CHINA and ROMECHINA and ROME

Empires of the East and the WestEmpires of the East and the West

Imperial Rome and Han ChinaImperial Rome and Han China

Pre- Empire StatesPre- Empire States CHINACHINA

Shang DynastyShang Dynasty c.1750 bce-1100 bcec.1750 bce-1100 bce

introduction of writingintroduction of writing

Zhou DynastyZhou Dynasty c.1100 bce- 221 bcec.1100 bce- 221 bce

establishment of establishment of Confucianism and TaoismConfucianism and Taoism

Qin (Chin) DynastyQin (Chin) Dynasty 221 bce-206 bce 221 bce-206 bce

first unified Chinese statesfirst unified Chinese states origin of name of China origin of name of China

ROMEROME

Etruscan CivilizationEtruscan Civilizationc.700 bce-509 bcec.700 bce-509 bce

Legendary Roman kingsLegendary Roman kings753 bce-509 bce 753 bce-509 bce

patricians:patricians: aristocrats and aristocrats and professionalsprofessionals

plebians: plebians: farmers, farmers, craftsmen, laborerscraftsmen, laborers

patronage systempatronage system

Roman RepublicRoman Republic509 bce -27 bce509 bce -27 bce

Qin (Chin) Qin (Chin) Dynasty Dynasty

221 bce -206 221 bce -206 bcebce

First unified the country by First unified the country by subjugating the Warring subjugating the Warring StatesStates

Established central Established central bureaucracybureaucracy

LegalismLegalism supplanted supplanted Confucianism: scholars Confucianism: scholars persecuted and books burnedpersecuted and books burned

Standardized writing, Standardized writing, currency, weights and currency, weights and measuresmeasures

Qin Shihuangdi

Qin Building ProjectsQin Building Projects

Used forced labor Used forced labor of convictsof convicts

Roads and canalsRoads and canals PalacesPalaces Connected Connected

fortification walls fortification walls to build 5000 to build 5000 kilometer Great kilometer Great WallWall

Mausoleum of Qin Emperor Mausoleum of Qin Emperor ShiHuangdi (First Emperor)ShiHuangdi (First Emperor)

Qin ShiHuangdi’s Mausoleum Qin ShiHuangdi’s Mausoleum was discovered in 1974 by was discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a well. farmers digging a well.

The 13 year-old emperor had The 13 year-old emperor had ordered 800,000 workers to ordered 800,000 workers to build his tomb.build his tomb.

Terra Cotta ArmyTerra Cotta Army Rebellions broke out after Rebellions broke out after

Emperor’s death in 210 bce: Emperor’s death in 210 bce: dynasty overthrown after only dynasty overthrown after only 15 years of rule15 years of rule

Pre- Empire StatesPre- Empire States CHINACHINA

Shang DynastyShang Dynasty c.1750 bce-1100 bcec.1750 bce-1100 bce

introduction of writingintroduction of writing

Zhou DynastyZhou Dynasty c.1100 bce- 221 bcec.1100 bce- 221 bce

establishment of establishment of Confucianism and TaoismConfucianism and Taoism

Qin (Chin) DynastyQin (Chin) Dynasty 221 bce-206 bce 221 bce-206 bce

first unified Chinese statesfirst unified Chinese states origin of name of China origin of name of China

ROMEROME

Etruscan CivilizationEtruscan Civilizationc.700 bce-509 bcec.700 bce-509 bce

Legendary Roman kingsLegendary Roman kings753 bce-509 bce 753 bce-509 bce

patricians:patricians: aristocrats and aristocrats and professionalsprofessionals

plebians: plebians: farmers, farmers, craftsmen, laborerscraftsmen, laborers

patronage systempatronage system

Roman RepublicRoman Republic509 bce -27 bce509 bce -27 bce

The Italian Peninsula Pre-Roman Domination800-600 bce

Etruscan Civilization, 8th-5th c. Etruscan Civilization, 8th-5th c. bcebce

Etruscans may have migrated to Etruscans may have migrated to Italy from Anatolia (Turkey)Italy from Anatolia (Turkey)

Thriving cities with paved Thriving cities with paved streets, defensive walls and large streets, defensive walls and large templestemples

Skillful bronze, iron and gold Skillful bronze, iron and gold work work

Challenged by Greeks from sea Challenged by Greeks from sea and by Celts from Gaul (France)and by Celts from Gaul (France)

Etruscan Chimera

Etruscan DivinationEtruscan Divination

Early divination equipment:  a guide to reading the liver

Family tombs with stone Family tombs with stone vaults covered by earthvaults covered by earth

Murals with scenes from Murals with scenes from everyday life: hunting, everyday life: hunting, fishing, feasting, dancing, fishing, feasting, dancing, religious ceremoniesreligious ceremonies

Joyful scenes in early tombs Joyful scenes in early tombs give way to gloomy violent give way to gloomy violent scenes as Etruscans lost power scenes as Etruscans lost power to the Romans (4th-2nd to the Romans (4th-2nd Century bce)Century bce)

Etruscan Etruscan NecropolisNecropolis

Etruscan Etruscan joie de vivrejoie de vivre

From the tomb of the Lionesses, Tarquinia.

