Choudhary Typo 2

8/12/2019 Choudhary Typo 2

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Grammatical Relations


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How is GR identified?

Agreement

Case

Reference


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Semantic Roles

Role of the noun phrase in relation to action

and state described by the verb.


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Semantic Roles

Agent : deliberately, intentionally.

John hits Sam.

Involuntary causer: The water destroyed mycomputer.

Instrument: John broke the window with

hammer. Experiencer: Sensory or emotional input.

John heard a train coming.


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Patient: Change the state:

The falling rocks crushed the car.

Theme: Does not change stateJohn saw the ball.

Recipient: John sent a letter to Sam.

Benefactive: He built a car for me.


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Mapping

Is one to one mapping possible?

How is grammatical relation/role different

from thematic roles.

What are the challenges?


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Language Universals

Absolute Universal: Refers to the properties

found in all languages.

Example: All languages have vowels and

consonants.

Statistical universal : Important features which

are found in most of the languages but not in

all the languages.

Example: Subject tend to precede object.


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Implicational Universal

If a language has property A then it must have

property B. Conditional.


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Greenbergs Universals

In declarative sentences with nominal subject

and object, the dominant order is almost

always one in which the subject precedes the

object. ( Universal 1)

In languages with prepositions, the genitive

almost always follows the governing noun,

while in languages with postpositions italmost always precedes it. ( Universal 1)


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Languages with dominant VSO order are

always prepositional. (Universal 3)

With overwhelmingly greater than chance

frequency, languages with normal SOV order

are postpositional. (Universal 4)

If a language has dominant SOV order and the

genitive follows the governing noun, then the

adjective likewise follows the noun. (Universal

5)


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All languages with dominant VSO order have SVO

as an alternative or as the only alternative basic

order. (Universal 6)

If in a language with dominant SOV order, there

is no alternative basic order, or only OSV as the

alternative, then all adverbial modifiers of the

verb likewise precede the verb. (Universal 7)


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When a yes-no question is differentiated from

the corresponding assertion by an intonational

pattern, the distinctive intonational features of

each of these patterns are reckoned from theend of the sentence rather than from the

beginning. (8)


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With well more than chance frequency, when

question particles or affixes are specified in

position by reference to the sentence as a

whole, if initial, such elements are found inprepositional languages, and, if final, in

postpositional. (9)


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Question particles or affixes, when specified in

position by reference to a particular word in

the sentence, almost always follow that word.

Such particles do not occur in languages withdominant order VSO. (10)


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Inversion of statement order so that verb

precedes subject occurs only in languages

where the question word or phrase is

normally initial. This same inversion occurs inyes-no questions only if it also occurs in

interrogative word questions. (11)


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In languages with dominant order VSO, an

inflected auxiliary always precedes the main

verb. In languages with dominant order SOV,

an inflected auxiliary always follows the mainverb. (16)


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With overwhelmingly more than chance

frequency, languages with dominant order

VSO have the adjective after the noun. (17)


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If the pronominal object follows the verb, so

does the nominal object. (25)

If a language has inflection, it always has

derivation. (29)


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Whenever the verb agrees with a nominal

subject or nominal object in gender, it also

agrees in number. (32)

No language has a trial number unless it has a

dual. No language has a dual unless it has a

plural. (34)


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A language never has more gender categories

in nonsingular numbers than in the singular.

(37)


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If in a language the verb follows both the

nominal subject and nominal object as the

dominant order, the language almost always

has a case system. (41)

All languages have pronominal categories

involving at least three persons and two

numbers. (42)


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If a language has gender categories in the

noun, it has gender categories in the

pronoun.(43)

If there are any gender distinctions in the

plural of the pronoun, there are some gender

distinctions in the singular also. (45)

Choudhary Typo 2

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