Chinese Government Institutions04/10/13

1. Identify the function and structure of major Chinese institutions.

2. Explain the role of personal connections for elite recruitment in China.

3. Identify examples of devolution in China.4. Explain how the link between the Chinese military

and the Communist Party.

March 9, 2011, 1:04 pm Obama Officially Nominates __________Ambassador to China

THE US AND CHINA

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/china_modern/html/3.stm

An introduction to China . .

Sovereignty, Authority, and PowerChina is a _____Party-State

Government Party

Apex: Standing Committee; p______/ National Party Congress

Apex: Standing Committee of National People’s Congress

“p_______ hierarchies”:All gov’t exec. , leg and adm. agencies are matched by a corresponding party organ.

Parallel Hierarchies: for each institution in the government, a parallel one exists in the party and military; party members hold government positions (eg Hu is Party Secretary, President and head of Military)

Now HuNow Hu

                             

Click on the boxes to read about the bodies that rule China                                                            

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/02/china_party_congress/china_ruling_party/how_china_is_ruled/html/defaulta.stm

INSTITUTIONS:

October 2007: Party delegates -- 2,200 in all -- attended the opening ceremony of the week-long event, which is held once every five years—so which one is this?

October 15, 2007Communist Party Congress Opens in China

BEIJING, Oct. 15 — Delivering the opening address at the ruling Communist Party’s 17th National Congress today, President Hu Jintao promised to address social fissures, a degraded environment and rampant corruption during his second term as China’s top leader, but he all but ruled out more than cosmetic political reform. Mr. Hu spoke extensively about his “_______ view of development,” a set of lofty, vague principles supporting “h__________economic, social and political development.The congress will enshrine the phrase “scientific view of development” into the party’s constitution alongside the political slogans of Mao, D________Xiaoping, and J________Zemin, elevating Mr. Hu into the pantheon of leaders as he begins the second and final term as party general secretary, head of state and military chief.

Inside the hall, last-minute preparations for the congress included pouring tea for

the officials

At the Communist Party Congress in Beijing, where delegates voted during closing ceremonies, three officials, including Vice President Zeng Qinghong, gave up their positions on Sunday.

As part of the fanfare accompanying the start of the Chinese Communist Party's 17th National Congress at the Great Hall of

the People in Beijing, a conductor led a performance by a military band

The former Chinese Communist Party Chairman Hua Guofeng, top left, slept

during the lengthy proceedings

Political groups

     Communist Party of China (2,099)     United Front Democratic Parties & Others (888)

The N PEOPLES C consists of about 3,000 delegates. Delegates to the National People’s Congress are elected for ______-year terms via a multi-tiered representative electoral system. Delegates are elected by the provincial _________'s assemblies, who in turn are elected by lower level assemblies, and so on through a series of tiers to the local people's assemblies which are directly elected by the electorate. For these 8 parties see: http://english.gov.cn/about.htm

Hu Jintao, the Chinese president, inspected troops Saturday in Hong Kong, which was set to celebrate the 10th anniversary of its return to

China on Sunday.

Eliteskey to elite recruitment is “g______”

You must work your way through the _________

PBSC is picked by the P which is picked by the NPC

news flash: “One of the most important political changes in China over the past 30 years has been a move away from the vicious factional strife of the Maoist era, a tendency that persisted well into the 1980s and fuelled the pro-democracy upheaval of 1989. In 2002, for the first time in China’s communist history, power was smoothly __________from one set of leaders to another without killings or purgings.BIG deal. When is the current 4th generation’s term up? http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12758848

Zeng Qinghong, right, China’s reputed political mastermind retired in 2007) , with President _____Jintao, left, and Premier _____Jiabao at a meeting in March NYT 10/3/06FYI: Vice-President ______ Jinping is heir-apparent to President Hu Jintao

Who’s Hu in China

Chinese President _____Jintao, left, and former president

_______Zemin. The two men appeared on a rostrum with all

the other members of the Po___________and

C__________Committee, arranged in precise hierarchical

order

Elite names to know

State mtg: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12228919

Vice President ______Jinping, center, in Canberra, Australia, in 2010. He has spent much of his career in China’s booming east.

