China WOrd File of Ppt

7/27/2019 China WOrd File of Ppt

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COLLECTIVISM VS. INDIVIDUALISM

• China has long been a family-run country. It has also been, and still is, primarily a rural

nation.

• These two institutions, the family and the farm, are the core of China. Both the family

and a rural environment are collectivist in nature. They depend on working together and

aiming for harmony.

• When Mao Ze Dong came into power, he reinforced the collectivist view by eliminating

landowners and individualists and sending nearly everyone to work in collectivist

communes. Thus, China has been more collectivist than individualist in both its ancient

and modern history.

• To be fair, there are many leaders in China today who believe that the days of

collectivism in China will soon be gone. There are several reasons for this. One is that

the ―one-child- policy,‖ especially in the cities, has left us with many younger citizens

who have been raised to believe that they hold a special place in the world. For sure, this

kind of upbringing leads to individualism over collectivism

• In business however, there are still many examples of collectivist thinking. A famous

case was at Lenovo when the Chinese and American partners began to work together.

Generally, the Chinese looked towards the team as the reason for the company‘s success.

The Americans however, were trying to identify individual high performers. While I

believe these differences eventually got worked out, the starting point was quite different

for the two cultures.

• In general, the Chinese are a collective society with a need for group affiliation, whether

to their family, school, work group, or country.

• In order to maintain a sense of harmony, they will act with decorum at all times and will

not do anything to cause someone else public embarrassment.

• They are willing to subjugate their own feelings for the good of the group.

• The focus on the team over the individual is an important difference from the West. A

lesson to HR is to make sure that the focus is on the team as well as on specific



individuals. Westerners also need to be reminded to give credit to the team rather than to

themselves, as many Chinese claim Westerners are quick to do.

• This is often observed by the use of silence in very structured meetings. If someone

disagrees with what another person says, rather than disagree publicly, the person will

remain quiet. This gives face to the other person, while speaking up would make both

parties lose face.

• The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a

society maintains among its members.

• The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the degree is the degree of

interdependence a society maintains among its members.

• At a score of 20 China is highly collectivist culture where people act in the interest of the

group and not necessarily of themselves. In-group considerations affect hiring and

promotions with closer in-groups (such as family) are getting preferential treatment.

• Employee commitment to the organization (but not necessarily to the people in the

organization) is low. Whereas relationships with colleagues are cooperative for in-groups

they are cold or even hostile to out- groups. Personal relationships prevail over task and

company.



POWER DISTANCE

• The dimension deals with the fact that all individuals in societies are not equal – it

expresses that attitude of the culture towards these inequalities amongst us. Power

distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and

organizations within a country except and accept that power is distributed unequally.

• At 80 China sits in the higher rankings of PDI- i.e. a society that believes that inequalities

amongst people are acceptable. The subordinate- superior relationship tends to be

polarized and there is no defense against power abuse by superiors. Individuals are

influenced by formal authority and sanctions are in general optimistic about people‘s

capacity for leadership initiative. People should not have aspirations beyond their rank.

• China ranks high in power distance scale

• The modern Chinese language does not have different sets of tones to use depending on

the social status of the speaker and receiver that Japanese and Korean do. However,

social status is still a central theme to Chinese society; most Chinese refer to each other

by their title and last name. Close friends may drop the title and substitute by their age

difference .

• The high power distance nature of the Chinese culture is also reflected by the frequent

use of spokespersons or models in Chinese marketing to promote ownership appeal of a

particular product. The perceived success and influence of a celebrity has tremendous

effect on the Chinese audience. Organizations that target the older generations will often

display pictures of company founders and leaders to appeal to this social value as well.

• The modern Chinese language does not have different sets of tones to use depending on

the social status of the speaker and receiver that Japanese and Korean do. However,

social status is still a central theme to Chinese society: most Chinese refer to each other

by their title and last name, such as manager Li. Close friends may drop the title and

substitute by their age difference. Such as old Li.

• Chinese are taught to totally respect hierarchy.

• As responsibility is granted to employees only at higher ranks, one often finds that almost

all responsibility lies with the superior. Subordinates have practically no decision making



power. That means in a business context which requires cooperation between teams or

even departments that issues have to be escalated very early. In case a Chinese employee

feels that a request for information or a council require a lot of time or effort, it could be

the case that these requests would be completely ignored as they come from an outsider.

