Choose a Cruise!! - Cornell University 2004/Module1/E… · • 1994 -Oil based paint dripped into...

EcoEco--certificationcertification ofof CruisesCruises::GreeningGreening thethe CruiseCruise IndustryIndustry

ChooseChoose a a CruiseCruise!!!!


ChooseChoose AgainAgain!!

ItIt waswas foundfound violationsviolationsare are commoncommon!!LargeLarge cruisecruise lineslines onlyonlypromotepromote luxuriousluxuriousexperienceexperienceIgnore social, Ignore social, economiceconomic, , andandenvironmentalenvironmental impactsimpacts

http://starbulletin.com/2001/04/08/business/story3.html


DirtyDirty, , DirtyDirty, , DirtyDirty

www.stopcruisepollution.com

http://www.stopcruisepollution.com/

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/pubs/Core_Slides/slide019.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/pubs/Core_Slides/sources.htm&h=436&w=669&sz=67&tbnid=mCJ7Uy9BFrAJ:&tbnh=88&tbnw=135&start=14&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcruise%2Bpollution%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG


PrincessPrincessViolationsViolations::•• 1991 1991 -- Princess Cruises agrees to a fine for dumping Princess Cruises agrees to a fine for dumping

more than 20 garbage filled plastic bags off the Florida more than 20 garbage filled plastic bags off the Florida Keys. Passengers videotape offense and receive half of Keys. Passengers videotape offense and receive half of fine.fine.Fine: $500,000 Fine: $500,000

•• 1993 1993 -- 264 gallons of lubricating oil discharged into 264 gallons of lubricating oil discharged into TaiyaTaiya Inlet, AK after a propeller shaft seal was broken Inlet, AK after a propeller shaft seal was broken by a fishing line. Fine: $100 by a fishing line. Fine: $100

•• 1994 1994 --Oil based paint dripped into Los Angeles Oil based paint dripped into Los Angeles HarbourHarbour, , CA. Fine: $250 CA. Fine: $250

•• 1994 1994 -- 1 gallon of hydraulic oil spilled into Los Angeles, 1 gallon of hydraulic oil spilled into Los Angeles, CA CA harbourharbour. Fine $500. Fine $500

•• 19991999--2001 Air pollution in AK coast. Fine: $110,000, 2001 Air pollution in AK coast. Fine: $110,000, $55,000, $0$55,000, $0


Holland AmericaHolland AmericaViolations:Violations:•• 1994 1994 -- Discharge waste 13 times in 10 days into Alaskan Discharge waste 13 times in 10 days into Alaskan

waters. Fine: $2 million waters. Fine: $2 million 5 year 5 year probationprobation•• 1995 1995 -- 25 gallons of marine gas oil spilled into East Bay, FL 25 gallons of marine gas oil spilled into East Bay, FL

because a tank was overfilled. Fine: $2500because a tank was overfilled. Fine: $2500•• 1996 1996 -- Drags anchor across 1000 meters of Soto's Reef, Drags anchor across 1000 meters of Soto's Reef,

Cayman Islands. Fine: unknownCayman Islands. Fine: unknown•• 19991999--2002 Air pollution, opacity violations in AK coast. Fine 2002 Air pollution, opacity violations in AK coast. Fine

$25,000 $25,000 -- $165,00 (some suspension) each year. $165,00 (some suspension) each year. •• 2002 2002 –– 40,000 gal of sludge dumped in Juneau harbor. Fine: 40,000 gal of sludge dumped in Juneau harbor. Fine:

$25,000$25,000•• 2004 2004 -- Former Vice President, Richard K. Former Vice President, Richard K. SoftyeSoftye, pleaded , pleaded

guilty to falsely certifying that Holland America Line was guilty to falsely certifying that Holland America Line was performing environmental audits when it wasn't. performing environmental audits when it wasn't. He was also He was also ordered to perform 450 hours of community service while on ordered to perform 450 hours of community service while on probation for three years. Fine: $10,000 probation for three years. Fine: $10,000


Disney Cruise LineDisney Cruise Line

Violations:Violations:•• New companyNew company•• Illness case, virus inflicts 200 Illness case, virus inflicts 200

passengerspassengers•• No public reported violationsNo public reported violations


