CHILE

GENERAL

Area. ..... . 757,366 square kilometres.Population .. 4,83,058Per sq. km . . . . . 55

I.

Army.

A. SUPREME MILITARY AUTHORITY AND ITS ORGANS.

The President of the Republic is the Supreme Military Authorityof the nation.The Minister of War may exercise this authority as deputy for thePresident.

i. WAR OFFICE.

The War Office consists of : an Administrative Department, aPersonnel Department, and Under-Secretary's Office.

2. INSPECTOR-GENERAL OF THE ARMY.

The Inspector-General of the Army is the Commander-in-Chief ofthe Army. All institutes and educational establishments and theorganisation and command of the military units are under his orders.

The Inspectorate-General consists of : I Inspector-General; theSecretariat ; Adjutants ; Staff; the departments of : Infantry, Cavalry,Artillery and Railways, Technical Services, Musketry, Remounts,the Directorates of Warlike Stores, Aviation and Medical Services;the Commands of the Army Divisions; and Unbrigaded Troops.

The Inspector-General is directly responsible to the War Office forthe training and discipline of the troops and for mobilisation andpreparation for war. He directs manceuvres when carried out by morethan one division.

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The General Staff, the Directorate of Warlike Stores, the MedicalService Department and the Air Department are under the ordersof the Inspector-General of the Army.

(a) The General Staff consists of the Chief of the General Staff, theAdjutant, Deputy Chief of the General Staff, the Central Department,the Intelligence Department, the Transport Department, and theHistorical Section.

The War Academy is placed under the General Staff.(b) Directorate of Warlike Stores consists of : the Director, the

Adjutant, the Superintendent of Warlike Stores, the Secretariat, theRecords, the Inspectorate of the Military Factories and Workshops,to which belong: the Section for artillery ammunition, the Section forinfantry ammunition, the Section for " major" armaments and trainand the Section for " minor" armaments.

(c) The Medical Service Department consists of the Chief of theDepartment, the Medical Section, the Dental Section, the Pharmaceu-tical Section, the Section for Prophylaxy and Hygiene, to which belongthe Military Experimental Section and the Veterinary Section.

(d) The Air Department consists of the Director of the Air Services,an Adjutant, Staff, Technical Section and Intendance Section.

The Military Workshops and the Central Park, Flying Units andthe Military Air School are under the Directorate-General at the AirService.

B. MILITARY TERRITORIAL DISTRICTS.

The Army is distributed territorially as follows :The First Area includes the provinces of Tacna, Tarapacl and Anto-

fagasta ; the Second Area includes the provinces of Atacama, Coquimbo,Aconcagua, Valparaiso, Santiago, O'Higgins, Colchagua and Curico;the Third Area includes the provinces of Talca, Linares, Maule, NubleConcepci6n, Bio.Bio, Arauco, Malleco, Cautin, Valdivia, Llanquihueand Chiloe.

C. COMPOSITION OF THE ARMY.

The Army consists of three divisions and a cavalry division.

Composition of Divisions.An Army Divisional Command consists of : the Divisional Commander,

an Adjutant, Staff, Military Justice Department, Army ChaplainsDepartment, Intendance Department, a Medical Department, anEngineering Department, a War Material Department.

The Commander-in-Chief of an Army Division exercises the highercommand over all troops in his area.

Each Division of the Army is composed of two mixed brigades andof a mountain detachment, except the Second Division, which has abrigade for communications as well.

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Composition of the Mixed Brigade.The Mixed Brigade Command consists of a Brigade Commander,

an Adjutant, Staff, and the Commanders of the Artillery, Infantryand of the following units and Corps.

(a) Infantry. 3 regiments of infantry, of two battalions each.Each battalion has three companies of riflemen and one company ofmachine-gunners. A regiment includes in addition a communicationssection.

(b) Artillery. i regiment of field artillery, consisting of i howitzergroup and i gun group of two 4-gun batteries each; two batterieswith four guns, and i observation and fire-direction section.