In case cooperation with a Chinese person is needed, the matter should always be

communicated with his superior.

• Resulting from this high importance of hierarchical status, it becomes often more

important for a Chinese person to know a person is before his opinion can be considered.

This could mean a challenge in knowledge focus activities when the involved parties

have unequal ranks. This goes especially for Chinese employees with high ranks when

working together with other employees with lower ranks. In this situation, it would likely

to be difficult for the higher ranked employee to accept intellectual guidance from the

lower ranked employee or sharing a decision making process with him. For most

companies which are to be successful in China, negotiations need to be handled by the

highest ranking members of their business organization.

• The rank structure is clearly delineated between management and subordinates, and

disagreement with management is frowned upon.

• A leader‘s decision-making style varies based on several external factors that determine

the amount of power distance in an organization. They include: organizational structure,

culture, external threats, and relationships with subordinates, and the degree of formality

of the situation. Chinese managers demand unquestionable respect and loyalty, and rank

structure is formalized and clearly delineated between employees and management.

• Chinese managers are expected to operate within clearly defined lines establishing their

authority, while at the same time building a rapport with workers wherein workers can

ask, and expect to receive, favors. This principle allows managers to help those in weaker

positions by offering support. Managers operating in China must establish clear

managerial power, while concurrently developing relationships that allow subordinates to

request and receive assistance when the need arises.

• This cultural dimension describes the steepness of hierarchy and the degree of equality of

wealth and power distribution within a society. Considering the teachings of Confucius,

compassion for others is not enough but a system of hierarchical relationships is needed



on which the rituals which compose behavior are based. No wonder then, that "China

possesses the highest power distance among all Asian nations" (Zinzius, 2004).

Interestingly, Reisach et al. (1977) state that the steep hierarchy is a direct result from the

collectivistic nature. That is why Chinese are drilled from childhood on to accept harsh

authority without questioning. Parents, teachers and superiors are idols to who one needs

to listen and imitate. That leads to a learning culture which does not encourage

independent thinking or assuming responsibility at an early stage but rather builds its

entire education on a top-down knowledge transfer process. Not contradicting a superior

is especially true when others are present.

http://www.gaoshan.de/kmchina/thesis.php?show=62










NON -VERBAL COMMUNICATION

The Chinese' Non-verbal communication speaks volumes.

Chinas influenced by Confucius' philosophical thinking. So Chinese people are more

reserved or at least the nonverbal communications are comparatively less expressive.

Greetings gesture.

1. When you meet your professor, you should lower your head and bend slig

htly to show respect. The same posture is also used when a young man is g

reeting an old man.

2. And shaking hands is a way of greetings. It is not used between people of r

adically different status, but between socially equal people, friends or busi

nessman, or often nods of the head or slight bow which is also sufficient.

3. But hugging and kissing when greeting are uncommon in China.

Touching Gestures.

1. Generally speaking, Chinese are not a touch-

oriented society (especially true for visitors). So avoid touching or any pro

longed form of body contact if you are just strangers.

2.

But with respect to the touch behaviors showing intimacy, it may come asa complete surprise for foreigners to see that Chinese girls havesuch close

physical contact with their friends of the same sex.

3. Actually, in China it‘s quite common for girls and even young women to

walk along arm in arm.

4. Holding hands is not so usual, but rather common for girls inprimary scho

ol or under.

5. And personal space is much less in China. The Chinese will stand much c

loser than Westerners.



Eye Contact.

1. When walking in public places, direct eye contact and staring is un

common in the larger

cities, especially in those areas accustomed to foreign visitors.

2. However, in smaller communities, visitors may be the subject of m

uch curiosity and therefore you may notice some stares.

Beckoning Gestures.

1. To beckon someone, the palm faces downward and the fingers are

moved

in a scratching motion. Avoid use the index finger, which can be

considered rude.

Nonverbal Gestures.

1. One is posture which is really important, so don't slouch or put your feet o

n desks or chairs.

2. The other is silence, which is perfectly acceptable and customary. Silence

(Listening) is a sign of politeness and of contemplation. During conversati

ons, be especially careful about interrupting. DO’s

1. The social culture of China does permit people to stand close to each other

while talking. The reason for doing this is to show politeness, trust, and

willing to fit in.

