CHINA

By: Briana Gomez, Christa Dolca, Kavya Reddy, Cuzak

Alcantar, and Adam Coulter

RelationshipsCommunication styles, friendships, family, dating, and marriage

By Briana Gomez

Communication Styles

Languages

• Mandarin Chinese is the most popular

language spoken in China but there are

299 individual languages in total.

Non-verbal:

• do not make body contact

• do not point with index finger (use whole

hand)

• direct eye contact is uncommon in public

• do not interrupt

• winking is a rude gesture

• smiling is a sign of embarrassment

Face and Guanix

• Face is an important aspect of Chinese culture.

• Having “face” means to own a reputation of dignity

and pride.

• Guanix means “you scratch my back, I’ll scratch

yours” (Fox, 2008, para. 3)

• The concept of Guanix is usually meant for business

communication

Tips to “save face”:

• Treat elders and those who outrank you with respect.

• Do not show anger so that you can avoid fighting.

• If turning down a suggestion, use the indirect

approach.

• Do not criticize someone in public or single anyone

out in a group situation.

• When toasting, allow the host to offer it first.

Family culture

• Three Obedience’s-women's

obedience to their fathers,

husbands, and sons.

• Filial Piety (xiao) is the leader of

the family and between the

relationship of a father and son.

• Respecting the elderly is

important.

• Common traditions: Submission to

authority and male dominance.

Marriages

• Arranged marriages used to be common

until they were banned in 1950

• As a result of arranged marriages, “Local

women had so little say regarding whom

they married that they sobbed when they

left home on their wedding day” (Osnos,

2012, para. 5)

• The “Capping” ritual is where the

groom kneels before his family and

ancestors at the altar.

• The “Hair Dressing” ritual happens the

night before the wedding day where the

bride baths in water to cleanser herself of

evil influences.

• Bride is introduced to groom through tea

ceremony in which they drink to show

respect, good luck, and union.

“Marriage form is closely related to

succession, property inheritance,

residential arrangements...”(Xiaoyi,

2007, para. 5)

Dating

• One child policy (1978)

Limited number of

women leads to fewer

options for Chinese men.

• Interracial dating is on the

rise.

• Internet dating, speed

dating, and parental

matchmaking are

popular.

Dating (continued)

• “Men are frustrated that they can't get a woman to date them seriously without material security. Women are frustrated that men can't obtain the necessary assets to secure them,” Tan explains. “Even if you don't care about money and assets at the moment, your parents probably will. The link between dating, marriage and materialism is increasingly leading to pessimism and cynicism toward love.” (Tan, 2012, para. 10)

References

• Zhiling, M., & Guanhui, L. (n.a.). Non verbal communication: Chinese emotion and gesture. Retrieved from http://www.ling.gu.se/~biljana/gestures2.html

• Ackerman, D. (1991). A Natural History of the Senses. Vintage Books

• Brahm, L. (2003). When Yes Means No! (Or Yes or Maybe): How to Negotiate a Deal in China. Charles E Tuttle Co;

• Fox, S. (2008). China's Changing Culture and Etiquette. China Business Review, 35(4), 48.

• Bullough, V. L., & Fang Fu, R. (1994). Marriage, Divorce, and Sexual Relations in Contemporary China. Journal Of Comparative Family Studies, 25(3), 383-393.

• Xiaoyi, J., Shuzhuo, L., & Feldman, M. W. (2007). Marriage Form and Son Preference in Rural China: An Investigation in Three Counties. Rural Sociology, 72(4), 511-536.

• Shu Shu, C. (1997). Wild Geese and Tea: An Asian-American Wedding Planner, NY: Riverhead Books.

• Philip Tan, P. (2004). STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TOWARD THE ELDERLY IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. Educational Gerontology, 30(4), 305-314.

• Kuang-Hui YehBedford, O. (2003). A test of the Dual Filial Piety model. Asian Journal Of Social Psychology, 6(3), 215.