From the tomb of the Triclinium, Tarquinia

"Sarcophagus of the Spouses"Cerveteri (Banditaccia necropolis)Circa 520-510 bcePolychrome terra cotta: The Louvre

"Sarcophagus of the Spouses"Cerveteri (Banditaccia necropolis)Circa 520-510 bcePolychrome terra cotta: the Villa Giulia museum in Rome.

"Canopus"Second half of the 6th century bceTerra cotta: The Louvre

Roman Kingdom: Regnum Roman Kingdom: Regnum RomanumRomanum

753-510 bce753-510 bce In Roman In Roman legend,legend, the Trojan hero the Trojan hero AeneasAeneas sailed sailed

across the Mediterranean Sea to Italy and founded across the Mediterranean Sea to Italy and founded Lavinium. Lavinium.

His son His son IulusIulus went on to found the city of Alba went on to found the city of Alba Longa. Longa.

From Alba Longa's royal family came the twins From Alba Longa's royal family came the twins Romulus and RemusRomulus and Remus, who went on to found the city , who went on to found the city of Rome in 753 BCE. of Rome in 753 BCE.

The kingdom ended with the expulsion of Lucius The kingdom ended with the expulsion of Lucius Tarquinius SuperbusTarquinius Superbus in 510 BCE and the in 510 BCE and the establishment of the establishment of the Roman RepublicRoman Republic..

Legendary Kings: RexLegendary Kings: RexRomulus and RemusRomulus and RemusFoundation legendFoundation legend

Kings of Rome were elected by the Senate

King Traditional Reign

Romulus 753 BC–716 BC

Numa Pompilius 715 BC–674 BC

Tullus Hostilius 673 BC–642 BC

Ancus Marcius 642 BC–617 BC

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 616 BC–579 BC

Servius Tullius 578 BC–535 BC

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 535 BC–510 BC/509 BC

Legendary KingsLegendary Kings

The Gauls destroyed all of Rome's historical records when they sacked the city 390 BC , so no contemporary records of the kingdom exist, and all accounts of the kings must be highly questioned. Archaeological evidence does, however, support that a settlement was founded

in Rome around the middle of the 8th century BC.

Accomplishments of the Accomplishments of the Roman KingsRoman Kings

Settlement and continual expansion of the citySettlement and continual expansion of the city of Rome (aided by rape of the Sabine women)of Rome (aided by rape of the Sabine women)

Establishment of Establishment of SenateSenate to serve as king’s to serve as king’s councilcouncil

Establishment of Establishment of Roman legionsRoman legions Establishment of the Establishment of the Vestal VirginsVestal Virgins Reform of the calendarReform of the calendar to 360 days, adding the to 360 days, adding the

months of January and Februarymonths of January and February Introduction of Introduction of coinagecoinage Establishment of a Establishment of a censuscensus dividing the dividing the

population into population into classesclasses according to wealth according to wealth

The Rape of The Rape of LucretiaLucretia

The son of the last king of The son of the last king of Rome, Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Lucius Tarquinius Superbus Superbus (535 BC to 510 BC), (535 BC to 510 BC), raped a Roman noblewoman raped a Roman noblewoman named named LucretiaLucretia. .

Lucretia compelled her family Lucretia compelled her family to take action by gathering the to take action by gathering the men, telling them what men, telling them what happened, and killing herself. happened, and killing herself.

Lucius Junius Brutus Lucius Junius Brutus incited incited the people of Rome against the the people of Rome against the royal family by displaying her royal family by displaying her body and led an uprising that body and led an uprising that drove the Tarquins out of drove the Tarquins out of RomeRome

The monarchy was replaced The monarchy was replaced with the new Roman Republic. with the new Roman Republic.