2. If you feel that you being treated overfriendly by a Chinese person, then don‘t

hesitate to yell ―Boo‖ meaning ―No‖ dir ectly to that person.

3. The natives show more affection to their same gender

DON’TS

2. Even though people stand close to each other, it does not mean that

you can touch the opposite sex.

3. Couple do not show public affection to each other, but this is tradition

and may change over time.



4. Do not use too much of hand gestures when talking.

5. Don‘t show emotion when you are angry or mad. In Chinese tradition,

only lower class people cannot control their emotions.

6. Don‘t ever touch a person‘s head (including children‘s) on any

occasion. This is the most disrespectful gesture that you can do to an

Asian person.

• Frowning while someone is speaking is interpreted as a sign of disagreement. Therefore,

most Chinese maintain an impassive expression when speaking

• Since the Chinese strive for harmony and are group dependent, they rely on facial

expression, tone of voice and posture to tell them what someone feels.

• It is considered disrespectful to stare into another person's eyes. In crowded situations the

Chinese avoid eye contact to give themselves privacy.



GUANXI

Relationships or connections

Minimizing difficulties and frustrations.

It is a complicated field. A special feature of doing business in China will be that

Guangxi (relationship) in China will have to include relationship with the government

body, investors, partners and even relationship with your own staff, so when doing

business in China, it is important for foreign investors to learn to coordinate with the

China government, especially establishing good relationship with government bodies

dealing with foreign trade and economic cooperation.

Governmental procedures for foreign investors in establishing investments in China is

extremely complicated, thus if one is unfamiliar of the procedures, one will delayhis/her business opportunities. Therefore it is important for one to be familiar with the

investment procedures before carrying out his/her investment in China.

A safer and more appropriate way will be to seek help from local organizations

familiar in the same field of business or consultant firms who are able to provide

professional advice and assistance. Willpower and patience may be essential for an

investor to be successful, however it is necessary for one to require help from

professional bodies to ensure that success will be achieved.

Chinese emphasize very much on courtesy and face-saving. This has to do very much

with China‘s traditional culture, and courtesy can be seen in every aspect in the

business world. Being courteous to government official, cooperative partner and staff

is thus essential. Senior president of China‘s Siemens Company has rated courtesy as

the top im portance while summarizing his China‘s experiences. Besides displaying

courtesy on general commercial affairs, respecting traditional customs and practices

is also vital. Chinese people are very hospitable, but their self-esteem is very strong

and they pay very much attention on how other people view them and their attitude

towards them. This phenomenon can be seen greatly in Northern China, which is

associated with ‗face-saving‘.

While doing business with the counterpart or partner, it is essential to give face or

respect to the partner or the other party, so that in this way strong cooperation can be



fostered and the business will be able to grow and last. Many foreign corporations

have strict requirements on their staff in their home country, however in China, this

management method may backfire. Past experiences have shown that this kind of

strict management method may not be suitable for the Chinese‘s gentle personalities.

Employees‘ morale will be affected and they may lose the willingness and motivation

to work in the company. Thus handling organizational relationship in China context is

a necessary skill for foreign investors to acquire in order to handle interpersonal

problems in the Chinese way. It is important for foreign investors to be flexible in

their management and be sensitive to China‘s culture in order to devise an ideal

management system best suited for their companies‘ organizational culture.



MIANZI

Mianzi , or the idea of saving face: "We can all relate to the embarrassment we feel

when our flaws or failures are publicly exposed, but the Chinese (along with many other

eastern nations) have a super-sensitive radar for this."

She relayed a story about an American executive who publicly criticized a Chinese sales

manager in front of his peers, and after that meeting, the guy never returned to work. It's

an extreme case of Mianzi, but it captures just how differently Americans and East Asian

countries do business.

Ultimately, at the heart of Mianzi is fear — and that's a powerful emotion that will drive

people do irrational things, like quit a well-paying job over a personal embarrassment.

Personal pride and basis of an individual‘s reputation and social status

Saving face, losing face and giving face are vital for successful business

KEQI

Ke=guest, and qi=behavior

The term "Ke Qi客气" literally means"the act of guest" or "act of courtesy".