• Osnos, E. (2012). THE LOVE BUSINESS. New Yorker, 88(13), 76.

• Chen, C. (2012). No Fish in The Sea? Dating in Modern China. Retrieved from http://www.uschina.usc.edu/article@usct?no_fish_in_the_sea_dating_in_modern_china_17851.aspx

EducationBy Christa Dolce

Areas of Study

• Teacher and student roles

• Grading

• Access

• Power

• Social Issues

Teacher and Student

Roles

• Most students in China prefer to work on their own because working in groups makes them feel like they are working against each other (Kennedy, 2002).

• Memorization is an extremely important part of students learning styles. It is not common for students to converse material or ask questions (Huijser, 2006).

• Chinese students often succeed in Mathematics and Science because of the use of strict formulas and memorization (Abdur-Rahman, Hubbard, Lambert, Limaye, Stein, n.d.).

Teacher and Student

Roles (Continued)

• Well-defined explanation, graphic descriptions and

repetitive practice are all part of most teachers teaching

styles (Abdur-Rahman et al., n.d.).

• Teachers usually instruct directly from information in

their textbook (Williamson, 2006).

Grading

• Since it is common for Chinese families to only have one child, there is an increased level of expectation from parents for their child to be successful (Chen, n.d.).

• Primary, secondary, higher and adult education systems in China use five or four point systems and a pass or fail system (Overview of the Educational System, n.d.).

• Transcripts use Latin letter grades, such as A,B,C,D,F instead of Chinese letters (Overview of the Educational System, n.d.).

• Grades can also be displayed as a number-scale like 0-100 (Overview of the Educational System, n.d.).

Access

• The primary organization that manages the administration of schools in China is the State Education Commission (SEC). They direct rights, policies and laws that are inflicted on the schools (Overview of the Educational System, n.d.).

• Higher education plays a major role in continuing social inequality between individuals because students that came/come from wealthy families went/go to better schools (Wang 2009).

• Due to higher education financial implications, less respectable colleges charge higher tuition rates than more respected colleges (Wang 2009).

• Financial aid is available to certain students who meet certain requirements. This includes access to Grants, scholarships, work study, tuition waivers and student loans (China, n.d.).

Power

• Context is very important in Chinese classrooms; how a teacher says something is much more important than what they actually said (Abdur-Rahman, et al., n.d.).

• Interactions and relationships of all types are highly regarded because of the history of communitarianism in the country (Huijser, 2006).

• The role of an authoritative teacher is good in that it requires the children to respect them but it might be at the expense of the child’s creativity or their ability to do things on their own (Austin, n.d.).

Social Issues

• China has high drop-out rates due to the increasing cost of tuition fees (Overview of the Educational System, n.d.).

• There is evidence that students that have wealthy roots are receiving more government support than students that came from poor families, which has led the Chinese population to believe that their education system is unfair (Peng, W., Peng, X., Peng, K., 2009).

• Since academic achievement is so important, parents focus more on their childs education rather than improving the community (Lee, n.d.).

Key Learning Points

• Chinese students usually have learning styles based on memorization and repetitive study.

• Teachers usually teach directly out of the textbook assigned to the particular class.

• Students are expected to exceed educationally by their parents and teachers.

• Educated individuals are very well respected.

• Not only are student/teacher relationships important, but all interactions are important in the Chinese culture due to the communitarianism history.

• Students education is almost always the number one priority of parents, so very often community needs are neglected.

Ways to Improve Inter-

cultural Communication

with China

• It is important to remember that the way people see their

own culture is entirely based on their upbringing and own

cultural views and beliefs.

• People should realize that while there are many

differences in education systems, there usually is one

primary purpose they all share; to improve the mind of

the student, the community and the future generation.

• Try to have an un-ethnocentric attitude when

communicating with people from different cultures.

