CHINA BEFORE THE REVOLUTION CHINESE REVOLUTION –1911 to 1949 Triggered by disastrous encounters...
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CHINA BEFORE THE REVOLUTION• CHINESE REVOLUTION
– 1911 to 1949• Triggered by disastrous
encounters with the West– Opium wars– Failure of Boxer Rebellion
• Manchu Dynasty made half-hearted efforts at reform– Too little too late– Dynasty had to go if China
was really going to reform itself
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CHINESE REVOLUTION OF1911• Dr. Sun Yat-sen
– “Father of the Chinese Revolution”– Western-educated medical doctor– Three Principles
• Democracy• Nationalism • Socialism
• Manchu Dynasty collapses in 1911– Sun Yat-sen not even in country at
time– Comes back home in January 1912
and is proclaimed President of new Chinese Republic
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BIG TROUBLE, 1912-1925• Sun Yat-sen hands
power over to Yuan Shikai in Spring 1912
• Yuan Shikai attempts to create new dynasty with himself as emperor –losing Sun Yat-sen;s support
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DISINTEGRATION
• Yuan Shikai does not press Japanese to return German territory in China– Alienates entire nation– Dies in 1916– Disintegration accelerates– Weak republic continues to operate
out of Bejiing– Sun-Yat-sen forms Nationalist Party
to take control of China– Most of China in the hands of
various warlords• Former bandit leaders or generals
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CHINESE STUDENTS• CHINESE STUDENT MOVEMENT
– MAY 4TH MOVEMENT• Sparked by outrage at China’s
treatment at Versailles– NEW CULTURE MOVEMENT
• Re-examination of Chinese traditions and investigation of Western ideas
– FORMATION OF CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY (1921)
• Formed with Soviet help• Included Mao Zedong• Cooperates with Nationalists
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SPLIT IN THE NATIONALIST PARTY
• Chaing Kai’shek– Assumed control of
Nationalist Party in 1925
– Goes after Communists, fearing they have become too strong
– Massacre in Shanghai (1927)
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THE LONG MARCH
• Kiangsi Province– Communists adopt Mao’s strategy of “swimming the peasant sea”– Attacked by Chaing in 1930– Survivors flee to Shensi Province, 6000 miles to the northwest –
THE LONG MARCH• COMMUNISTS APPEAR TO BE FINISHED AS A POLITICAL FORCE IN
CHINA
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WORLD WAR II
• Chaing Kai’shek completely ineffective in fighting the Japanese– Regime also becomes
increasingly corrupt and dictatorial
• Mao Zedong very effective in waging guerilla war against the Japanese– “swimming the
peasant sea” strategy also wins support of Chinese people
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CIVIL WAR
• End of World War II– Soviets give Mao
captured Japanese equipment
– Full-scale civil war erupts in 1947
– Chinese Communists win in 1949 and Chaing flees to Taiwan
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RADICAL CHANGE
• Attempt to destroy traditional Chinese family
• Great Leap Forward– Improve agricultural
and industrial production
– Collective farms– Involuntary work
groups
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CULTURAL REVOLUTION
• Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1965)
– Response to growing criticism of Mao
– Used “Red Guards” to ridicule and attack all critics
– Caused tremendous confusion, dislocation, and unfair persecution of innocent people
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DEATH OF MAO• Mao’s wife, Jiang Qing,
tries to make herself heir during his last days
• Mao dies in 1976
• Jiang Qing and closest supporters (“The Gang of Four”) arrested
• Deng Xiaping emerges as China’s new leader
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TIENANMEN SQUARE 1989• Deng Xiaping moderates many of
Mao’s policies
• Encouraged by his apparent moderation, Chinese students push for democratic reforms
• Culminates in Tienanmen Square demonstration of May 1989– Hundreds of thousands of
demonstrators– Appears to be successful at
first– Soldiers clear square with
much bloodshed and loss of life
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BRITISH INDIA• Benefits of British rule
– Economic progress– Educational opportunities for upper
class– Improvement in public health
• Downside of British rule– Genuine freedom missing– Economic progress passed most by– Public health improvements caused
population to skyrocket• Formation of Congress Party
– Made up moderate Indian professionals
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OBSTACLES TO INDEPENDENCE
• Isolation and poverty of rural population
• Caste divisions• Hostility between
Hindus and Moslems• Lack of common
language• Huge gap between
wealth, western educated members of Congress Party and impoverished and uneducated masses
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MAHATMA GANDHI• Born in 1869 to a wealthy Hindu family• Received law education in London• While in London, spent spare time
studying spiritual writings– Hindu– Bible– Leo Tolstoy– Henry David Thoreau
• Concept of Civil Disobedience• Moved to South Africa after graduation
– Developed strategy to help Indian contract workers
• Returned to India in 1916– Welcomed as a hero– Invited to join Congress Party
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GANDHI IN INDIA• Became leader of Congress
Party• Developed strategy of
nonviolent protest• Frequently imprisoned
– Turned into victories through tactic of hunger strike
• Dressed like Hindu holy man• Principles were mixture of old
and new– Urged return to simple pre-
British way of life– Advocated equality and
condemned the caste system
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SUCCESS AND DISAPPOINTMENT
• British often over-reacted to non-violent demonstrations, generating international sympathy for Gandhi’s causes
• Decades of protest finally paid off in 1947 –India is granted independence
• Riots immediately break out between Moslems and Hindus
• Gandhi is assassinated in 1948
• Moslem parts of India break off to form Pakistan and Bangladesh
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INDEPENDENT INDIA• PANDIT NEHRU (1948-1964)
• INDIRA GANDHI (1966-1984)
• RAJIV GANDHI (1984-1991)
• SUCCESSES– Welded India into one nation– Economic development
• PROBLEMS– Overpopulation– Religious inspired violence
• WORLD’S LARGEST DEMOCRACY
Pandit Nehru
Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi