Chlamydia-induced Reactive Arthritis
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Transcript of Chlamydia-induced Reactive Arthritis
Chlamydia-induced
Reactive ArthritisTreatment Options and Remission
Camille Renee
January 26, 2015
Dr. F.M.
RHM2 4111
Outline
Approach to Research
P.I.C.O. Summary
What is Reactive Arthritis?
Current Treatment Plan
Treatment-based Case Report
Remission
Remission-based Case Control Study
Questions for Future Research
Approach to Research
Approach to Research
Approach to Research
Approach to Research
Source: Duke Library
1
2
Source: JaypeeJournals.com
P.I.C.O.
Patient Problem: ◦ Joint pain
◦ Conjunctivitis
◦ Symptoms occur weeks after treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis
Intervention: ◦ Serology (HLA-B27)
◦ Cytoplasmic inclusions on histology
◦ Antibiotics
◦ Methotrexate
P.I.C.O.
Comparison:
◦ TNF-α inhibitors i.e. Etanercept
Outcome:
◦ Pain relief
◦ Inflammation reduced
◦ Resolution
Reactive Arthritis
‘Reiter’s Syndrome’ (classic triad)1) Urethritis/Cervicitis
2) Conjunctivitis
3) Arthritis
Generally associated with HLA-B27 on serology
Post-venereal type is particularly associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infections
‘Can’t See, Can’t Pee, Can’t Climb a Tree.’
Toronto Notes, 2014
Reactive Arthritis –
Post-enteric Type
Chlamydia Trachomatis• Most prevalent sexually
transmitted bacterial pathogen
• May cause:
• Reactive arthritis (Reiter’s
syndrome)
• Follicular conjunctivitis
• Nongonococcal urethritis
(NGU)
• Pelvic inflammatory
disease (PID)
• 3 million new C. trachomatis
infections occur each year in the
United StatesSource: Le, T. First aid 2014
Only 4% of these
cases lead to
inflammatory arthritis
C. Trachomatis - Replication
Source: Carter, J.D. Int J Clin Rheumtol. 2011
C. Trachomatis - Histology
Source: Carter, J.D. Int J Clin Rheumtol. 2011
Traditional Treatments
Toronto Notes, 2014
Etanercept – Case Report
Successful use of Etanerceptfor the treatment of Reiter’s syndrome: a case report and review of the literature (Edrees, A., 2011)
33 year old male with Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis refractory to NSAIDs, sulfasalazine, prednisone, and methotrexate treatment
Source: Gc.kinesis.co.uk
Etanercept – Case Report
33 year old white male
Positive for Chlamydiatrachomatis
Treated with azithromycin
3 weeks later: returns with joint pain, itching of both eyes, andkeratodermablennorrhagicum
Source: Worldstemcells.comSource: Wikipedia.org
Etanercept – Case Report Two months without improvement
◦ Ibuprofen (800 mg t.i.d)
◦ Sulfasalazine (3000 mg q.d.)
◦ Methotrexate (15 mg once a week)
◦ Prednisone (20-60 mg q.d.)
Etanercept was started
(50 mg sc. once a week)
After two months, skin and joint pain improved.
Etanercept and methotrexate were continued for
12 months with resolution and no recurrence.
Source: Sweetclipart.com
Conclusions
Etanercept is a TNF-alpha inhibitor that may be used for patients that do not respond to other treatment options
Although…
TNF-alpha has been shown to inhibit growth of bacterial organisms, but also causes an inflammatory response
In some cases, the use of TNF-alpha inhibitors may lead to worsening of symptoms
Combination Therapy
Source: Lippincott, 2006
• Treatment with
etanercept
together with
methotrexate
has been shown
to cause
remission in
patients with
reactive arthritis
Remission
Definition: ‘a period of time during a
serious illness when the patient's
health improves’
Approximately 15% of reactive
arthritis cases become chronic
and result in destructiveness of
the joints
Source: Merriam-Webster.com
Remission – Systematic Study
C. trachomatis is present and
metabolically active during the
remitting phase in synovial tissues
from patients with chronic Chlamydia-
induced reactive arthritis (Gerard,
H.C., Carter, J.D., Hudson, A.P., 2013)
4 patients in remission compared to 10
patients with active reactive arthritis…
Remission – Systematic Study
Synovial biopsies analyzed using qPCR and RT-PCR
Bacterial load of patients in remission was 20% of the load in active patients
Heat shock protein 60(hsp60), monocytechemotactic protein (MCP1), RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) mRNA levels were equal to or higher in remitted patients compared to active patients
Source: Aespecialists.com
Gene Expression
Source: Gerard,
H. Am J Med
Sci. Jul 2013
Gene Expression
Source: Gerard,
H. Am J Med
Sci. Jul 2013
Conclusion
Bacterial load in synovium of patients
in remission are low; proinflammatory
proteins are equal to or higher than
patients with active reactive arthritis
Organism is present and metabolically
active in synovium during remission
Genetic patterns of patients in
remission are complex
Future Research
How exactly does chlamydia replicate and how can we create therapeutic agents that target every component of these replication patterns (transcription, translation, etc.)?