Royal Caribbean Royal Caribbean Violations:Violations:•• 1992 1992 -- Leaves a 450 meter (1500 foot) oil spill in St. George's Leaves a 450 meter (1500 foot) oil spill in St. George's

HarbourHarbour, Bermuda. Fine: $8500 , Bermuda. Fine: $8500 •• 1993 1993 -- Discharged waste into harbor at Georgetown, Grand Discharged waste into harbor at Georgetown, Grand

Cayman Island containing an unacceptably high level of Cayman Island containing an unacceptably high level of bacteria harmful to marine life. Fine: $2500bacteria harmful to marine life. Fine: $2500

•• 1993 1993 -- Plastic bag full of garbage found in Endicott Arm, Plastic bag full of garbage found in Endicott Arm, AK. AK. Traced to the ship by the bag's contents. Fine: $1500Traced to the ship by the bag's contents. Fine: $1500

•• 1993 1993 -- 300300--400 liters (75400 liters (75--100 gallons) of lube oil drained into 100 gallons) of lube oil drained into gray water tank and was discharged into Port of Miamigray water tank and was discharged into Port of Miami

•• 1995 1995 -- 1 gallon of bilge oil discharged into 1 gallon of bilge oil discharged into IntracoastalIntracoastalWaterway, FL when a valve was left open. Fine: $250Waterway, FL when a valve was left open. Fine: $250

•• 1997 1997 -- 65 gallons of fuel oil spilled into 65 gallons of fuel oil spilled into PatapscoPatapsco River, MD. River, MD. Fine: $1000Fine: $1000


Celebrity CruiseCelebrity CruiseViolations:Violations:•• 1996 1996 -- Food waste mixed with garbage discharged into Food waste mixed with garbage discharged into

Crown Bay, St. Thomas, USVI. Fine: warningCrown Bay, St. Thomas, USVI. Fine: warning•• 19991999--2001 2001 –– Air pollution, opacity in AK coast. Fine: $0, Air pollution, opacity in AK coast. Fine: $0,

$55,000, $25,000$55,000, $25,000•• 2001 2001 -- Discharged treated wastewater at Juneau without Discharged treated wastewater at Juneau without

required permits. Tests of the wastewater indicated that required permits. Tests of the wastewater indicated that it was more acidic than permitted for discharging within it was more acidic than permitted for discharging within a mile of shore. Fine: unknowna mile of shore. Fine: unknown

•• 2001 2001 -- A compliance audit under the plea agreement A compliance audit under the plea agreement between Royal Caribbean and the US Department of between Royal Caribbean and the US Department of Justice found that one 55Justice found that one 55--gallojn drum of hazardous gallojn drum of hazardous waste generated by the print shop was landed at Tampa waste generated by the print shop was landed at Tampa as nonas non--hazardous waste. Fine: nonehazardous waste. Fine: none


Norwegian Cruise LineNorwegian Cruise LineViolations:Violations:•• 1996 1996 -- 70 gallons of oil spilled into Port of Miami linked to ship by 70 gallons of oil spilled into Port of Miami linked to ship by

chemical analysis. Fine: $800 chemical analysis. Fine: $800 •• 1997 1997 -- Damaged Great Mayan Reef near Damaged Great Mayan Reef near ConzumelConzumel (more than 4400 (more than 4400

square feet had been shaved off square feet had been shaved off ---- 80% destroyed). Fine: $1 million 80% destroyed). Fine: $1 million •• 19991999--2001 2001 –– Air pollution, opacity in AK coast. Fine: $55,000, Air pollution, opacity in AK coast. Fine: $55,000,

$27,500, $27,500$27,500, $27,500•• 2001 2001 -- Discharged sewage for up to threeDischarged sewage for up to three--quarters of a mile en route quarters of a mile en route

from Juneau to Ketchikan and within 3 miles of the Alexander from Juneau to Ketchikan and within 3 miles of the Alexander Archipelago. Archipelago. Fecal Fecal coliformcoliform counts were 3500 times the allowable counts were 3500 times the allowable federal standard and total suspended solids 180 times the standafederal standard and total suspended solids 180 times the standard. rd. Fine: unknownFine: unknown