References

* Kennedy, Peter. (n.d.). “Learning Cultures and Learning Styles: Myth-understandings About Adult

(Hong Kong) Chinese Learners.” International Journal of Lifelong Education. Vol. 21, No. 5

(Sept-Oct) 2002.

* Huijser, Mijnd. (n.d.). “Cross-Cultural Management Education in China.” CMC/Global

Associates/AER. 2002. Last accessed March 26, 2006, available online at

http://www.cmcnet.org/marx-markets.doc.

* Williamson, Dermot. (n.d.). “Managing the key cultural dimensions of control and risk.” European

Business Forum. Last accessed March 26, 2006, available online at

http://www.ebfonline.com/main_feat/in_depth/in_depth.asp?id=554.

* Abdur-Rahman, A., Hubbard, J., Lambert, L., Limaye, R., & Stein, M. (n.d.). Learning & Teaching in China: A Guide to the

Cultural and Educational Nuances of China. Retrieved from

http://www.gwu.edu/~rpsol/cultural_orientations/216s06_Wuhan_Orientation_Guide.pdf.

* Chen, Xuefeng. (n.d.). “The Social Impact of China’s One-child Policy.” Harvard Asia Pacific Review. Retrieved from

http://web.mit.edu/lipoff/www/hapr/summer03_security/CHEN.pdf

References (Continued)

* Overview of the Educational System of China. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www-personal.ksu.edu/~dbski/publication/overview.

* Wang, W. (2009, November 3). Social Class Differences in Access to Higher Education in China. Retrieved from

http://www.tc.columbia.edu/i/a/document/11628_wangweiyi.pdf.

* China. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthigheredfinance/files/Country_Profiles/Asia/China.pdf.

* Austin, Alfred. (n.d.). Educational systems in the Republic of China and the United States. Retrieved from

http://sitemaker.umich.edu/austin.356/cultural_values.

* Peng, W., Peng, X., Peng, K.. (2009). The Paradox of Educational Fairness in China. Retrieved from

http://culcog.berkeley.edu/Publications/2009aef_EducationParadox.pdf.

* Lee, Kien. (n.d.). Understanding Culture, Social Organization, and Leadership to Enhance Engagement. Retrieved from

http://ctb.ku.edu/en/tablecontents/sub_section_main_1879.aspx.

Business in

ChinaBy: Kavya Methukupally

Introduction

• China’s business, etiquette, and communication is very

different from our world in America.

• This presentation shows how China is collectivist, unlike

America’s individualistic environment that focuses on

individual tasks.

• Chinese in business have a good work ethic and different

values from our world today

Growth

• Economically, China has the most rapid economic growth in

the world (Fogel. 2010)

Globalization

• Businesses expand from richer countries to developing countries

• China is a rapidly growing developing country as you can see through it’s GDP growth

• U.S gets most imports from China

• China’s economy predicted to reach three times the output of the entire globe by 2040 (Fogel. 2010).

Work Related Values

• Collectivist culture

• China focuses on the goals, needs,

and views of the group as opposed to

the individual

Work Related

Values Cont..

• Individuals are more apt to help one another at work

• Chinese do not differentiate business from friendship

(Chinese Communication Styles. 2012)

Business Etiquette

• Respect and honor is crucial

• Ex: when people receive a business card, they should use both hands and bow and thank the person for the opportunity of meeting them (Martin, Nakayama, 2010 p. 322)

• Considered extremely rude to immediately put the card away

Business Etiquette

• Respect for elders, ranking, and status (Seligman, 1999 p.27)

• Seniority is valued

• Patience

• Politeness

• Modesty

• Personal relationships are important

• Regarding meetings:

• it’s VERY important to be punctual and prepared

• Formal dressing

Business Etiquette

• The following video shows how Obama bows to the

former leader of the communist party of China out of

respect after meeting him for the first time

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bNoe0RTQYA

Communication Styles

• It’s important to value harmony over honesty

• The focus is not on truth, but on achieving harmony and

saving face.

