China Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Strategy

R Clague

It’s not just about cars, one example:

• In 2018, 65 Million tonnes of industrial hydrogen were produced globally to produce fertiliser, refine hydrocarbon fuels, plastics, foods, etc. The hydrogen is typically made by methane reforming, or coal gasification.

World 146 million tonnes

China 48 million tonnes

Russia 12 million tonnes

India 11 million tonnes

U.S. 9 million tonnes

Indonesia 5 million tonnes

Trinidad and Tobago 5 million tonnes

Ukraine 4 million tonnes

Annual ammonia production:

Data from: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity

Summaries, 2016

Globally, enough hydrogen produced in 2018 to drive each vehicle in the entire global fleet

(cars, buses, trucks, ~1.4bn) 5000km per year

China and Hydrogen

14 Hydrogen Refueling Stations are up running

Zero Carbon Hydrogen Production in China

China: 150 GWUSA: 80 GW

USA Wind Productivity:

2600 KWh / KW(200 TWh out of 80 GW)

China Wind Productivity:

1600 KWh / KW(240 TWh out of 150 GW)

“Green” Hydrogen for FCEVs and Industry

Power-to-Hydrogen via (PEM) Electrolysis

In 2016 China curtailed 1.5bn kWh Wind Power

China significantly curtails wind power, which could be used for Hydrogen production

Hydrogen Infrastructure Global Status & Trend

Hydrogen Refueling Station Roll-out started in Japan, Europe (Germany, UK, Scandinavia)

and USA (California and North Eastern States)

China

• Large incentives for building hydrogen stations

• 2018: 14 H2 stations in operation

• 2030: 1000 H2 stations

• No allowance for Type 4 on-board storage

• SAE J2601 refueling standard not adopted

USA / California

• 2018: 50 H2 stations (CA)

• 2020: 100 H2 stations (CA, NY)

Japan

• 2018: 100 H2 stations

• 2025: 800 H2 stations

• 2030: 1000 H2 stations

Korea

• Hydrogen infrastructure initiative pending

• 2018: 15 H2 stations in operation

• 2030: 1000 H2 stations targeted

Europe

• 2018: 110 H2 stations

• 2025: ~800 H2 stations

• 2030: 3700 H2 stations

China Hydrogen Infrastructure Roll-out

14 Hydrogen Refueling Stations are up running

Location Date Pressure

Peking 2006 35 MPa

Shenzhen 2011 35 MPa

Shanghai 2007 35 MPa

Zengzhou 2015 35 MPa

Yunfu 2016 35 MPa

Dalian 2017 70 MPa

Foshan 2017 35 MPa

Zhongshan 2017 35 MPa

Rugao 2017 35 MPa

Jiangshu 2017 35 MPa

Jiangshu* 2018 35/70 Mpa

Zhongshan 2017 35 MPa

Shanghai 2017 35 MPa

Pidou 2018 35 MPa

*China's first hydrogen refueling station that meets 35 MPa/70 Mpa dual mode international standard

Roadmap developed for China Government by:Strategy Advisory Committee of the Technology Roadmap for Energy Saving and New Energy Vehicles

Strategy supported by heavy subsidies

Chinese National Level Strategy

October 2016:Energy Saving and New

Energy Vehicle Technology Roadmap

Published by Strategy Advisory Committee of the Technology

Roadmap for Energy Saving and New Energy Vehicles and

Society of Automotive Engineers of China

May 8, 2015: Made in China 2025

10-year plan by the Chinese Central Government to

comprehensively upgrade China’s manufacturing

industry, highlights 10 priority sectors, including “ew-Energy

Vehicles and Equipment

2025:FCEV subsidies end?

2020:FCV Subsidies Continue

FC Car 200,000RMB*FC van 300,000RMB*FC Bus 500,000RMB*

*up to 100% added from regional governments

FCV Focus

China Hydrogen Organizations

Key Hydrogen Organizations in China have been established

International Hydrogen Fuel Cell Association National Alliance of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell

Hydrogen and FCV Technology Roadmap

Detailed technical targets through 2030

Strong focus on cost at vehicle level

Power density less important than cost

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Stack Technology Roadmap

Cost target much more aggressive than power density, well below DoE target

Power density of 4.0kW/l is achieved by commercial stacks already - low importance

Global, and Chinese FCV Sales Targets

China vehicle sales targets in line with European BAU scenario

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

2022 2025 2030 2040

VEH

ICLE

SO

LD IN

CO

UN

TRY

PER

AN

NU

M

Annual FCV Sales Targets

Europe

USA

Japan

Korea

China

Chinese Policy Levers

NEV

Type

Electric Range

Rated Power

(km at NEDC)

State Subsidy for New Energy Vehicle

from 2018 to 2020 (in Chinese RMB)Local government subsidy

2018 2019-2020 2018-2020

BEV

(Energy Density

≥90wh/kg)

80 ≤ R＜150 - -

≤100% of the Central

government / state subsidy

100 ≤ R＜150 20K 16K

150 ≤ R＜250 36 K 28.8 K

R ≥ 250 44 K 35.2 K (~USD 5 K)

PHEV R ≥ 50 24 K 19.2 K (~USD 2.7 K)

FCEV

R≥300km, FCP≥30%

of rated motor power)

10kW＜P＜30kW 6 K per kWrated power

P≥30kW 200 K (~USD 31 K)

Year 2018 2019 2020

Share of NEV Credits required to

compensate for Fleet Debits

[% of OEM non-NEV vehicle sales]