Thoughtful, courteous and refined behavior



PART 1 WORKING IN CHINA

(pre-departure)

Organizations venturing into business with China, will need to consider the aspects of

Chinese business culture and etiquette in order to fully succeed

Working practices in China

1. When doing business in China, being on time is essential

2. Establishing a proper introduction with your counterparts is vital before entering

into business

Structure and hierarchy in Chinese companies

1. Strict observation of rank where the individual is subordinate to the organization.

2. Enter the meeting room in hierarchical order

3. Senior members generally lead the negotiations and will direct the discussion

Working relationships in China

1. Long-term relationships are considered more valuable then hurried transactions

2. The warm, hospitable character of your counterpart does not necessarily equal a

positive outcome. Trust, based on a beneficial relationship is more important

3. The collectivism way of thinking is still important in Chinese business today and

will influence many negotiations.



PART 2 — DOING BUSINESS IN CHINA

Business practices in China

1. Present your business card with both hands and with the Chinese side

facing up

2. When accepting your colleague‘s card study is carefully before placing it

on the table, never in the back pocket, as this is extremely disrespectful.

3. During negotiations, humbleness and patience is the key to success. The

Chinese sense of time means that they use it knowingly and there is

always enough.

4. In most cases, initial meetings may be more of a social opportunity as

oppose to a negotiation discussion.

5. An important element before commencing a business meeting in China is

to engage in casual talk. Be prepared, as this may include quite personal

questions

Chinese business etiquette (Don‘t and Do‘s)

1. Maintain eye contact as avoiding is considered untrustworthy.

2. Address them with a title and last name. use ―Mr‖ or ―Madam‖ if not sure

3. Wait for Chinese counterpart to initiate formal greetings.

4. Handshakes are the most popular gesture

5. DON‘T assume that a nod is a sign of agreement (simply listening!)

6. DON‘T show excessive emotion whilst conducting business, as it may

seem unfriendly

7. Instead of saying ―no‖, answer ―maybe‖ or ―I‘ll think about it.‖



APPOINTMENT

Being late for an appointment is considered a serious insult in Chinese business

culture.

1. Usually, 5 minutes earlier is acceptable;

2. Say sorry if you are late and explain the reasons, such as traffic jam,

sudden or unexpected events

Business and government hours are 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, a

five-day work week

1. Do avoid plans to visit government offices on Friday afternoon, because this is

sometimes reserved for 'political studying' of the officials.

2. Political studying in university is often on Wednesday afternoon.

3. Most Chinese workers take a break between 12:00 p.m.- 2:00 p.m. Practically everything

"shuts down" during this period, including elevator and phone services.



BUSINESS DRESS

Chinese people pay much attention to their suit. As China is a very traditional oriental

nation, it attaches much importance on etiquettes.

Chinese business culture, conservative suits and ties in subdued colours are the norm.

Bright colours of any kind are considered inappropriate. Men should wear suits and ties

to formal events; tuxedoes are not a part of Chinese business culture.

Women should wear conservative suits or dresses; a blouse or other kind of top should

have a high neckline. Because of the emphasis on conservative, modest, dress in Chinese

business culture, flat shoes or very low heels are the main footwear options for women.

High heels are acceptable only at a formal reception hosted by a foreign diplomat.

Jeans are acceptable casual wear for both men and women.

Mid-aged woman like to wear cheong-sam or skirt; man usually wear a suit. Indecent

dress can make your dignity lost. Compared with senior people, youngsters would like to

dress themselves semi-formally even when they are on the banquet. Fortunately, the

seniors are always very kind to forgive the juniors.

In Chinese business culture, conservative suits and ties in subdued colors are the norm.

Bright colors of any kind are considered inappropriate.

Women should wear conservative suits or dresses; a blouse or other kind of top should

have a high neckline. Stick with subdued, neutral, colors such as beige and brown.

Because of the emphasis on conservative, modest, dress in Chinese business culture, flat

shoes or very low heels are the main footwear options for women. This is true especially

if you are relatively much taller than your hosts.

Men should wear suits and ties to formal events; tuxedoes are not a part of Chinese

business culture.

Before your visit, prepare yourself by studying aspects of Chinese culture, history, and

geography. Your hosts will appreciate your initiative.



Negative replies are considered impolite.

1. 'no', 'maybe', 'I'll think about it‗—— avioded

2. the Chinese will do the same.

3. When your Chinese counterparts 'No big problem' or 'The problem is not serious‘,

they usually mean 'There are still problems.'