(c) Sappers. i battalion of Sappers, consisting of two companies.(d) Train. i train company.The 5th Mixed Brigade includes in addition the Magellan Detach-

ment, which is composed of:I Regiment of Infantry, consisting of two battalions of three com-

panies and one machine-gun company each ; one Signal Section and oneMountain Battery.

Composition of Mountain Detachments.I Battalion of Infantry of three companies of riflemen ; one machine-

gun company and one mountain artillery group of two batteries.

Composition of a Line Communications Brigade.One Railway Regiment, consisting of one Battalion with two Ope-

rating Companies, and one Battalion with three constructional Compa-nies; one Telegraph Regiment, consisting of one Telephone Battalion,one Wireless Battalion, and one Company for the transport ofmaterial.

Composition of a Cavalry Division.Three Brigades, each Brigade consisting of three Cavalry Regiments

of three Lancer Squadrons and one Machine-Gun Squadron; one Bat-tery of Horse Artillery; one Section of Mounted Sappers and threeSignal Sections.

The Mixed Brigade at Tacna.This Brigade supplies the Garrison for the town of Tacna, the capital

of the Province of the same name, placed under the sovereignty of Chile-by virtue of the Treaty of Ancon, which ended the war of 1879 betweenChile and Peru and Bolivia.

Mixed Air Group.

The Air Units consist of : The Staff of the Mixed Group, consistingof Chaser, Reconnaissance and Fighting Squadrons.

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SUMMARY OF COMMANDS AND UNITS.

Divi- Bri- Regi- Batta- Squad- Bat- Corn- Groups Sectionssions gades ments lions rons teries panies r ons

3 81Infantry ...... -4 - -- 9 362 43Cavalry.. .... . 3 - - 27* 4 -

Artillery ....... ..... 3 IField ... -.. . - - - 4 Mountain ... .. - -— — 3 - -Hors, ... . -- -- -- --

Engineers ...... 2 5 I - - 87 4Train ........ . . --- i

'Seven Mixed Brigades and one Communications Brigade.Twenty-seven Companies of Riflemen and nine Machine-Gun Companies.

8 For Communications.'Including nine Machine-Gun Squadrons.s One Railway Regiment and one Telegraph Regiment.

Two Railway Battalions, two Telegraph Battalions, and one Sapper Battalion.:Five Railway Companies, one Company for the transport of material and two Sapper Companies.

One Section Mounted Sappers and three Signal Sections attached to Cavalry.

D. RECRUITING SYSTEM.

All Chilians between the ages of 20 and 45 capable of bearing armsare liable for service in the Army oi the Republic.

Length of Service.

Military service is performed:i. In the Active Army, between the ages ot 20 and 21, and in the

Navy between 20 and 22.2. In the First Reserve for 9 years commencing from the date of

discharge from the Regular Army.3. In the Second Reserve commencing from the date oi discharge

from the First Reserve, until the age of 45 years.Exemption : Officials of the Personal Status Department, officials

of certain branches of the Administration, city doctors, practisingchemists, the sole supporter of families, may be exempted from Mili-tary Service.

Drawing by lot : The call to the Colours is promulgated by the Pre-sident of the Republic in conformity with the Annual Act which laysdown the strength oi the Military and Naval Forces. If the figurefixed is lower than the number of persons liable to service, lots are drawn.

Military training: The President of the Republic may call upeach year for military training up to a maximum of thirty days thosecontingents of the First Reserve that have undergone military training.

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He may also call up each year for periods of training not exceedingninety days those contingents of the First Reserve that have not receivedmilitary instruction. Citizens who have received military training andmusketry training at colleges or in public or private schools for at leasttwo years cannot be retained more than one year in the RegularArmy.

Recruitment for the permanent cadres of the Army : Only citizenswho have completed their Military Service and obtained their dischargewith a good character are qualified for admission into the permanentcadres of the Army.

E. OFFICERS.

RECRUITMENT.

(a) Officers of the Active Army.