• Saving face is about interdependence and achieving

mutual honor and respect (Martin, Nakayama, 2010 p.

320).

Communication Styles

• China uses a high-context communication style.

• Chinese prefer nonverbal and contextual communication

style (Martin, Nakayama, 2010 p. 320).

• Hand gestures & facial expressions are used often

References

• Seligman, S. (1999). Chinese business etiquette : a guide to protocol, manners, and culture in the People's

Republic of China. New York : Warner Books.

• Martin, J., & Thomas, N. (2010). Intercultural Communication and Business. Experiencing Intercultural

Communications (4th ed., pp. 304-336). New York: McGraw-Hill

• Chinese Communication Styles. (2012).Business Communication. Retrieved May 2, 2013, from

http://www.worldbusinessculture.com/Chinese-Business-Communication-Style.html

• FOGEL, R. (2010, January 04). Why China's Economy Will Grow. Foreign Policy. Retrieved April 30,

2013, from http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/04/123000000000000

Popular CultureChinaCuzak Alcantar

Introduction

• The first section is Chinese Magazines(Cultural texts)

• Chinese Music has all the same Genres as American

music, rock ,pop, rap, etc. There are many pictures that

can be clicked.

• Television and Movies are Popular in China and they

watch domestic and international shows and movies

• Fashion is dictated the same way as it is here in America

by the Media.

• China has there own selection

of Women's and Men's

magazines

• Shishang xiansheng, the very

first men’s magazine in China.

(Lee, Song, 2012, p. 347)

• There are approximately 20

monthly men’s titles

circulating in the Chinese

market now. (Lee, Song, 2012,

p.347 )

• There are many more Women's

Magazines

Magazines

Shishang

jiankang

(Men’s

Health)

Shishang

xiansheng

(Esquire)

Zhizu

(GQ)

Magazines

More info.

• flooded with images of branded watches, luxury limousines, top-class men’s fashion, high-class villas (Lee, Song, 2012, p. )

• Shishang xiansheng and Nanren zhuang are entitled to use up to 40 per cent of the content of the Western editions; nonetheless, their average use is less than half that figure. (Lee, Song, 2012, p. )

• Chinese Magazines are tailored to Chinese reader profiles

American Vogue | Chinese Vogue

American FHM | Chinese FHM

Music

CantoPop

• “Canotopop” This electronic dance music emerged in 1998 and became the dominating club music in Greater China in the early 2000s. (Chew, 2011, p,139)

• 曾经最美(DJ版) Club中文舞曲 (Chinese dj 2010) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHr2s6C9S6Q

• DJ舞曲 -得到你的人却得不到你的心http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRVVhhyh9Rk

Stephanie Cheng Yung -

Kiss Kiss Kiss.

Bibi Zhou - Fish Canning

Click pictures for full songs

Music Rock

One song in particular, ‘‘Nothing to My Name’’ written by Cui Jian (the ‘‘Bruce Springsteen’’ of modern China), not only symbolized China’s rebellious youth, which reached its peak during the Tiananmen Square tragedy, but also signaled the birth of postmodernism in Chinese pop music. (Matusiz, 2010, p.156 )

Click Pic for full song

Television

Chinese women love to watch Chinese and Korean Dramas (A, Chen, personal communication, April 9, 2013)

China has there own versions of reality television (A, Chen, personal communication, April 9, 2013)

Chinese MTV

Click and look

webpage

Click

watch the

singing

part

Movies

“Huayi Brothers is a privately-owned Beijing-based TV and film

investor and producer that originated as an advertising agency in

1994.” (Kong, 2007, p,233)

The picture above is fourteen of there artists.

Movie

In 1999 they produced

there first movie, New

Year Comedy, Sorry

Baby (Kong, 2007 p.

233)

There are also many

Foreign films that are

watched in china.

Click for review of movie

Fashion

• Chinese fashion follows similar rules that American fashion follows.

• They look to local stars, artists, and American styles.