- 10% 12%

Electric Range / Power of NEV

[km at NEDC] [Fuel Cell Power]PHEV BEV FCEV

R ≥ 50 2 credits -

100 ≤ R＜350

(Top spend ≥ 100 km/h for 30 min)(0.012*R+0.8) Credits 0.16*PFuel Cell System, net Credits

300 ≥ R ≥350 / PFCS, net > 31.25 kW - 4 credits 4 credits

R ≥350 / PFCS, net > 31.25 kW - 5 credits 5 credits

Landmark National Level ZEV/NEV Mandate

Subsidy

Policy

Vehicle type 2018 2019 (Estimation)

Subsidy

(RMB/kW)

Subsidy upper limit

(10,000RMB/vehicle)

Subsidy

(RMB/kW)

Subsidy upper limit

(10,000RMB/vehicle)

Passenger vehicle 6000 20 6000 20

Light duty bus, truck / 30Estimation: may refer to

passenger vehicle,

subsidize base on FC system

rated power,

approx.8000/kW

30

mid-size bus ,

heavy duty truck/ 50 50

Items Criteria New? Modification?

Technical

Criteria

Fuel cell system

rated power

Estimation:1. Passenger vehicle from ≥10kW(2018) to ≥30kW(2019);

2. Commercial vehicle maintain ≥30kW/ Y

Fuel cell system

power densityEstimation: Passenger vehicle 350W/kg; commercial vehicle 200W/kg Y /

Cold start temperature Estimation: -20℃ Y /

Fuel cell cold storage Estimation: -40℃ Y /

Drive range Estimation: change pure EV range≥300km to pure hydrogen range≥300km / Y

Ratio between

fuel cell system rated

power & drive motor rated

power

fuel cell system rated power /

drive motor rated power (H)H<0.3 0.3≤H<0.4 0.4≤H<0.5

H≥0.5

[0.5≤H<0.6]

/

[H≥0.6]

/ Y2018 subsidy ratio 0 0.8 0.9 1 1

Estimation:

2019 subsidy ratio0 0 0.8 [0.9] [1]

Subsidy structure will change to encourage larger FC ‘engines’

Policy Changes in 2019 – Subsidies

Note: it is likely that subsidies will be restricted to vehicles with full Chinese supply chain when vehicle sales volume increases

Scope Chinese SAE

General Requirements Part 1 - T/CECA-G 0018-2018 -

Heavy Duty (bus, truck) Part 2 - To be published Nov 2019 SAE J-2601-2

Passenger Car Part 3 - To be published Nov 2020 SAE J-2601

Lead agency: CNIS (TC-309 is mirror committee to ISO-TC-197)Main drafting units: Great Wall Motor, Zheijang University, National Institute of Clean and Low Carbon Energy, YIH2, Hydrosys Corp, SynoHytec, CNIS, China Energy

Harmonise with requirements in ISO 19880-1, GTR-13, and SAE safety stds for FCEVs

Policy Changes in 2019 – Refuelling Standards

Conclusion

China does not have much infrastructure or many vehicles, but it is moving very fast…

The Chinese government have rolled out the first national level ZEV mandate, supported by detailed technical roadmaps

Key bodies inform policy, and future subsidy structures will encourage larger FC engines.

Vehicle certification codes and standards are not complete yet, they are being adopted in part from international codes and standards into Chinese GB standards.

Refueling standard will very likely follow SAE J2601, but not adopt it directly. Framework allows H25, H35, H50, H70 fueling pressures.

Closing Comments

China Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Strategy

R Clague

GB Standardization

institution in CATARC

Resp. for

Vehicle &

FCS

standard

drafting

Resp.

for type

approval

test

Resp. for

company

audit

according

to work

book 39

China intend to harmonise GB stds with ISO 19880-1, GTR-13, and SAE safety stds

How to get a FCV type approved in China – certification authorities

GB/T 24548-2009 FCEV terminology

GB/T 24549-2009 Fuel cell electric vehicles-Safety requirements

GB/T 26991-2011 FCEV maximum speed test methods

GB/T 35178-2017 Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles- hydrogen consumption test methods

20140521-T-339 Fuel cell electric vehicles- hydrogen emmission test methods

20162462-T-339 Fuel cell electric vehicles- type test

GB/T 34593-2017 hydrogen emission test methods of FC engine

GB/T 24554-2009 Performance test methods for fuel cell engines

20141030-T-339 Fuel cell electric vehicles-Fuel cell stack safety requirement

GB/T 36288-2018 Fuel cell electric vehicles-Fuel cell stack performance test methods

GB/T 25319-2010 Technical specifications of FC power generation system for motor vehicles

GB/T 23645-2009 Test methods of fuel cell power system for passenger cars

GB/T 28183-2011 FC bus power generation system test methods

GB/T 33979-2017 Test methods for proton exchange membrane fuel cell power system at subzero environment

GB/T 33978-2017 Road vehicles - PEMFC module

GB/T 29838-2013 FC Modules

GB/T 20042.2-2008 PEMFC General technical specification of fuel cell stacks

GB/T 31035-2014 PEMFC stack low temperature property test methods

GB/T 26990-2011 Tehnical specifications of FCEV on-board hydrogen system

GB/T 29126-2012 Fuel cell electric vehicles—Test method for on-board hydrogen system

GB/T 34425-2017 FCEV hydrogen nozzle

GB/T 26779-2011 Fuel cell electric vehicles—Refuelling receptacle

QC/T 816-2009 Mobile hydrogen refueling vehicles technical specifications

GB/T 29123-2012 Specifications for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in demonstration

GB/T 29124-2012 Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles facilities for demonstration specifications

HSS

FCS &FC

FCV

How to get a vehicle type approved in China – codes and standards

Current status of codes and standards