China & European Imperialism
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Transcript of China & European Imperialism
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China & European Imperialism
World History - Libertyville HS
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The Manchu Dynasty (1644-1912)
• Founding the Dynasty– Manchu were settled
nomads, the Jurchen, from Manchuria
– Rebelled against Ming & destroyed dynasty
– Claimed Mandate of Heaven (Ming lost – rebellions, famine)
– AKA Qing Dynasty
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Manchu Dynasty• Ethnic tension in Manchu
Dynasty– Manchu were ethnically
Jurchen– Most of China were ethnic
Han– This meant a minority group
ruled China• Extent of Empire
– At height, 13 million sq miles
– Expanded into Tibet, Russia, Taiwan
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Extent of Manchu Dynasty
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19th C: Foreign Pressure
• Problems facing Manchu– Economic stagnation (agr
based economy)– Population explosion
(famines)– Antique gov’t system not
strong– Isolation from rest of
world, esp. Europe
Britain, Germans, Russians, French& Japanese divide China
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Contact w/ European Nations
• 1793: Brits attempted alliance w/ Manchu (refused)
• After 1815, world trade, dominated by Europeans, expanded quickly– Massive Chinese markets
drew Europeans– Chinese trade goods (silk,
tea, ceramics)Caricature: “The Reception”
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Chinese Trade w/ Europe
• Chinese demanded silver bars in payment (no mfgr’d goods)
• Brits, French didn’t want to give up limited specie
• Brits, French sold opium into China (addictive) for Chinese silver
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First Opium War (1838-1842)
• Manchu gov’t outlawed opium in China
• British gov’t declared war– Royal navy destroyed
outdated Chinese wooden navy
– British army, w/ rifles, artillery, crushed Chinese
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First Opium War
• Treaty of Nanking– Demanded reparations
(payments) for Brit losses
– Unrestricted access to Chinese markets for European countries
– Annexed Hong Kong as British city
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Second Opium War (1856-1860)
• Brits tried to re-negotiate Treaty of Nanking– Allow Brit trade access to
Chinese rivers– Est. permanent Brit
embassy in Peking (capital)
– Chinese refused to sign = war
• Chinese crushed, again
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Second Opium War
• Treaty of Tianjin– All official Chinese docs to
be written in English– Brit warships given
unlimited access to Chinese rivers
– Christian missionaries allowed
– Other foreign embassies allowed
– Opium importation legalized
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The Empress Dowager
• Tsu His started as peasant concubine of Emperor (1850-1861)– Very intelligent, clever,
manipulative– Outwitted 8 regents to
become regent to her son– After son died (1874) she
continued to rule in nephew’s name, until her death in 1908
– Known as “Empress Dowager” or the “Dragon Lady
– Focused her reign on keeping China whole in face of foreign aggression
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Boxer Rebellion (1900)
• Righteous Harmony Society (“Boxers”)– Native Chinese focused
on throwing “foreign devils” out of China
– “Devils” included Catholic, Protestant missionaries & their Chinese converts
– Empress Dowager attempted to remotely control the Boxers
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Boxer Rebellion
• German ambassador murdered by Boxers in Beijing– European delegations
besieged in Beijing embassies by Boxers, Chinese troops, for 55 days
– European nations, US allied vs Chinese to save their citizens
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Boxer Rebellion
• Eight nations, European and America, conquered Beijing– Dowager Empress fled
city– Treaty ending fighting
was harsh• Reparations• Permanent European,
US presence in China
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End of Manchu• After death of Empress
Dowager, baby emperor took over
• Regent council established– Rebellions broke out;
regions est. indep. Gov’ts– 1912: Child Emperor
forced to abdicate• Ended 2000 years of
Chinese emperors, as local warlords ruled