These officers are recruited exclusively from the Military School,except in the case of certain non-commissioned officers, who, if theyfulfil the conditions laid down by the law, may obtain the rank ofSecond-Lieutenant in Train unite, and may rise to the rank of Captain.

(b) Officers of the Reserve.

The President of the Republic determines annually the number ofaspirants for commissioned rank. After completing the programmeof instruction and passing an examination, aspirants may be promotedup to the rank of Captain of Reserve.

PROMOTION.

Before promotion to the rank of Second-Lieutenant in the Armycandidates must have passed successfully through the course at theMilitary School.

To qualify for promotion to Lieutenant an officer must have served3 years as Second-Lieutenant;

for promotion to Captain ..... 6 ., . Lieutenant;), , )Major ...... 6 ) . Captain;

, ,, ,, Lieutenant-Colonel 4 )),, a Major;) )) ,)) Colonel. .. 4 ,) a Lieutenant-Colonel;), ) ,)) General of Brigade 3 ) ) a Colonel;

). )), Divisional-General an Officer must be a General of Bri-gade and have served for oneyear in that rank.

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F. EFFECTIVES.

The armed forces in I925 consisted of

Officers:Combatant Officers. 1,336Administrative, Medical and Veterinary Officers . 177

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,513

Other Ranks:Permanent Cadre. ................ 7,735Conscripts .................... 7,000

Total . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . 14,735

II.

Navy.

LIST OF UNITS

(1925)Battleships:

Almirante Latorre Displacement, 28,000 tons. Length, 66i feet.(I913) Beam, 92 ½ feet. H.P. 37,000 = 22-75 kts.

Guns Io 4-inch; I4 6-inch; 2 3-inch (anti-aircraft). 4 torpedo tubes (2i-inch).

Old Battleship:Capitan Prat (I89o- Displacement, 6,902 tons. Length, 328 feet.

1909) Beam, 60 2[/ feet. Maximum draught, 22 51Ifeet. H.P. 12,000 = 18 kts. Guns: 4 9.4-inch ;8 4.7-inch; io 6-pdr. 2 torpedo tubes (i8-inch).

Cruisers I. Esmeralda (I896- Displacement, 7,050 tons. Length, 436 feet.

1910) Beam, 53 feet. Draught (mean), 20oY4 feet.H.P. i8,o00 = 22.25 kts. Guns: 2 8-inch;12 6-inch; 12 I2-pdr. 2 torpedo tubes (i8-inch).

2. General O'Higgins Displacement, 8,500 tons. Length, 412 feet.(1897) Beam, 62 34 feet. Max. draught, 22 feet.

H.P. Io,ooo = 19 kts. Guns: 4 8-inch ; Io 6-inch; 8 or Io I2-pdr.; Io 6-pdr. 2 torpedotubes (i8-inch).

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Protected cruisers:I. Chacabuco (1898- Displacement, 4,500 tons. Length, 360 feet.

1902) Beam, 46 2 feet. Max. draught, 17 feet.H.P. 15,500 -- 24 kts. Guns: 2 6-inch; io 4.7-inch; 12 I2-pdr.; 6 3-pdr.

2. Ministro Zenteno Displacement, 3,420 tons. Length, 330 1/4 feet.(1896) Beam, 43 3/4 feet. Max. draught, i6 5/6 feet.

H.P. 7,500 = 20 kts. Guns : 8 6-inch;Io 6-pdr.

3. Blanco Encalada Displacement, 4,420 tons. Length, 370 feet.(1893) Beam, 46 12 feet. Max. draught, 19 1/ feet.

H.P. 14,500 = 22.75 kts. Guns : 2 8-inch;8 6-inch; 2 4.7-inch; 4 i2-pdr.; 8 3-pdr.