• Examples are in the Magazines, Television shows, music videos before this slide

• Media Imperialism is the main way fashion gets distributed.

Regular people

Summary

• China Has there own Cultural Industries that supply Popular Culture

• A lot of Chinese popular culture is imported from America and surrounding countries like Japan and Korea.

• Because America exports a lot more culture then it imports, Cultural Imperialism is one reason that a lot of Chinese popular culture looks familiar.

• Chinese people who live in major cities are a lot like American people, watching movies, reading magazines, listening to music, and dressing similar.(Cultural texts)

Suggestions

• Chinese Popular culture is popular for the same reasons American popular culture is.

• Spending time on the internet looking at Chinese music videos, and just looking at magazines from china will help you understand what is popular there.

• There are many English sub-titled Chinese televisions shows(Hulu.com has a Korean drama section and those are popular in China http://www.hulu.com/search?q=Korean+Drama)

• How Chinese people dress is similar to American styles

Lee, T. & Song, G. (2012, September). “New Man” and “New Lad” with Chinese

Characteristics? Cosmopolitanism, Cultural Hybridity and Men's Lifestyle Magazines in

China.. Asian Studies Review, Vol. 36, p345-367. doi: 10.1080/10357823.2012.711808.

magazines

Kong, S. (2007, September) . Genre Film, Media Corporations, and the

Commercialisation of the Chinese Film Industry: The Case of "New Year Comedies".

Asian Studies Review, Vol. 31, p227-242. doi: 10.1080/10357820701559055 movies

Chew, M. M. (2011, January-April). Hybridity, Empowerment and Subversiveness in

Cantopop Electronic Dance Music. Visual Anthropology, Vol. 24, p139-151. doi:

10.1080/08949468.2011.527805 music

Matusiz, J. (2010, February). Semiotics of Music: Analysis of Cui Jian's “Nothing to My

Name,” the Anthem for the Chinese Youths in the Post-Cultural Revolution Era. Journal

of Popular Culture. Vol. 43, p156-175. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5931.2010.00735.x music

Interview with Alex Chen who moved from China to America when he was 20 years old.

History

• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is based on personalisticand holistic traditions. • Before written written medical records, TCM believed in the

influence of ancestors and spirits or using acupuncture to diagnose and treat diseases

• TCM also uses different herbs and non-Western treatment based on traditional beliefs rather than science

• Han Dynasty – 206 BCE• Emergence of the first written medical record in Chinese history

(Furth, 1999)

• Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases by Zhang Zhongjing was written at the end of the Han Dynasty and was the first clinical medical book (Bing, 2010)

Traditional Belief

Systems

• Personalistic Tradition

• Traditional Chinese

beliefs held ancestors or

spirits responsible for

causing diseases

• Religion and Cultural

beliefs also influenced

diagnosis and treatment

Traditional Belief

Systems

• TCM & Holistic Tradition explains:

• the general functions of the body

• the relationship between nature and the human body

• the balance between the mind and body (Bing, 2010)

• These traditions and beliefs are still practiced in the modern era

Traditional Belief Systems • Yin-Yang Theory

• One of the most prominent theories of TCM

• Yin (Cold) and Yang (Hot) represent two opposite yet interdependent forces

• The balance of Yin and Yang is maintained through a relationship of consuming-supporting

• Qi• A vital energy or life force that

circulates in the body through pathways known as meridians

• Health is a constant process of maintaining balance and harmony in circulating Qi

• Theory of Eight Principles - cold/heat, interior/exterior, excess/deficiency, and yin/yang

• Commonly used to analyze symptoms and categorize conditions

• Theory of Five elements – fire, earth, metal, water, and wood• Used to explain how the body works

• Elements corresponds to particular organs and tissues in the body (Zhang & Chen, 2000)

Traditional Treatment• TCM focuses on individualized

treatment and maintenance and

promotion of building up body

resistance and fighting off pathogens

(Coward et al, 2000)