•• 2003 2003 –– couple observed bottles, cans, corks, plastic plates, plastic couple observed bottles, cans, corks, plastic plates, plastic utensils, plastic cups and organic material dumped from back of utensils, plastic cups and organic material dumped from back of the the ship by Hawaii. Fine: still being investigated by EPA and Coast ship by Hawaii. Fine: still being investigated by EPA and Coast GuardGuard

•• 2003 2003 -- illegal discharge of 16,000 gallons (40 tons) of raw sewage intillegal discharge of 16,000 gallons (40 tons) of raw sewage into o the Strait of Juan de the Strait of Juan de FucaFuca (just off Whidbey Island, a popular vacation (just off Whidbey Island, a popular vacation resort). Fine: unknown resort). Fine: unknown


CarnivalCarnivalViolationsViolations: : •• 1993 1993 -- Ship was observed training a several Ship was observed training a several --mile long oil slick mile long oil slick

(observed by Coast Guard). Fine: audit(observed by Coast Guard). Fine: audit•• 1997 1997 -- One half gallon of oil based paint spilled into Los One half gallon of oil based paint spilled into Los

Angeles Angeles HarbourHarbour, CA. Fine: $250, CA. Fine: $250•• 19991999--2001 Air pollution, opacity in AK coast. Fine $55,000, 2001 Air pollution, opacity in AK coast. Fine $55,000,

$27,000, $0$27,000, $0•• 2001 2001 -- Discharges 768,000 gallons of Discharges 768,000 gallons of greywatergreywater (nearly (nearly

40,000 gallons per week for 20 weeks) into the port of San 40,000 gallons per week for 20 weeks) into the port of San Pedro, California. Fine: nonePedro, California. Fine: none

•• 2003 2003 -- Administrative fee to settle with the California State Administrative fee to settle with the California State Lands Commission over the cruise line's noncompliance with Lands Commission over the cruise line's noncompliance with state ballast water law. Fine: $200,000state ballast water law. Fine: $200,000

•• 2003 2003 -- The company reported an accidental discharge of 60 The company reported an accidental discharge of 60 gallons of grey water while anchored at Avalon Bay (Catalina gallons of grey water while anchored at Avalon Bay (Catalina Island, California), approximately oneIsland, California), approximately one--half mile from land. half mile from land. Fine: none Fine: none


LindbladLindblad ExpeditionsExpeditionsExampleExample ofof goodgood stewardshipstewardship::•• FoundedFounded in 1979 by in 1979 by SvenSven LinbladLinblad•• EnvironmentalEnvironmental PolicyPolicy SystemSystem

InvestedInvested in in technologytechnology toto minimizeminimize wastewasteReduce Reduce consumptionconsumption ofof natural natural resourcesresourcesMininizeMininize anthropogenicanthropogenic impactsimpactsEnsureEnsure compliancecompliance thruthru auditsaudits andand employeeemployeeawarenessawarenessBeyondBeyond lawslaws –– develop their own corporate standardsdevelop their own corporate standardsConsiderConsider viewview ofof stakeholdersstakeholders

http://www.expeditions.com/ships/endeavour.asp


LindbladLindblad ExpeditionsExpeditions contcont’’ddAwards: Awards:

•• 2002 2002 CondCondéé NastNast Traveler Ecotourism Award Traveler Ecotourism Award •• 2001 United Nations Environment 2001 United Nations Environment ProgrammeProgramme Global 500 Global 500

Award, 1998Award, 1998--2003 2003 CondCondéé NastNast Traveler Traveler ““Gold ListGold List””•• 20002000--2003 Travel + Leisure Top Ten Tour Operators 2003 Travel + Leisure Top Ten Tour Operators ““WorldWorld’’s s

BestBest”” AwardAward•• 19961996--2003 2003 CondCondéé NastNast Traveler ReadersTraveler Readers’’ Choice for Choice for ““Top Top

Cruise LinesCruise Lines””