BEIJING — President _____Jintao of China returned home this weekend after a trip intended to repair relations with the United States. But the next time the White House marches out the honor guard and polishes the crystal for a Chinese leader, it is unlikely to be for Mr. Hu. Following a secretive succession plan sketched out years ago, Mr. Hu has already begun preparing for his departure from power, passing the baton to his presumed successor, a former provincial leader named _____Jinping, now China’s _______president..

Mr. ______ (his full name is pronounced Shee Jin-ping) climbed the ladder by building support among top _______officials, particularly those in Mr. Jiang’s clique, all while cultivating an image of humility and self-reliance despite his prominent f______ ties, say officials and other party members who have known him.

The “Princelings”An important but informal politically influential group in China are the so-called “princelings.” This group consists of relatives (most frequently, the sons and daughters) of senior Chinese government officials who use their family relationship to obtain access to privilege, positions of power, and wealth—often by circumventing the official channels and procedures. For many people in China, the “princelings” represent that type of “class privilege” that the Cultural Revolution was supposed to eradicate. Because their access to power and privilege is seen notnecessarily to be based on merit, some view the “princelings” at least as a minor source of corruption and at worst as a serious threat to the Party’s legitimacy with the public.The “princelings” have chosen different avenues to power in China. Some have used their access to better education and job opportunities to become important figures within the Party or the government. Others chose to focus their energies on obtaining economic power by establishing private companies (often by securing special loans from state-run banks) or being appointed the leading officials of important state-run enterprises

Although some of the “princelings” have used their preferential access to power for social causes, some have been accused of serious corruption. Deng Pu-fang, son of Deng Xiao-ping and himself a paraplegic,30 is widely known in China as a leading advocate for the rights of the handicapped. Hu Hai-feng—son of President Hu Jin-tao and party secretary for Tsinghua Holdings, a multibillion dollar state-owned conglomerate, was accused of bribery by the Namibian government during the summer of 2009.

See you tube on princilings and http://www.chinahush.com/2010/10/21/sue-me-if-you-dare-my-dad-is-li-gang/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/world/asia/31china.html

“My father is Li Gang” has become a bitter inside joke, a catchphrase for shirking any responsibility — washing the dishes, being faithful to a girlfriend — with impunity

Levels of Government: SupRAnational? The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international body whose purpose is to promote _____ trade by persuading countries to abolish import t_________ and other barriers. As such, it has become closely associated with globalisation.The WTO is the only international agency overseeing the rules of international trade. It polices free trade agreements, settles trade disputes between governments and organises trade negotiations. WTO decisions are absolute and every member must abide by its rulings. So, when the US and the European Union are in dispute over bananas or beef, it is the WTO which acts as judge and jury. WTO members are empowered by the organisation to enforce its decisions by imposing trade sanctions against countries that have breached the rules. Membership of the WTO now stands at 149 countries. China formally joined the body in December 2001 after a 15-year battle. Russia wants admission, but must first convince the EU and US that it has reformed business practices. (note—provisional permission to get in has been granted)  news flash Russia is in 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/2429503.stm

W.T.O. Rules Against China’s Limits on ImportsPirated DVDs, sold openly at a market in northeast China, cost less than $1,

which is steep competition for legitimate discs. August 13, 2009

W.T.O. Rules Against China’s Limits on Imports

By KEITH BRADSHER

HONG KONG — The World Trade Organization gave the United States a victory on Wednesday in its trade battle with China, ruling that Beijing had violated international rules by limiting imports of books, songs and movies.The W.T.O. panel decision in Geneva buttresses growing complaints from the United States and Europe that China is becoming increasingly nationalistic in its trade policies. It also offers some hope that China will remove its restrictions on media and reduce rampant piracy of intellectual property, though the country can appeal.

Levels of Government: from the Economist

Decentralisation of power is substantial BUT . . . .

Given China's geographical size—the People's Republic of China is almost as big as the US—and the extent of some of its provinces, local authorities have historically enjoyed a high degree of devolved power. Sometimes this has led to chaos, notably during the Cultural Revolution that took place during the 1960s and 1970s. However, more often experiments at the local level have been able to function as pilot projects; agricultural schemes in Sichuan, for example, paved the way for the national reform programme of the early 1980s.