5 Destroyers:

NO Type Date Displace- H. P. Fuel T. Max.ment tubes draught

Tons Tons Feet

2 Alm. Riveros ... 1911-1915 1,730 30,000 403 coal, 4 112/383 oil

Alm. Lynch. . . . 91I-1914 1,430 30,000 427 coal, 3 Ii3 80 oil

6 Submarines:H IHi ( 364H 2 Displacement,: 36 tons.H t 435H 3 (i195-I917) Dimensions : I5o/4 X I5 3/4 X 12 feet.H 5 H. P. 480H6 320

Miscellaneous 13 different units (transport, coast-guard vessel, etc.).

III.

Budget Expenditure on National Defence.

A. NOTES ON BUDGET PROCEDURE.

i. The financial year coincides with the calendar year. Accord-ing to the law, the budget for the coming financial year must be presentedto Congress before June 15th. Considerable supplementary appropria-tions are usually added to the budget in the course of the year.

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2. The budget is arranged according to the principles of a gros*budget system.

3. The budget is established partly in paper pesos, partly in goldpesos. The closed accounts contain tables in which all the expenditureis converted into gold pesos by means of the average rate of premiumon gold pesos quoted on the market during the financial year.

4. In addition to the budget and the supplementary credits, expen-diture has been incurred on special funds, but this system is beingdiscontinued.

B. BUDGET EXPENDITURE ON NATIONAL DEFENCE.

Closed Closed Estimates EstimatesAccounts Accounts

1921 1922 1923 1924

General budget: (ooo's omitted)Army:

In paper pesos . . 71,352 70,239 60,728 60,728In gold pesos ..... 6,883 773 79 79

Total reduced to gold pesos 35,888 26,399 17,569 I7,569

Navy:In paper pesos. 41,566 41,317 37,753 37,753In gold pesos. .... 12,720 6,796 7,121 7,12I

Total reduced to gold pesos 29,017 21,870 17,990 17,990

Special Funds:Army:

Gold pesos ...... 3,483 I -—

Total in gold pesos 68,388 48,270 35,559 35,559

Defence expenditure index . ioo 71 52 52

NOTES. - i. The same amounts have been included in the Militaryand Naval estimates as those granted in the preceding budget.

2. The budget of the Navy includes certain items of expenditurefor civil purposes, such as harbourmasters' offices, lighthouses, buoys,hydrography, merchant marine and construction of moles. It has notbeen possible to separate the civil from the purely military expenditure.

3. The Military and Naval budgets include appropriations forpensions.

4. The conversion of paper pesos into gold pesos has been calculatedat the following rates:

I92I: Ioo gold pesos 250.53 paper pesos.I922: I00oo , -- 274.09 ) '1923 and 1924: Io o » 287.91 " "

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IV.

Industries capable of being used for War Purposes.

RAW MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS

(Output, Imports, Exports.)

I. FUEL(Thousands of metric tons.)

A. Coal, etc. B. Mineral OilsOUTPUT.

Lignite1920 1,o63192I 1,2751922 1,0531923 1,1641924 1,540

IMPORTS.Coal Briquettes Coke Petroleum (crude)

1920 309.4 I8.7 55.5 638.1I92I 477.7 I6.9 I5.3 541.81922 .37.3 16.6 33-7 459.91923 146.8 0.9 6i.o 753.61924

EXPORTS

(including" Exportacion Nacionalizada ").1920 26.2 2.0 4.71921 28.3 0.8 7-91922 14.7 1.6 6.8x923 16.3 i.o 8.81924

II. ORES AND METALS(Metric tons).

A. Ores.

OUTPUT.Iron Copper Lead Manganese

1920 3,100 6,976,920 66 11,633I921 8,000 2,510,847 I34 231922 290,000 6,748,7Io 1,064 9001923 673,350 10,099,175 2,824 4,300

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IMPORTS.

Copper Iron Lead Manganese

1920 5231921 24 6 33I9221923 -

I924

EXPORTS

(including "Exportacion Nacionalizada ").Copper

Copper Ore Concentrates Iron Lead 1 Manganese

I920 24,769 3I7 - 135 11,6331921 69,248 138 8,000 I40 231922 97,470 I41 289,595 64 9001923 113,760 I 673,350 838 4,2871924

B. Metals.(Metric tons.)

OUTPUT.

