19.3Onehypothesisofevolu=onaryrela=onshipsamongtheTetrapods.


SurveyofAmphibians

•  OrderGymnophiona– Caecilians– Tropicalburrowersfeedingonsoilinvertebrates– Appearsegmentedbecauseofskinfolds– Fer=liza=oninternal– Larvalstageswithinoviducts


Figure19.4OrderGymnophiona(Ichthyophisglu;nosus).


•  OrderCaudata– Salamanders– Tailthroughoutlife,unspecializedlegs– Terrestrial•  LiveinmoistforestfloorliTerwithaqua=clarvae

– Aqua=c•  Newts(Salamandridae)•  Mostoftheirlivesinwater,mayretaincaudalfin

–  Internalfer=liza=onusingspermatophore•  Larvaewithexternalgills,tailfin,larvalden==on,andarudimentarytongue•  Somepaedomorphic(e.g.,Necturus)


2/8/19

2

Figure19.6OrderCaudata.(a)Eggs,(b)larva,and(c)adultofAmbystomamaculatum.


Figure19.7TheRedRiverMudpuppyNecturusmaculosuslouisianensis.


•  OrderAnuraorSalien=a– Frogsandtoads– Adultslacktails,caudalvertebraefuseintourostyle,hindlimbslong,muscularandendinwebbedfeet.

– Fer;liza;onexternal•  Eggsandlarvae(tadpoles)aqua;c•  Larvaeareherbivores.


Figure19.8TheBluePoisonArrowFrog(Dendrobates;nctorius)


Evolu=onaryPressures

•  Externalstructureandlocomo=on– Skin•  Kera=ndepositsmayproducewarts,claws,orotherhardenedstructures.

•  Glands–  Granularglands—noxiousortoxicsecre=ons– Mucousglands—preventdrying

•  Chromatophores–  Colorandcolorchanges


•  Supportandmovement–  Skull

•  FlaTenedandhasfewerbonyelementsthanfish•  Jawstructureandmusculaturemodifiedforcapturingandholdingprey.

–  Vertebralcolumn–providessupport&flexibilityonland•  Zygapophysesonvertebraepreventtwis=ng•  Singlecervicalvertebra•  Singlesacralvertebra

–  Sternum•  Supportsforelimbsandprotectsinternalorgans

–  Pelvicgirdle•  Ilium,ischium,pubis•  Supportshindlimbs


2/8/19

3

Figure19.9Skeletonsofamphibians


Figure19.10.Salamanderlocomo=on.


•  Nutri=onandthediges=vesystem–  Carnivoresasadults–  Herbivoresaslarvae

•  Preycapture–  Flip-and-grab(figure19.11)

Copyright©2016McGraw-HillEduca;on.Allrightsreserved.Noreproduc;onordistribu;onwithoutthepriorwriDenconsentofMcGraw-

HillEduca;on.

Figure19.11Flip-and-Grabfeedinginatoad.

•  Circula=on,gasexchange,andtemperatureregula=on– Adapta=onsforlifedividedbetweenaqua=candterrestrialhabitats.•  Cutaneousgasexchangeresultsinbloodreturningtoheartbeinghighlyoxygenated.


Figure19.12Diagramma=crepresenta=onofananurancirculatorysystem.(a)Heartandaor=carches.(b)Ventralviewoftheheart.


•  Gasexchange– Cutaneousrespira=on•  Highlyvascularskinpromotesgasexchange

– Buccopharyngealrespira=on•  Moistsurfacesofmouthandpharynx

– Pulmonary•  Buccalpumpmechanismcreatesposi=vepressure(figure26.18).

– Larvaeandsomeadultsuseexternalgills.


2/8/19

4

Figure26.18Ven=la=oninamphibians.


•  Temperatureregula=on– Ectothermic– Behavioraltemperatureregula=on•  Cooling

–  Nocturnal–  Burrowing

• Warming–  basking


•  Nervousandsensoryfunc=ons– Vertebratebrainfromthreeembryologicalsubdivisions

– Sensoryreceptors•  Skinreceptors•  Laterallinesystem•  Chemorecep=on

–  Nasalepithelium,mouth,skin


•  Sensoryreceptors–  Vision

•  Sightfeeders•  Binocularvision•  Eyestructureandfunc=on(figure19.13)

–  Nic=ta=ngmembranelubricatesandwasheseye.–  Accommoda=onbylensmovement

– Hearing•  Air-bornevibra=ons

–  Tympanicmembrane–  Stapes(columella)

•  Substrate-bornevibra=ons–  TransmiTedthroughfrontappendagesandpectoralgirdle


Figure19.13Amphibianeye.


•  Excre=onandosmoregula=on–  Kidneys

•  Dorsalbodywall– Nitrogenouswastes

•  Ammoniaandurea– Osmoregula=on

•  Inwater–  Excreteexcesswaterandconserveions

»  Kidneysandurinarybladder•  Onland

–  Conservewaterwithbehaviorsthatpreventloss»  Nocturnal»  Bodyposture»  Cocoons»  Cutaneousabsorp=on»  Storageinlymphsacsandurinarybladder


2/8/19

5

Figure19.14Waterconserva=onbyanurans.


•  Reproduc=on,development,andmetamorphosis– Dioecious– Fer=liza=onusuallyexternal– Developmentusuallyinwater– Courtship•  Salamanders

–  Olfactoryandvisualcues•  Anurans

–  Tac=leandauditorycues


Figure19.15Amplexus.


•  Vocaliza=on– Maleanurans–  ATractfemalestobreedingareas–  Establishbreedingterritories–  Speciesspecific


Figure19.16aAnuranvocaliza=on.

•  Parentalcare–  ATendanceateggclutchbyeitherparent

–  Eggtransport


Figure19.17Rheobatrachus(nowpresumedex=nct)femalesbroodedyoungintheirstomachsandyoungemergedthroughtheirmouths.

•  Metamorphosis–  Controlledbyneurosecre=onsofhypothalamus,anteriorpituitarygland,andthyroidgland.

–  Salamandersandcaecilians•  Rela=velyminorchanges

– Anurans•  Tadpoletofrog

–  Limbsandlungsdevelop–  Tailisreabsorbed–  Skinthickens–  Changesinheadanddiges=vetract


2/8/19

6

Figure19.18EventsofmetamorphosisintheCaliforniared-leggedfrogRanatemporaria.(a)Youngtadpoles.(b)Latertadpole.(c)Youngfrog.(d)Adultfrog.


AmphibiansinPeril•  One-thirdofamphibianspeciesthreatenedwithex=nc=on.•  Water-andairbornepollutantsquicklypenetratethin

permeableskin.•  Threats

–  Clear-culngforestsanddevelopment–  Chytridfungus–  Climatechange

•  Conserva=on–  Popula=onmonitoring–  Collec=ngrestric=ons–  Wetlandconserva=on–  Climate-changereversal


Chp 19 Powerpoint - Springfield Public Schools 19 Powerpoint.pdf · 2/8/19 2 Figure 19.6 Order...

Documents

Transcript of Chp 19 Powerpoint - Springfield Public Schools 19 Powerpoint.pdf · 2/8/19 2 Figure 19.6 Order...