Since then, the devolution of control has continued. Regional governments have become major stakeholders in many local enterprises (TVEs) and have sought to maximize employment, output and revenue-raising opportunities in areas under their jurisdiction, sometimes acting counter to central government policy. Some observers argue that devolution is irreversible and that the government will eventually be reorganised along federal lines. However, the central government is far from powerless and can intervene to enforce compliance with its main policies. The promotion prospects of local officials depend on their ability to meet targets based on the government's policy guidelines. Moreover, the central authorities can still exercise considerable influence through their ability to appoint and remove leading local officials, and provincial governors are frequently reshuffled to prevent them from "going native". The September 2006 dismissal of Mr Chen as Shanghai CCP secretary was at least in part an attempt to rein in provincial governments perceived as failing fully to implement national policy.

Thousands of soldiers and rows of tanks commemorated 60 years of Communist Party rule during National Day celebrations in Beijing. Female officers and soldiers of the People's Liberation Army marched during the military parade

Institutions: the military

The anniversary party's overarching theme echoed the words Mao spoke after forcing the Nationalists to surrender Beijing in 1949. "Ours will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation," Mao said. "We have stood up." People's Liberation Army naval

officers marched past Tiananmen Square.

People's Liberation Army soldiers marched down Changan Avenue

prior to the military parade

People's Liberation Army soldiers marched past Tiananmen Square.

From the displays of advanced weaponry to the celebration posters highlighting Shanghai's forest of skyscrapers, the unmistakable message of the celebration was that Mao was right and that the

Communist Party is carrying all China to prosperity and worldwide respect.

China's leaders and spectators waited at Tiananmen Gate before the start of the parade. The gate, known as the Gate of Heavenly Peace, is where Mao declared the Communist

Party's victory in 1949.

Mao: “Political power grows out of the b ________ of a ______. Our party commands the gun and the gun must never be allowed to command the party.”.

Link b/w Military and politics:

Officers and men swear allegiance to ______ and state.: PLA officers are also ____ members a separate Party machine inside the military makes sure rank and file stay in line with Party thinking

Military

Market Reform in China: Creating a “Socialist Market Economy”

“_______cat, White Cat, it doesn’t matter what color the cat is, as long as the Cat catches________”

“to get rich is glorious“\

"poverty is not Socialism"

“Socialism with Chinese Characteristics"

“ENGELS never flew on an aeroplane; Stalin never wore Dacron.”

Deng’s words meant Maoist dogma was out and pragmatism was in.

http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12758848

Architect: _________Xiaoping

Time: early 19______s

Characteristics: •Perestroika without_________•"Crossing the river by groping for stones" •Strong state model continues in planning and ownership

How: Two PillarsOne: Decentralize the economy by:

(A) Shifting authority for decision making from central bureaucrats to individual families (first through the “__________responsibility system),  factory managers, local governments (“T__ ___”s) and private entrepreneurs:

(B) recognizing diverse forms of _________rights

•in 2001 Jiang invited so-called "red _______s" - private entrepreneurs and high tech barons - to join the Party –•March 2004, NPC changed constitution so that it says “Citizen’sLawful p_________ _________is inviolable” and that the state will protect private property and give compensation when it is confiscated”

Note that this is limited Privatization: diminish (NOT eliminate) state owned factories

(C) Most prices set by s________ and d__________, not administrative decree

(D)_________ of law: So far, the main change is a gradual regularization of commercial law

•March 2007 a law was passed that for the first time enshrines private property rights

Number of TVEs (millions)

Contribution of TVEs to rural income per capita

Gross output of TVEs

Sources: China Statistical Yearbook, 1997, 1998. The Yearbook of Chinese ________and Village Enterprises, 1995, 1996 1997, 1998. China Economic Yearbook, 1997, 1998.

China to Freeze Energy Prices in an Effort to Quell Worries About

Inflation1/10/08 BEIJING — Prime Minister Wen Jiabao responded Wednesday to growing public anxiety about inflation by announcing that China would freeze energy prices in the near term, even as international crude oil futures have continued to surge.Inflation has hit an 11-year high in China, and a recent nationwide public opinion survey found that “rising prices of consumer goods” ranked as the top public concern, followed by income inequality and corruption.The freezes were announced on the government’s main Web site after Mr. Wen presided over a meeting of the State Council to revise policies on price controls. But the controls are unlikely to get at the causes of China’s inflation — a currency policy that keeps the yuan artificially low and an overheated economy in which demand for goods and commodities often outstrips supply.