How can we develop nanotechnology that introduces bactericidal agents directly into target sites in the synovium?
Source: Mynamesnotmommy.com
Future Research
Why do patients with reactive arthritis
relapse into active symptoms at low
bacterial loads?
What are the effects of
immunosuppressive drugs that
specifically target heat shock protein
60, monocyte chemotactic protein,
RANTES on patients with chronic
reactive arthritis?
Acknowledgements
Dr. FM, M.D.
Works Cited1. Carter, J.D., Gerard, H.C., Whittum-Hudson, J.A. Hudson, A.P. Combination
antibiotics for the treatment of Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis: is a cure in sight?
Int J Clin Rheumtol. 2011 June ; 6(3): 333–345. doi:10.2217/ijr.11.20.
2. Edrees, A. Successful use of Etanercept for the treatment of Reiter’s syndrome: a
case report and review of the literature. Rheumatol. Int. 2011. DOI 10.1003/600296-
011-2000-1.
3. Carter. J.D. Treating reactive arthritis: insights for the clinician. Ther. Adv.
Musculoskel. Dis. (2010) 45-54. DOI 10.1177/1759720X09357508.
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I/s1600/gold-heart-thank-you.png
5. Knee pain [Online image]. (2014). Retrieved January 23, 2015 from
http://sunshinecoastoliveoil.com/2013/11/06/the-beneficial-effect-of-evoo-on-arthritis/
6. http://guides.mclibrary.duke.edu/c.php?g=158201&p=1036068
7. Le, T., Bhushan, V., & Sochat, M. (2014). First aid for the usmle step 1. McGraw-Hill:
Chicago.
8. PCR machine [Online image]. (2014). Retrieved January 23, 2015 from
http://www.aespecialists.com/mold/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Polymerase-Chain-
Reaction1.jpg
Works Cited9. Question mark [Online image]. (2013). Retrieved January 23, 2015 from
http://www.mynamesnotmommy.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/question-mark.png
10. Syringe [Online image]. (2013). Retrieved January 23, 2015 from http://gc.kinesis.co.uk/wp-
content/uploads/002924.jpg
11. Checkmark [Online image]. (2014). Retrieved January 23, 2015 from http://sweetclipart.com/simple-
green-check-mark-1141
12. Types of studies [Online image]. (2015).Retrieved January 23, 2015 from
http://guides.mclibrary.duke.edu/c.php?g=158201&p=1036068
13. Arthritis [Online image]. (2014).Retrieved January 23, 2015 from
http://worldstemcells.com/psoriatic-arthritis.htm
14. Keratoderma blennorrhagicum [Online image]. (2014).Retrieved January 23, 2015 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratoderma_blennorrhagicum#mediaviewer/File:Feet-
Reiters_syndrome.jpg
15. Gerard, H.C., Carter, J.D., Hudson, A.P. C. trachomatis is present and metabolically active during
the remitting phase in synovial tissues from patients with chronic Chlamydia-induced reactive
arthritis. Am J Med Sci. Jul 2013; 346(1): 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3182648740.
16. Remission. (2015). http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/remission
17. Howland, R.D. & Mycek, M.J. Edited by Harvey, R.A. & Champe, P.C. Lippincott’s illustrated
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March%5Cimages/2_img_0.jpg