China's Commercial Revolution - UT Liberal Arts · Chang'an. Luoyang. Kaifeng. Song dynasty. 960...
Transcript of China's Commercial Revolution - UT Liberal Arts · Chang'an. Luoyang. Kaifeng. Song dynasty. 960...
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China's Commercial Revolution
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1. historical overview2. population shifts, cities and commerce3. Neo-Confucianism and the Civil Service Exams 4. Chinese Literati
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Early Imperial Periodca. 200 BCE-600 CE
Sui dynasty 隋 581-618 BCE
Middle Imperial Periodca. 600-1400 CE
Tang dynasty 唐618-907 CE
Song dynasty 宋960 - 1279 CE
Five Dynasties 五代 907-960 CE
Late Imperial Periodca. 1400-1900 CE
Yuan dynasty 元1279 - 1368 CE
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LuoyangChang'anKaifeng
Song dynasty960 - 1279 CE
Kaifeng
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JURCHENS
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Tang empire Song Empire
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Northern Song----1127 CE----Southern Song
Jurchen invasion
Jin Dynasty1115–1234
Hangzhou
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1. historical overview2. population shifts, cities and commerce3. Neo-Confucianism and the Civil Service Exams 4. Chinese Literati
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Population density, 2 CE
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Population density, 742 CE
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Population density, ca. 10th c.
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Champa rice
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Population of China, 2 -1500 CE
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Jiangnan
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Jiangnan region
HangzhouBay
Yangzhou
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JURCHENS
Kaifeng
Hangzhou
Grand Canal
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Early paper money used in Chinaca. 13th c.
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New Design for an Astronomical Clock Tower
Su Song (1020-1101)
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Guo Zhongshu (c. 910–977)Traveling on the River in Clearing Snow (detail)Ink on silk;early Song Dynasty, ca. 10th c.
Song-dynasty cargo ships with stern-mounted rudders
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Woodblock print manuscriptca. 1095
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Diagram of a royal city from ancient ritual texts
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KaifengN. Song capital
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Spring Festival along the River, Zhang Zeduan, 12th c. handscroll
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Nanjing
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Gu Hongzhong, The Night Revels of Han Xizai (detail)Song dynasty (960-1279)
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footbinding
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Lady Playing Go, pigment on silk, h. 63 cm, 8th century, Tang. Astana cemetery, Turfan, Xinjiang.
VSC
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Li Qingzhao (1084-1151)
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1. historical overview2. population shifts, cities and commerce3. Neo-Confucianism and the Civil Service Exams4. Chinese Literati
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Neo-Confucianism
daoxue 道學 (Learning of the Way)lixue 理學 (Learning of Principle)
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matter-energyqi 氣
principle, patternli 理
naturexing 性
humaneness (or benevolence)ren 仁
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“preserving the mind”cun xin 存心
“investigation of things”gewu 格物
“reverential attention”jing 敬
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
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Zhu Xi1130–1200
朱熹
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Civil Service Examination Systemkeju kaoshi 科舉考試
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Emperor Wu of the Han DynastyHan Wudi 漢武帝r. 140-87 BCE
Erudites of the Five Classics
Imperial University
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Civil Service Examination System
3 levels of exam degrees:
•County, xiu cai 秀才 (flowering talent)•Prefectural, ju ren 舉人 (recommended person)•Capital, jin shi 進士 (presented scholar)
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Provincial examination siteGuangzhou, 19th century
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Replica of examination cells
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Ming dynasty exam candidates viewing posted exam resultsattributed to Qiu Ying 仇英 (1494–1552).
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Four Bookssi shu 四書
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Four Books
AnalectsMenciusGreat LearningDoctrine of the Mean
Five Classics
Classic of Documents Classic of PoetryClassic of Changes Record of RitualSpring and Autumn Annals
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Family Ritual
Zhu Xi
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1. historical overview2. population shifts, cities and commerce3. Neo-Confucianism and the Civil Service Exams 4. Chinese Literati
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literatishi 士 or shidaifu 士大夫
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父Father
伯Eldest (1)
叔Younger (3)
季Youngest (4)
仲Second (2)
corporate kin groupsclanlineage
伯 仲 叔 季1 3 42
伯 仲 叔 季1 3 42
伯 仲 叔 季1 3 42
伯 仲 叔 季1 3 42
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antiquitygu 古
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wenpattern
writing, literature, culture
cultural refinement
civil (vs. martial)
文
艒
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To the Charms of Nian nu: Meditation on the Past at Red CliffBy Su Shi 蘇軾 (1037–1101)
his manly manner striking.With black turban and feather fanlaughing in conversationas embers flew from mast and prowand the smoke was sinking away.
The spirit roams that long-ago land—you will laugh at this sentimental me,hair streaked with white before my time.Yet this human world is like a dreamand I pour out my wine cup as offeringinto the river's moonbeams.
(Owen, An Anthology of Chinese Literature, 577–78)
Eastward goes the great river,Its waves have swept awayA thousand years of gallant men.And they saythat west of the ancient castle hereis that Red cliff of Zhou Yu and the
Three Kingdoms.
A rocky tangle pierces sky,leaping waves smash the shore,surging snow in a thousand drifts.Like a painting, these rivers and hillswhere once so many bold men were.
I envision Zhou Yu back then, just wedded to the younger Qiao,
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Wu Yuanzhi (active late 12th c.). Su Dongpo Visiting the Red Cliff. Handscroll, ink on paper, h. 50.8 cm. Before 1228. National Palace Museum, Taipei.
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Su Shi (aka Su Dongpo) sitting in boat composing the poem Red Cliff. Detailfrom Wu Yuanzhi (active late 12th c.) Su Dongpo Visiting the Red Cliff.