See . . . This is still not a free market

This week, China also announced national regulations to help clean up the environment and slow the country’s growing addiction to imported oil by focusing on a ubiquitous but unexpected target: the plastic bag.On Tuesday, the State__________ banned production of ultrathin plastic bags and required store owners to charge customers for thicker plastic bags. The move, which takes effect June 1, is intended not only to fight littering, but also to reduce oil use. Chinese media have reported that China uses about three billion plastic bags every day. Creating this many bags requires 37 million barrels of crude oil every year, according to the Web site of China Trade News. “Our country consumes a large amount of plastic bags,” stated a circular posted Tuesday on the central government’s main Web site. “While convenient for consumers, the bags also lead to a severe waste of resources and environmental pollution.”But for all the attention the government has drawn to the bags, their production represents less than a week’s worth of Chinese oil consumption.

TWO: Opening China to the outside world by . . .

(A)Increasing trade with a focus on “ex_______ lead” growth

(B) encouraging foreign investment (e.g create Special ___________Zones (SEZs))

SEZ and

One Country . . .. .

_______ Systems

Jiang Zemin’s ________Represents

(1) the most advanced forces of production [Read: allow entrepreneurs and professionals to become Party members]

(2) the most advanced forces of culture

(3) the fundamental interests of the broadest number of people (including c___________s GULP!)

Hu’s “______________s Society”

October, 2006: The annual meeting of the ruling party’s Central Committee formally adopted President Hu Jintao’s proposal to “build a harmonious socialist society,” a move some analysts said was one of most decisive shifts in the party’s thinking since Deng Xiaoping accelerated the push for high growth rates in the early 1990’s.

The leadership declared that a range of social concerns, including the surging wealth gap, corruption, pollution and access to education and medical care, must be placed on a par with economic growth in party theory and government policy. . . . The catch phrase covers a range of policies intended to restore a balance between the country’s thriving market economy and its neglected socialist ideology, primarily by paying greater attention to peasants and migrant workers who have benefited much less than the white-collar elite in China’s long economic boom.

President Hu Jintao, left, and Premier Wen Jiabao have called for "harmonious society" and "social stability."Washington Post

RESULTS

Well, uhh did you get this one yet?

But even as officials trot out a litany of achievements they attribute to the country’s “_____________and opening” policy—200m fewer citizens living in poverty, a 6% share of global GDP compared with 1.8% in 1978, a nearly 70% increase in grain production—the world’s financial crisis weighs heavily on their minds, and their leaders are struggling with unfinished business

Results: Poverty rate overall has:

Results: The Gap between the _______ and poor grows

A man begs in Shanghai as wealthier residents pass by. Today, some experts say, success has become a secular religion, reinforced by official messages of opportunity

Living the good life in China: Angelina Lei, 5, begins training early. NYTimes

Jobs for life are a thing of the past

Results: Broken Iron _____bowl                                                           BBC: . . .. a Chinese idiom which referred to the now abolished system of guaranteed lifetime employment.

After the Communists came to power, all workers and farmers were put under state control.

Their work units controlled every aspect of daily life, including the allocation of housing, food and clothing. They also decided who could marry and when, and who was allowed to have children.

In return, work units would look after their workers for life.

But China's transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy has smashed the old guarantees.

Millions of workers have been laid off as state-run firms have been restructured or shut down.

This has sparked angry protests from their workers, who complain they have been left without the welfare Economist October 2007

Missing the barefoot doctors

Results: growing rural/_________ income gap and r________ gap

Liberal Chinese economists complain that the country still falls well short of what they would call a market economy. The currency is not fully convertible, so capital flows in and out of the country are controlled. So too, still, are some prices, including those of electricity, fuel and water. In January the government imposed new controls on some food prices. It lifted them again this month. Non-state-owned enterprises are now producing two-thirds of China’s manufacturing output, but SOEs dominate key sectors such as banking, telecoms, energy and the media. Between 2001 and 2006 the number of SOEs fell from 370,000 to 120,000, but this still left assets worth $1.3 trillion in state control. There is much more work to do.

As this Dec 2008 Economist article shows, it is NOT a free market still

The challenges are closely intertwined. Like Mr. Greenspan nearly a decade ago, Zhou Xiaochuan, the current governor of the People’s Bank of China, faces the knotty question of what to do about a speculative mania that has drawn millions of people with limited investing experience into betting their savings on the stock market. May 25 2007

Results . . They now have a ________ market—in a communist country . . Huh?