Agency Affiliations:Agency Affiliations:•• Galapagos Conservation FundGalapagos Conservation Fund•• RARE Center for Tropical ConservationRARE Center for Tropical Conservation•• Opening Hearts ProjectOpening Hearts Project•• Alaska Whale FoundationAlaska Whale Foundation•• Marine Stewardship CouncilMarine Stewardship Council

http://www.expeditions.com/ships/seabird.asp

National Geographic National Geographic Expedition CruisesExpedition Cruises

Travel with top NG experts and the best local guidesAverage of 25 travelers/trip“Travel not as an observer but as an active participant, with

boundless chances to be surrounded by natural wonders and exotic wildlife, to explore celebrated archaeological sites and important antiquities, to learn about different cultures and environments, and to meet local people and share in their traditions.”

Dedicated to sustaining environment, culture, heritage, aesthetics and well-being of local people


EcotourismEcotourism

““responsible travel to natural areas that responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves conserves the environment and improves the wellthe well--being of local peoplebeing of local people”” (TIES, (TIES, 2004). 2004). 2 Crucial 2 Crucial ComponentsComponents::•• Local Local biodiversitybiodiversity andand habitathabitatare are paramountparamount

•• Local Local populationspopulations mustmustparticipateparticipate andand gaingain economic economic benefitsbenefits

HotlyHotly debateddebated issueissue: : cruisescruises!!


Cruise IndustryCruise Industry

FleetFleet sizesize: 250: 250……and growingand growingFastest Fastest growinggrowing sector sector ofof traveltravelindustryindustrySignificant economic growth: $11.6 Significant economic growth: $11.6 toto $15.5 $15.5 billionbillion fromfrom 1997 1997 toto 1999 1999 (ICCL).(ICCL).

ATTENTION!ATTENTION!


Cruise IndustryCruise Industry““a two edged sworda two edged sword””

Large share of local economies but . . .Large share of local economies but . . .The Floating CitiesThe Floating Cities’’ Environmental Impacts:Environmental Impacts:

High resource consumption: fuel, food, chemicals, materialsHigh resource consumption: fuel, food, chemicals, materialsWastewater and solid wastes Wastewater and solid wastes Direct waste dumping Direct waste dumping Air pollution and diesel fuelAir pollution and diesel fuel

Acid rain, global warmingAcid rain, global warmingSoot particlesSoot particles

Invasive speciesInvasive speciesLaws have not kept up and continue to be violatedLaws have not kept up and continue to be violatedWhale Whale ““strikesstrikes””Negative land and shore resource managementNegative land and shore resource management

WastesWastesOverpopulation (i.e. Cancun)Overpopulation (i.e. Cancun)Coral reefs: development and diseasesCoral reefs: development and diseasesFisheriesFisheries


Major SocioMajor Socio--economic Question:economic Question:

•• Can cruise line tourism bring sustainable Can cruise line tourism bring sustainable development to coastal and island development to coastal and island communities (especially to countries with communities (especially to countries with weaker economies) and how compatible is weaker economies) and how compatible is it with ecotourism?it with ecotourism?


Economic/Social Issues of Economic/Social Issues of Joint MarketJoint Market

AdvantagesAdvantagesDiversifies countriesDiversifies countries’’ economyeconomySurrounding culture benefits Surrounding culture benefits –– jobs, income jobs, income stimulation, standard of living, infrastructure stimulation, standard of living, infrastructure Revenue Revenue conservationconservation

Cruise tourism and coastal communities with Cruise tourism and coastal communities with lesser political or economic cloutlesser political or economic clout

Rapid economic development? Rapid economic development?


Hoonah, AlaskaHoonah, Alaska““Swimming in cashSwimming in cash””


Are the Desired Economic Benefits Are the Desired Economic Benefits from Ecotourism Met?from Ecotourism Met?

LEAKAGES LEAKAGES

Rich countries v poorer countries, need to Rich countries v poorer countries, need to importimport

““AllAll--inclusiveinclusive”” vacation packages vacation packages Ex. Cancun: 10 cents/$1.00Ex. Cancun: 10 cents/$1.00

Leakages must be identified!Leakages must be identified!