Botticelli, The Death of Lucretia, c. 1500

The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic509 bce - 27 bce509 bce - 27 bce

Senatus populisque RomanorumSenatus populisque Romanorum

(The Senate and People of Rome) (The Senate and People of Rome)

Senate: patriciansSenate: patricians

People: Consilium plebis -- tribunes elected by plebiansPeople: Consilium plebis -- tribunes elected by plebians

The Roman SenateThe Roman Senate

Cicero Denounces Catiline: Fresco by Cesare Maccari (1840-1919)

The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic509 bce - 27 bce509 bce - 27 bce

Military CampaignsMilitary Campaigns Italian peninsulaItalian peninsula Punic Wars: 264-146 bcePunic Wars: 264-146 bce

CarthageCarthage HannibalHannibal

Invasion of Invasion of MacedoniaMacedonia and and GreeceGreece 145 bce 145 bce GaulGaul 58 - 50 bce 58 - 50 bce EgyptEgypt 31 bce 31 bce Emergence of Emergence of equitesequites class: soldiers and class: soldiers and

merchantsmerchants

Civil WarsCivil Wars50 bce-27 bce50 bce-27 bce

First Triumvirate:First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus Pompey, Crassus and Julius Caesarand Julius Caesar

46 bce 46 bce Julius CaesarJulius Caesar crosses the crosses the Rubicon: established dictatorship – Rubicon: established dictatorship – populist reformspopulist reforms

44 bce 44 bce assassinationassassination of Caesar by of Caesar by Senate under leadership of Marcus Senate under leadership of Marcus Junius BrutusJunius Brutus

Second TriumvirateSecond Triumvirate: Octavian, : Octavian, Lepidus and Marc AntonyLepidus and Marc Antony

31 bce 31 bce Battle of ActiumBattle of Actium: death of : death of Antony and CleopatraAntony and Cleopatra

27 bce 27 bce Octavian declared Caesar Octavian declared Caesar AugustusAugustus

Octavian

CHINA: The Han

Empire

The Han DynastyThe Han Dynasty206 bce-220 ce206 bce-220 ce

Liu BangLiu Bang restored order restored order after the death of the Qin after the death of the Qin EmperorEmperor

Established Han Established Han Dynasty – the longest Dynasty – the longest and most influential in and most influential in Chinese historyChinese history

Centralized Imperial Centralized Imperial rulerule

Liu Bang

Confucianism RestoredConfucianism Restored

State philosophyState philosophy Honored and employed Honored and employed

scholars in governmentscholars in government Instituted civil service Instituted civil service

exam systemexam system

Han Science and TechnologyHan Science and Technology

InventionsInventions PaperPaper PorcelainPorcelain CompassCompass SeismographSeismograph

Manufacture of SteelManufacture of Steel

Statue of Zhangheng, inventor of seismograph

Sima Sima Qian Qian

(145-87 (145-87 bce)bce)

China’s most famous historianChina’s most famous historian ShijiShiji ( (史記史記 , "history record"), , "history record"),

an overview of the history of an overview of the history of China covering more than 2000 China covering more than 2000 years from the earliest times to years from the earliest times to his own dayhis own day

Historians regard Sima Qian’s Historians regard Sima Qian’s work as their model, which stands work as their model, which stands as the "official format" of the as the "official format" of the history of China.history of China.

In writing In writing ShijiShiji, Sima Qian , Sima Qian initiated a new writing style by initiated a new writing style by presenting history in a series of presenting history in a series of biographiesbiographies

Emperor Han WudiEmperor Han Wudi “the Martial Emperor” “the Martial Emperor”

141-87 bce141-87 bce Military Prowess Military Prowess

Extended cultural influence over Korea, Extended cultural influence over Korea, Vietnam, Central Asia, MongoliaVietnam, Central Asia, Mongolia

Built enormous bureaucracy relying upon Built enormous bureaucracy relying upon Legalist Legalist principles of governmentprinciples of government

Established Imperial University 124 bce to Established Imperial University 124 bce to educate bureaucrats with educate bureaucrats with ConfucianismConfucianism as the as the curricular basiscurricular basis

Established long-distance trade along the Established long-distance trade along the Silk Silk RoadRoad as a result of information brought back as a result of information brought back by the envoy by the envoy Zhang QianZhang Qian

Zhang Qian leaving emperor Han Wudi, for his expedition to Central Asia from 138 to 126 BC, Mogao Caves mural, Dunhuang, 618–712.