Results: growth in ___________ products

A couple buying decorations in Beijing for the Chinese New Year 2006. Economists say consumer spending is becoming more important to growth

Tho let’s not forget: China has undergone __________ reform, not ________ reform: Why you could say it has experienced p_______________ but not g__________

Recession Elsewhere, but It’s Booming in China

The exhibition floor of the Guangzhou International Auto Show in China. After decades of gorging on consumption, Americans are saving. And the Chinese, who economists thought were addicted to saving, are spending more

Results: F___________ D_____________ ___________ up

Figure 3. Inward FDI in China (US$ billion), 1979–2004

Results: China is accepted into the__________ __________ ___________

Results: Legitimacy issues so party tries . . .

Village elections

“Harmonious Society”

“One China Policy”

Results: _______imbalance for US

Foreign governments hold about 46 percent of all U.S. debt held by the public, more than $4.5 trillion. The largest foreign holder of U.S. debt is China, which owns more about $1.2 trillion in bills, notes and bonds, according to the Treasury.

In total, China owns about 8 percent of publicly held U.S. debt. Of all the holders of U.S. debt China is the third-largest, behind only the Social Security Trust Fund's holdings of nearly $3 trillion and the Federal Reserve's nearly $2 trillion holdings in Treasury investments, purchased as part of its quantitative easing program to boost the economy.

China and U.S. DebtThe largest portion of U.S. debt, 68 cents for every dollar or about $10 trillion, is owned by individual investors, corporations, state and local governments and, yes, even foreign governments such as China that hold Treasury bills, notes and bonds.

China’s trade surpluses and extensive intervention in currency markets have led it to amass $2.27 trillion in reserves, mainly in United States Treasuries, mortgage-backed securities and other dollar-denominated investments, helping to keep interest rates low and finance Americans’ borrowing. Chinese parsimony enabled American profligacy.

Results

China overtakes US as world's biggest CO2 emitter

guardian.co.uk, Tuesday 19 June 2007

Cyclists pass a factory in Yutian in China's north-west Hebei province. Photograph: Peter Parks/AFP

An industrial park built in Wuhai, in Inner Mongolia, along the Yellow River. In 1998, the city had only 4 factories; now there are more than 400. But the rapid industrialization has

created a pollution nightmare for Wuhai, and with more development planned for the area, the demand for water is expected to skyrocket

Beijing residents in Tiananmen Square, used to pea-soup smog, ignored a citywide stay-indoors warning on Thursday.

Beijing’s Olympic Quest: Turn Smoggy Sky Blue

BEIJING — Every day, monitoring stations across the city measure air pollution to determine if the skies above this national capital can officially be designated blue. It is not an act of whimsy: with Beijing preparing to play host to the 2008 Olympic Games, the official Blue Sky ratings are the city’s own measuring stick for how well it is cleaning up its polluted air.

Thursday did not bring good news. The gray, acrid skies rated an eye-reddening 421 on a scale of 500, with 500 being the worst. Friday rated 500. Both days far exceeded pollution levels deemed safe by the World Health Organization. In Beijing, officials warned residents to stay indoors until Saturday, but residents here are accustomed to breathing foul air. One man flew a kite in Tiananmen Square.

As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes

China’s industrial growth depends on coal, plentiful but polluting, from mines like this one in Shenmu, Shaanxi Province, behind a village store.

Perpetual HazeDuring the three decades since Deng set China on a course toward market-style growth, rapid industrialization and urbanization have lifted hundreds of millions of Chinese out of poverty and made the country the world’s largest producer of consumer goods. But there is little question that growth came at the expense of the country’s air, land and water, much of it already degraded by decades of Stalinist economic planning that emphasized the development of heavy industries in urban areas.For air quality, a major culprit is coal, on which China relies for about two-thirds of its energy needs. It has abundant supplies of coal and already burns more of it than the United States, Europe and Japan combined. But even many of its newest coal-fired power plants and industrial furnaces operate inefficiently and use pollution controls considered inadequate in the West.Expanding car ownership, heavy traffic and low-grade gasoline have made autos the leading source of air pollution in major Chinese cities. Only 1 percent of China’s urban population of 560 million now breathes air considered safe by the European Union, according to a World Bank study of Chinese pollution published this year. One major pollutant contributing to China’s bad air is particulate matter, which includes concentrations of fine dust, soot and aerosol particles less than 10 microns in diameter (known as PM 10).