Social ConsiderationsSocial ConsiderationsCultural and Social IntrusionLoss of Local ControlDisplacement of PeopleDisruption of Local Social Relationships


Xcaret, MexicoXcaret, MexicoProposal to expand Home Port

“Our entire ecology has been ‘concessionized.’”-Yuxcuxtal, Mayan rights group


Current LegislationCurrent Legislation

Federal Water Pollution Control Act Federal Water Pollution Control Act •• (Clean Water Act)(Clean Water Act)

Clean Air ActClean Air ActResource Conservation and Recovery Resource Conservation and Recovery ActAct


More LegislationMore Legislation

State RegulationsState Regulations•• California gray water dumping California gray water dumping

restrictionsrestrictions

MARPOL by IMOMARPOL by IMO•• Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships

Sarbanes Oxley ActSarbanes Oxley Act

IMO


Potential New LegislationPotential New Legislation

Clean Cruise Ship Act of 2004!Clean Cruise Ship Act of 2004!

More on that later.More on that later.


Problems with LegislationProblems with Legislation

Laws are outdatedLaws are outdatedCruise industry is in rapid growthCruise industry is in rapid growthCurrently only measured radius Currently only measured radius restriction from coastsrestriction from coasts

http://www.mayfloweroceanlines.com/maritime_her.htm


Around the World in 80 DaysAround the World in 80 Days

Cruise ships are impossible to Cruise ships are impossible to monitor closelymonitor closelyNo regulations on international No regulations on international waterswatersCruises move from country to Cruises move from country to country, difficult to regulatecountry, difficult to regulateBribery, corruptionBribery, corruption


Current EcoCurrent Eco--certification programs:certification programs:

Green Globe 21Green Globe 21

The International Ecotourism Society The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) (TIES) -- Smart VoyagerSmart Voyager

STSCSTSC


Environmental Strategy:Environmental Strategy:

Develop a very strong overDevelop a very strong over--arching arching organization to standardize and enforce organization to standardize and enforce ecoeco--labeling for ecotourism:labeling for ecotourism:For cruise industry in particular:For cruise industry in particular:stakeholders put forward requirements for stakeholders put forward requirements for ecoeco--certification addressing environmental certification addressing environmental issues on board and off board in the issues on board and off board in the context of social, economic, and context of social, economic, and environmental impacts.environmental impacts.


Stakeholders:Stakeholders:

ICCLICCLIMOIMOU.S. Coast GuardU.S. Coast GuardCLIACLIARegional Stakeholders Regional Stakeholders OrgOrg’’ssEnvironmental NGOEnvironmental NGO’’ssPublic Public


Incentives for EcoIncentives for Eco--certificationcertificationEconomic:Economic:•• Public ImagePublic Image

Improves reputation Improves reputation Ships are being held accountable (fines and NGO endorsements of Ships are being held accountable (fines and NGO endorsements of ecoeco--certification programs)certification programs)

•• Unique Geographical RegionUnique Geographical Region50% cruises go to Caribbean/Bahamas50% cruises go to Caribbean/BahamasEconomically dependent on ecotourism (tourism in Bahamas is Economically dependent on ecotourism (tourism in Bahamas is 60% of economy)60% of economy)

•• SustainabilitySustainabilityEnsures future of businessEnsures future of businessCost reduction, income growth, improved management practices, Cost reduction, income growth, improved management practices, continuity of tourismcontinuity of tourismCorporate competitive edge for partnerships and creditCorporate competitive edge for partnerships and credit

•• Other possibilitiesOther possibilitiesPremiums on passenger feesPremiums on passenger feesPerformance subsidiesPerformance subsidies


Incentives for EcoIncentives for Eco--certificationcertificationSocialSocial•• Impact on local communitiesImpact on local communities

Encourage protection of Encourage protection of native culturenative cultureCompliance with labor Compliance with labor lawslawsAnalyze carrying capacityAnalyze carrying capacity

•• Local knowledge is key to Local knowledge is key to ecotourismecotourism

Create Create enriching/informative enriching/informative tourstoursUtilize localsUtilize locals’’ expertise expertise

•• Educating cruise enthusiastsEducating cruise enthusiastsEcology classesEcology classesTransparency of impacts, Transparency of impacts, builds trustbuilds trust