• Practitioners traditionally used four

methods to evaluate a patient’s

condition: observing (especially the

tongue), hearing/smelling,

asking/interviewing, and

touching/palpating (especially

the pulse)

• Most common treatment methods include using alternative medicine likeChinese herbs and acupuncture• Chinese herbs (biologically

based practices) - primarily plants, but also some minerals and animal products—classified by their perceived action in the body

• Acupuncture (manipulative and body based practices) - By stimulating specific points on the body, most often by inserting thin metal needles through the skin, practitioners seek to remove blockages in the flow of qi(Klemman, 1975)

Modern Treatment

• TCM is still widely used throughout China, however it is slowing becoming modernized and integrated with advanced treatment methods

• The Opium War in the mid 1800s forced the people to face the fact that they had been focused on the achievements of its past, whereas foreign powers were focusing on new and modern practices

• When Communists founded the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Ministry of Public Health was established to oversee healthcare activities and create national, provincial and local health facilities with modern practices

Modern Treatment • In 1979, the National

Association for Chinese Medicine was established, and many of the traditional texts underwent editing and were republished (Jin-Huai, 2000)

• Modernization of TCM has evolved into two different techniques

• Single-entity-mining type TCM products in which pharmacologists isolate the active ingredients in herbs and manufacture products with these ingredients

• Herbal-intact-retaining type TCM products, a complementary medicine in which traditional herbs and formulas are combined with modern practices and dosage forms (Xie & Wong, 2005)

Ethics

• Culture and religion has played a role throughout Chinese medical history and the development of medical ethics

• Traditional herbs and other TCM treatments can be ineffective in treating life-threatening diseases including HIV/AIDS and cancer

• A uniform code of medical ethics was only developed after the introduction of Western medicine in the nineteenth century• The Chinese Medical Association, founded in 1915, aims to

promote public access to medicine and respect medical ethics and rights (Zhang & Chen, 2000)

• The differences in religious and philosophical ideas can cause problems when Chinese immigrants choose to seek healthcare from Western health care practitioners in our society

Current Issues

• Because TCM is still widely practiced and accepted by

the population, many diseases can be incorrectly

diagnosed or treated which can result in a patient’s death

• Language barriers, cultural differences, and native

traditions can deter Chinese immigrants from seeking

medical attention in the US and other nations

• Public education and acceptance of modern diagnoses

and practices is needed to improve the overall health of

the population

Summary

Healthcare in China is deeply rooted in traditional religious

and philosophical beliefs. These beliefs view the human

body as a whole unit and strives to maintain balance in

the body to promote health and well-being. In the modern

era, an effective system for the population requires

finding a balance between traditional beliefs and modern

practices. It is also imperative that Western physicians

understand TCM when treating Chinese immigrants.

Although recent changes have improved healthcare in

China, there is still much to be done.

References

Bing, Z., Hongcai, W., & Cheng, X. (2010). Basic theories of Traditional Chinese Medicine. London : Singing Dragon.

Coward, H. G., Phinit, R., & University of Victoria, (B.C.). (1999). A Cross-cultural Dialogue on Health Care Ethics.

Waterloo, Ont: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.

Furth, C. (1999). A Flourishing Yin : Gender in China's Medical History, 960-1665. Berkeley: University of California

Press.

Jin-Huai, W. (2000). Understanding the Past: A Historical Timeline of Chinese Medicine. The Association for

Traditional Studies. Retrieved from http://www.traditionalstudies.org/chinese-medicine.

Klemman, A. (1975) Medicine in Chinese Cultures: Comparative Studies of Health Care in China and Other Countries.

US Depeartment of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington DC.

Leung, P., & Xue, C. (2005). Chinese medicine : modern practice. New Jersey: World Scientific.

Zhang, D., & Cheng, Z. (2000). Medicine Is a Humane Art The Basic Principles of Professional Ethics in Chinese

Medicine. Hastings Center Report, 30(4), S8-S12.

THE END