Spewing Soot While Waiting for Fuel Trucks often spend hours idling in fuel lines, like these in Wuhan, sometimes for as little as five

gallons of diesel, because of shortages and rationing

Good interactive graphic from series “chocking on growth” http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2007/12/08/world/asia/choking_on_growth_7.html#story3

Trucks Power China’s Economy, at a Suffocating Cost

A busy upscale shopping district in downtown Shanghai. Notice the advertisements for McDonald's, Coca Cola and Pizza Hut. These and many other Western consumer goods and chain restaurants have become pervasive in China's larger cities

Results: McDonald's

Protests in China . . . .

See youtube videos

China's tough handling of recent protests by villagers in Taishi, southern Guangdong province, has thrown into fresh doubt its claims to be introducing genuine democracy "from the bottom up". BBC

Rural Protest

6 Nov 2004: Paramilitary troops put down an uprising of 100,000 farmers in Sichuan province

10 April 2005: 20,000 peasants drive off more than 1,000 riot police in Huaxi, Zhejiang province

11 June 2005: Six farmers die in a fight with armed men in Shengyou, Hebei province

29 July 2005: Villagers in Taishi, Guangdong try to oust mayor

6 Dec 2005: Police shoot dead protesters in Dongzhou, Guangdong

14 Jan 2006: Police break up protest in Sanjiao, Guangdong, over land grabs

Massive Rural protests

China overtakes Japan as world's second-biggest economy

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12427321

14 Fev 2011http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12224578

Maybe ___________, but not glasnost

“Insist on the party’s leadership, governance by the people and ruling the nation by laws,” Hu said.

How does China hold down the value of its yuan (

Why Does China Wish to Undervalue the Yuan?China’s engine of growth is exports. The lower the value of the Yuan, the better it is for China’s exporters. Basically, if 1 Dollar buys 7 Yuans, and a exporter sells a Chinese Shirt for 10 dollars – he pockets 70 yuans. But if one Dollar was worth only 5 Yuans, the exporter would only be able to pocket 50 yuans.

Buying Dollars to Keep the Dollar Price HighChina has been interested in keeping the Yuan (Chinese Currency) undervalued relative to the US Dollar, and the easiest way (if you can afford it) to keep the Dollar price high, and the Yuan low is to buy dollars from the open market.A country like China, which runs a huge Trade Surplus can afford to buy dollars in the open market to keep the demand for dollars high, and push the dollar price upwards relative to the Yuan. This keeps the Yuan undervalued.

• Investors holding a lot of Treasury Bills or U.S.-dollar-denominated bonds. •Mortgage providers like Countrywide Financial (CFC), Wells Fargo (WFC), and Federal National Mortgage Association (FNM) would face higher rates, which would decrease their business volume •Mass-market retailers Wal-Mart Stores and Target Stores•Electronics producers such as Dell (DELL), Hewlett-Packard (HPQ), Motorola (MOT) and Nokia (NOK) who built factories in China and employed Chinese workers to manufacture their products for the U.S. market.

•U.S. manufacturers of capital equipment, such as Caterpillar (CAT) and Deere (DE),. •Wholesale food exporters like Archer-Daniels-Midland Company (ADM), DANONE, and Chiquita Brands International (CQB), Western commodity manufacturers, such as steel companies like Nucor (NUE), Arcelor Mittal (MT), and Wheeling-Pittsburgh (WPSC), who face less competition due to higher Chinese prices. Chinese airlines, such as China Eastern Airlines (CEA) and China Southern Airlines Company (ZNH), who now pay less in Yuan for airplanes and aviation fuels.

One of these lists is titled “Who might be Hurt by a Yuan Appreciation”Another is titled “Companies Which Would Benefit from a Yuan Appreciation” Which is which?

“Who might be Hurt by a Yuan Appreciation”

“Companies Which Would Benefit from a Yuan Appreciation”

The last two are ceramics, one from the Shang dynasty and other from the Ming(?) dynasty....they were in the Ceramic Museum in the Forbidden City.

The other pictures are of XinJiang, the northwestern province of China. If you need any more pictures of Beijing, Shanghai, the Forbidden City or anything else, please let me know! :)

Under the hammer and sickle, President Hu spoke for two-and-a-

half hours. Mr. Hu told the delegates that "China is going through a wide-

ranging and deep-going transformation."