Incentives for EcoIncentives for Eco--certificationcertification

GovernmentGovernment•• Transoceanic regulationsTransoceanic regulations

National defense of natural resourcesNational defense of natural resourcesEquality, international relationsEquality, international relations

•• Mandatory certificationMandatory certificationPromote worldwide environmental responsibilityPromote worldwide environmental responsibilityChallengingChallenging

•• Others: Others: Tax shifting Tax shifting –– ““polluter payspolluter pays””Subsidies Subsidies –– rewards companies certifiedrewards companies certifiedSystem thinking System thinking –– inclusive analysisinclusive analysis


ConclusionsConclusions

Many challenges still presentMany challenges still present•• Due to competition within ports and Due to competition within ports and

cruise industry not team player cruise industry not team player --Certification program must recognize it Certification program must recognize it is in everyoneis in everyone’’s best interests best interest

•• Certification must be powerful, Certification must be powerful, meaningful and trustworthy, or it can be meaningful and trustworthy, or it can be subject to corruptionsubject to corruption


Conclusions contConclusions cont’’dd

•• Market may not be ready for ecoMarket may not be ready for eco--certified cruisescertified cruises

•• There is a great lack of awareness about There is a great lack of awareness about magnitude of problemmagnitude of problem


Ecotourism/Cruise Sector assets:Ecotourism/Cruise Sector assets:

Fleet size of 250, is a doable size to Fleet size of 250, is a doable size to implement industryimplement industry--wide programwide programPassengers are wealthy, can recognize Passengers are wealthy, can recognize their right to choosetheir right to chooseGlobal climate leaning towards corporate Global climate leaning towards corporate accountability and reduced role of nationaccountability and reduced role of nation--statestateClear definition of cruise industry, not Clear definition of cruise industry, not fragmentedfragmentedSome regional alliances existSome regional alliances existSome EcoSome Eco--certification programs already certification programs already establishedestablished


Want to Want to DoDo Something About It?Something About It?

The The Clean Cruise Ship Act of 2004Clean Cruise Ship Act of 2004, introduced in , introduced in

Congress by Senator Richard Durbin of Illinois and Congress by Senator Richard Durbin of Illinois and

Congressman Sam Farr of CaliforniaCongressman Sam Farr of California


Talking Points:Talking Points:The Act would:The Act would:

Prohibit discharges of untreated sewage, Prohibit discharges of untreated sewage, graywatergraywater and bilge and bilge water within 12 miles of U.S. shore and within the Greawater within 12 miles of U.S. shore and within the Great t Lakes.Lakes.

Establish improved standards for levels of fecal Establish improved standards for levels of fecal coliformcoliform, total , total suspended solids (TSS), and chlorine in treated sewage and suspended solids (TSS), and chlorine in treated sewage and graywatergraywater

Require the Coast Guard and EPA to issue final standards for thRequire the Coast Guard and EPA to issue final standards for the e contaminants listed above taking into account the best availabcontaminants listed above taking into account the best available le technology, with the goal of zero pollutant discharge from technology, with the goal of zero pollutant discharge from sewage or sewage or graywatergraywater by 2015.by 2015.

Ensure illegal discharges do not continue by requiring better Ensure illegal discharges do not continue by requiring better

inspection and monitoring.inspection and monitoring.

Source: Oceana.orgSource: Oceana.org

ItIt’’s this easy:s this easy:You can ask your members of Congress You can ask your members of Congress to coto co--sponsor the Clean Cruise Ship Act sponsor the Clean Cruise Ship Act

of 2004 (S.2271 in the Senate, of 2004 (S.2271 in the Senate, H.R.4101 in the House) H.R.4101 in the House) ---- the more cothe more co--sponsors the bill has, the better chance sponsors the bill has, the better chance

it has of passing.it has of passing.

Source: Oceana.orgSource: Oceana.org

Choose a Cruise!! - Cornell University 2004/Module1/E… · • 1994 -Oil based paint dripped into...

Documents

Transcript of Choose a Cruise!! - Cornell University 2004/Module1/E… · • 1994 -Oil based paint dripped into...