The Silk RoadThe Silk Road

The Silk RoadThe Silk Road China to India, across Central Asia to Antioch, Baghdad, China to India, across Central Asia to Antioch, Baghdad,

Alexandria and RomeAlexandria and Rome TradeTrade

East to West: silk and spicesEast to West: silk and spices West to East: manufactured goods (glassware, jewelry, West to East: manufactured goods (glassware, jewelry,

perfumes) and commodities such as olive oilperfumes) and commodities such as olive oil Religious movementsReligious movements

Buddhism to Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China Buddhism to Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China Hinduism to Southeast AsiaHinduism to Southeast Asia Christianity to Persia, India and China Christianity to Persia, India and China

EpidemicsEpidemics 2nd and 3rd c. ce Han and Roman Empires suffered large-2nd and 3rd c. ce Han and Roman Empires suffered large-

scale epidemics: small pox, measles, bubonic plaguescale epidemics: small pox, measles, bubonic plague Population decline led to economic and social changePopulation decline led to economic and social change

ROME: ROME: The The

EmpireEmpire

The expansion of the The expansion of the Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Pax RomanaPax Romana27 bce - 180 ce27 bce - 180 ce

Caesar Augustus’Caesar Augustus’ reign reign (27 bce-14 ce) is considered (27 bce-14 ce) is considered the the Golden Age of RomeGolden Age of Rome Establishment of Establishment of lawlaw and civil and civil

order throughout Empireorder throughout Empire Rome became an Rome became an international international

city city Public worksPublic works: aqueducts, public : aqueducts, public

baths, theatres, marketplaces, baths, theatres, marketplaces, roads, librariesroads, libraries

Economy rested on Economy rested on slaveryslavery: : slaves ranged from field slaves ranged from field laborers to secretaries, teachers, laborers to secretaries, teachers, and artists -- often earned and artists -- often earned enough to buy freedom enough to buy freedom

Roman Culture: Roman Culture: PoetryPoetry

Virgil (70-19 bce)Virgil (70-19 bce)TheThe AeneidAeneid

Epic poem – provided foundation Epic poem – provided foundation myth for Roman Empiremyth for Roman Empire

Consciously emulated Homer’s Consciously emulated Homer’s Iliad Iliad andand Odyssey Odyssey

Embodied Roman idealsEmbodied Roman ideals Pater familiasPater familias PiusPius Aeneas Aeneas Divine interventionDivine intervention in in

founding of Romefounding of Rome Favorite of Caesar AugustusFavorite of Caesar Augustus

Aeneas carrying Father, Laertes, and leading Son, Ascanius, from Troy

Roman Culture: PoetryRoman Culture: PoetryOvid (43 bce-17 ce)Ovid (43 bce-17 ce)Ars Amatoria: The Art of LoveArs Amatoria: The Art of Love

Ars Remedia: The Remedy for LoveArs Remedia: The Remedy for LoveMetamorphosesMetamorphoses

Collection of classical myths from the Collection of classical myths from the Mediterranean rendered in poetic formMediterranean rendered in poetic form

Emphasized the Emphasized the continual nature of changecontinual nature of change Exiled from Rome by Caesar AugustusExiled from Rome by Caesar Augustus

Roman Culture: PhilosophyRoman Culture: Philosophy StoicismStoicism

Held that emotions like fear or envy either were, Held that emotions like fear or envy either were, or arose from, false judgements or arose from, false judgements

The sage--a person who had attained moral and The sage--a person who had attained moral and intellectual perfection--would not undergo intellectual perfection--would not undergo emotions: the sage is utterly immune to emotions: the sage is utterly immune to misfortune and virtue is sufficient for happiness. misfortune and virtue is sufficient for happiness.

SenecaSeneca: : On Tranqulity of MindOn Tranqulity of Mind Emperor Marcus AureliusEmperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-180) (r. 161-180)

Roman Culture: PhilosophyRoman Culture: Philosophy EpicureanismEpicureanism

Based upon the teachings of Based upon the teachings of EpicurusEpicurus ( (cc. 340–. 340–cc. 270 BC), . 270 BC), A general attack on superstition and divine interventionA general attack on superstition and divine intervention The greatest good was to seek modest pleasures to attain a state of The greatest good was to seek modest pleasures to attain a state of

tranquility and freedom from fear as well as absence of bodily pain tranquility and freedom from fear as well as absence of bodily pain through knowledge of the workings of the world and the limits of desires.through knowledge of the workings of the world and the limits of desires.