You may be asked intrusive questions concerning your age, income, and marital status.

1. If you don't want to reveal this information, remain polite and give an unspecific

answer.

2. Don't express irritation with the questioner, since 'losing face' has such negative

implications in this culture.

3. Do not ask your Chinese hosts about their family directly but you can ask 'How

old is your child?', 'How long have you been in the work force?' or 'Where is your

child studying?' as a means of determining their marital status and age.

In Chinese culture, the question ‗Have you eaten?‘ or ‗Where have you been?‘ is the

equivalent to ‗How are you?‘ in North America;

1. It's just a superficial inquiry that does not require a literal-minded, detailed

answer. Simply answer, 'yes', even if you haven't actually eaten or simply

smile and say 'thank you.'



MEETINGS

In accordance with Chinese business protocol, people are expected to enter the meeting

room in hierarchical order.

For example, the Chinese will assume that the first foreigner to enter the room is head

of the delegation.

Since there is such a strong emphasis on hierarchy in Chinese business culture, ensure

that you bring a senior member of your organization to lead the negotiations on your

behalf. The Chinese will do the same.

Only the senior members of your group are expected to lead the discussion.

Interruptions of any kind from subordinates are considered shocking by the Chinese.

In Chinese business culture, humility is a virtue. Exaggerated claims are regarded with

suspicion and, in most instances, will be investigated.

Don‘t boast and exaggerate any personal or business information

The Chinese will not directly say ―no‖ to you. Instead, ambivalent answers such as―perhaps‖, ―I'm not sure‖, ―I'll think about it‖, or ―We'll see‖ usually mean ―no.‖

Indirect refusal

Wait for our discussion and it sometimes means no answer

The Chinese tend to extend negotiations well beyond the official deadline to gain

advantage. On the final day of your visit, they even may try to renegotiate everything.

Sometimes, in the first few days, no actual results will be achieved, but in the last one or

two days, Chinese counterpart may push you to reach a negotiation.

Be patient, show little emotion, and calmly accept that delays will occur. Moreover, do

not mention deadlines.



At the end of a meeting, you are expected to leave before your Chinese counterparts.

When setting up a Chinese business meeting, it is important to send as much

information to your Chinese counterparts in advance. Including details about the topics

to be discussed and background information on your company ensures that the people

you want to meet will actually attend the meeting.However, preparing in advance will

not get you confirmation of the actual meeting‘s day and time. It is not uncommon to

wait anxiously to the last minute for confirmation. The Chinese prefer waiting until a

few days before or even the day of the meeting to confirm the time and place.

Arrival at a Chinese Business Meeting:

1. Be on time. Arriving late is considered rude. If you do arrive late, apologizing

for your tardiness is a must.

2. If you are hosting the meeting, it is proper etiquette to send a representative to

meet the meeting‘s participants outside the building or in the lobby and personally

escort them to the meeting room. The host should be waiting in the meeting room

to greet all meeting attendants.

3. The senior-most guest should enter the meeting room first. While entrance by

rank is a must during high level government meetings, it is becoming less formal

for regular business meetings.

Chinese Business Meeting Seating Arrangements:

1. After handshakes and the exchange of business cards, guests take their seats.

The seating is typically arranged by rank. The host should escort the senior-

most guest to his or her seat as well as any VIP guests.

2. The place of honor is to the host‘s right on a sofa or in chairs that are opposite

the room‘s doors. If the meeting is held around a large conference table, then



the guest of honor is seated directly opposite the host. Other high ranking

guests sit in the same general area while the remainder of the guests can

choose their seats from among the remaining chairs.

3. If the meeting is held around a large conference table, all the Chinese

delegation may opt to sit on one side of the table and foreigners on the other.

This is especially true for formal meetings and negotiations. The principal

delegates are seated in the meeting with lower ranking attendees placed at

either end of the table.

Discussing Business at a Chinese Business Meeting:

1. Meetings usually begin with small talk to help both sides feel more comfortable.

After a few moments of small talk, there is a short welcoming speech from the

host followed by discussion of the meeting‘s topic.

2. During any conversation, the Chinese will often nod their heads or make

affirmative utterances. These are signals that they are listening to what is being

said and understand what is being said. These are not agreements to what is being

said.