Neo-PlatonismNeo-Platonism School of philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century ce, based on the School of philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century ce, based on the

teachings of teachings of PlatoPlato and earlier Platonists and earlier Platonists Human perfection and happiness were attainable in this world, without Human perfection and happiness were attainable in this world, without

awaiting an afterlife. Perfection and happiness could be achieved through awaiting an afterlife. Perfection and happiness could be achieved through philosophical contemplationphilosophical contemplation

Roman Culture: Roman Culture: TheatreTheatre

Drama flourished under the Drama flourished under the Republic but declined into variety Republic but declined into variety entertainment under the Empireentertainment under the Empire

Roman festivals: Held in honor of Roman festivals: Held in honor of the gods, but much less religious the gods, but much less religious than in Greecethan in Greece

Entertainment tended to be Entertainment tended to be grandiose, sentimental, grandiose, sentimental, diversionarydiversionary

Actors / performers were called Actors / performers were called histrioneshistriones

Roman Culture: SpectacleRoman Culture: Spectacle Gladiatorial combatsGladiatorial combats Chariot racesChariot races NaumachiaNaumachia:: Naval battles Naval battles

in a flooded Coliseumin a flooded Coliseum ““Real-life” theatricalsReal-life” theatricals

Decadent, violent and immoralDecadent, violent and immoral All theatrical events banned All theatrical events banned

by Church when Rome by Church when Rome became Christianizedbecame Christianized

Imperial Rome and Han ChinaImperial Rome and Han China

ComparisonsComparisons Imperial RomeImperial Rome

Well organized bureaucracyWell organized bureaucracy founded on founded on Roman lawRoman law and and classical philosophyclassical philosophy

Emphasis on Emphasis on familyfamily: : pater pater familiasfamilias

Reliance on Reliance on patricianspatricians: women : women gained power and property gained power and property rights within familiesrights within families

EngineeringEngineering: roads, aqueducts, : roads, aqueducts, amphitheatres, domes, sewage amphitheatres, domes, sewage systems, central heating systems, central heating

InventionsInventions: concrete, the arch : concrete, the arch (probably Etruscan), (probably Etruscan), insulaeinsulae (apartment buildings) (apartment buildings)

Religion: Religion: Emperor as god, Emperor as god, paganism, mystery religions, paganism, mystery religions, introduction of Christianityintroduction of Christianity

Han ChinaHan China Well organized bureaucracy Well organized bureaucracy

founded on founded on ConfucianConfucian ideals and ideals and education, supported by education, supported by LegalismLegalism

Emphasis on Emphasis on familyfamily, ancestors: , ancestors: patriarchalpatriarchal

Reliance on Reliance on gentry gentry as support: as support: good marriages afforded women good marriages afforded women more rightsmore rights

EngineeringEngineering: roads, canals, the : roads, canals, the Great WallGreat Wall

InventionsInventions: wheelbarrow, : wheelbarrow, gunpowder, printing press, gunpowder, printing press, compass, paper, paper currency compass, paper, paper currency (all before 1000 ad)(all before 1000 ad)

ReligionReligion: Confucianism, Taoism, : Confucianism, Taoism, native gods, introduction of native gods, introduction of BuddhismBuddhism

Empires in DeclineEmpires in Decline Imperial RomeImperial Rome Internal oppositionInternal opposition:” barracks :” barracks

emperors”emperors” Inequitable distributionInequitable distribution of land – of land –

great estates supported by slave great estates supported by slave labor; soldiers returning from labor; soldiers returning from campaigns had no means of supportcampaigns had no means of support

Difficulties in administering vast Difficulties in administering vast empire lead to empire lead to division of authoritydivision of authority and rivalryand rivalry

Eastern and Western EmpireEastern and Western Empire: : 330 ce: Constantine moved capitol of 330 ce: Constantine moved capitol of Empire from Rome to Empire from Rome to Constantinople (Istanbul)Constantinople (Istanbul)

Germanic invasionsGermanic invasions by Vandals, by Vandals, Ostrogoths, and VisigothsOstrogoths, and Visigoths 410 ce Visigoths sacked Rome410 ce Visigoths sacked Rome 476 ce Odawacer deposed the last 476 ce Odawacer deposed the last

Western Roman EmperorWestern Roman Emperor

Han ChinaHan China InfightingInfighting among ruling elites among ruling elites Inequitable distributionInequitable distribution of land of land

-- tax burden fell on peasants -- tax burden fell on peasants rather than on large landownersrather than on large landowners

Series of Series of peasant rebellionspeasant rebellions Usurpation of political authority Usurpation of political authority

by generalsby generals -- allied themselves -- allied themselves with landlords and became with landlords and became warlordswarlords

220 ce: generals 220 ce: generals divided empiredivided empire into 3 kingdomsinto 3 kingdoms

EmigrationEmigration of nomadic peoples of nomadic peoples into N. China kept the country into N. China kept the country disuniteddisunited

CHINA and ROMECHINA and ROME

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