3. Do not interrupt during the meeting. Chinese meetings are highly structured and

interjecting beyond a quick remark is considered rude. Also, don‘t put anyone on

the spot by asking them to provide information they seem unwilling to give or

challenge a person directly. Doing so will lead them to become embarrassed and

lose face.



ENTERTAINING

Wait to be seated, as there is a seating etiquette based on hierarchy in Chinese business

culture.

Generally, the seat in the middle of the table, facing the door, is reserved for the host. The

most senior guest of honor sits directly to the left. Everyone else is seated in descending

order of status. The most senior member sits in the center seat. Follow this seating pattern

if you are hosting a banquet or a meal in your residence, whether for business or purely

social reasons.

The host is the first person at the table allowed to begin eating by declaring the first

toast. Then, the rest of the company can proceed with the meal. If you are the host, take

the first piece of the most valued food and put it on your guest of honor‘s plate after the

first toast. This will signify that eating can proceed and is considered a friendly gesture.

Business is not discussed during the meal.

• It is not uncommon for a host to order enough food for ten people at a table of five. He

or she loses face if there are not plenty of left-overs at the end of a meal. Rice, considered

by many Chinese to be filler, is generally not served until the end of a meal. So, if you

want to eat rice with your meal be sure to ask the waitress [or 'shou jie'] to serve it early,

particularly if the food is spicy.

During a meal, as many as 7-12 courses can be served, so try not to eat too much at once.

The best policy is to lightly sample each dish.

• Leaving a 'clean plate' is perceived to mean that you were not given enough food--a

terrible insult. On the other hand, leaving a food offering untouched will also give

offense; even if you find a dish unappealing, try a small portion for the sake of politeness.



UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE

Uncertainty avoidance is the degree to which members in a society feel uncomfortable

with ambiguous situations and take steps to avoid them. Uncertainty avoidance occurs at

various levels of an organization. For example, senior management may refuse to pursue

a project with uncertain outcomes. Uncertainty avoidance has many implications for

leadership characteristics and leadership traits such as habitual, formal, cautious, and

orderly is perceived as an outstanding form of leadership in some countries while a

negative form in others.

In China, a country with high uncertainty avoidance, managers are more controlling, less

approachable, and less likely to delegate to subordinates than their low-avoidance

counterparts. In other words, managers in China do not place as much trust in their

employees as managers in other countries.



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KhPMyJm08&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vjEyUeagCNGJrAelj4CgDw&ved=0CGgQ6AEwBw#v

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Business-Meeting-Etiquette.htm • http://gbr.pepperdine.edu/2010/08/the-successful-expatriate-leader-in-china/

• http://geert-hofstede.com/china.html#sthash.UiPtCOcY.dpuf



http://books.google.co.in/books?id=CyXrMNMnV7QC&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=power+distance+in+china&source=bl&ots=eODKr6xkt3&sig=8LDO5N_dmdVPUKaxSmKhPMyJm08&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vjEyUeagCNGJrAelj4CgDw&ved=0CGgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=power%20distance%20in%20china&f=false







http://www.internationalexperts.com/index.php/research/item/application-of-hofstede-s-power-distance-to-american-chinese-and-japanese-leaders





http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/intercultural/power-distance-index.html


http://geert-hofstede.com/china.html


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http://www.culture-4-travel.com/nonverbal-communication.html


http://traveltips.usatoday.com/chinese-culture-guide-20880.html


http://www.slideshare.net/dragon888/non-verbal-communication-russia-japan-and-china


http://lang-8.com/86540/journals/312970/Chinese-Nonverbal-Communication#sthash.Vd50LSjL.dpuf





http://www.china-window.com/china_business/doing_business_in_china/the-importance-of-guangxi.shtml





http://www.businessinsider.com/mianzi-in-china-2012-5#ixzz2MPEjqp7N


http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?/topic/11347-chinese-practice-of-ke-qi-


http://www.gigabiz.co.uk/business_dress_code.html


http://www.travelchinaguide.com/faq/when/general.htm#sthash.a2ItFm48.dpuf


http://chineseculture.about.com/od/businesseconomy/a/Chinese-Business-Chinese-Business-Meeting-Etiquette.htm





http://gbr.pepperdine.edu/2010/08/the-successful-expatriate-leader-in-china/


http://geert-hofstede.com/china.html#sthash.UiPtCOcY.dpuf



























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