Copper

I920 98,952192I 59,2391922 i29,575I923 182,3841924 I75,I99

IMPORTS.

Pig Iron Copper Zinc Lead Aluminium Nickel2 3 4 5 6 7

I920 6,461 2 - 741921 4,96 38 751922 4,829 I 31 381923 4,937 - 97 47I924

1 Including some silver.a Ingots. Sheets, bars, wire, girders, pipes, rails, plates, etc., were (ooo's of M. Tons)

54.0 in 1920; 68.3 in 1921 ; 62.0 in 1922 82.6 in 1923.3 Ingots. Bars, sheets and wire were 425 M. Tons in 1920; 253 in I921 416 in 1922;

481 in 1923.4 Ingots. Bars, sheets, etc., were 232 M. Tons in I920; 113 in I92I; 286 in 1922;

875 in 1923.5 Ingots. Bars and sheets were 840 M. Tons in 1920; 133 in I92I; 142 in 1922;

183 in 1923.• Bars and sheets were 13 M. Tons in 1920; 29 in 192I ; 30 in 1922 ; 44 in 1923.

? Bars and sheets were 2.9 M. Tons in 1920; 11.9 in 192I; 10.4 in I922; 6.0 in 1923.

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EXPORTS

(including " Exportacion Nacionalizada ")Pig Iron Copper Zinc Lead Aluminium Nickel

1 2 3 4 5

I920 5 88,864I92I 35 55,461I922 73 120,413I923 51 163,0151924

III. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS(In metric tons).

A. Raw Materials.

OUTPUT.

Nitrate of Sodium [Sulphur Salt

1920 1,309,682 9,6701921 1,071,041 11,2501922 1,903,524 11,3801923 2,406,000 II,000I924

IMPORTS.

Nitrate of Sodium Sulphur Salt

i920 48.6 3.2i92I 42.7 3I.51922

1923I924

EXPORTS.

I920I92I 1,193,062 60.51922 1,252,050 19.3 75.81923 2:242,99I1924 2,764,538

1 Ingots. Sheets, bars, etc., were 1,344 M. Tons in 192o; 603 in I921; 811 in 1922;994 in 1923.

2 " Ejes " and ingots. Bars and sheets were 2.6 M. Tons in 1920; 5.6 in 1921; 8.8 inI922; 7.9 in 1923.

3 Bars and sheets were 4.8 M. Tons in I920 ; 0.2 in 1921 ; i.o in I922;-- in 1923.* Bars and sheets were 4.0 M. Tons in 1920o; i.i in 1921; 3.2 in 1922; 9.1 in 1023.· Bars and sheets were - in I920; - in 1921 ; 4.1 in 1922; - in 1923.

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B. Manufactured Products.

IMPORTS.

Nitric Sulphuric SodaAcid Acid

1920oI92I 8.9 I54-9 1,0471922 15.6 86.8 9951923I924

EXPORTS.I920192I 0.I I.41922 60.9 6.619231924

IV. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS(In metric tons.)

A. Cereals.

PRODUCTION.

Wheat Rye Barley Oats Maize

1920 631,400 1,900 Io9,600 45,800 42,800192I 643,300 1,500 99,200 42,000 45,Iooi922 705,900 1,6oo II0,000 41,000 42,6001923 764,100I 2,000 113,700 57,500 35,4001924 676,700 I,000 95,200 49,IO 30,600

IMPORTS.

WheatWheat Flour Rye Barley Oats Maize Rice

1920 I00 00 -- -- 1,000 12,000192I - 100 - - -- 300 9,500I922 13,400 3,200 - - 200 13,4001923 - I,000 - - - 100 I6,8ooI924 - 100 - - - - 17,800

EXPORTS.

1920 22,800 10,400 - 29,600 2,800 500 -192I 41,500 12,400 - 6i,500 26,600 - -I922 2,600 12,100 700 43,600 I4,000 400 -1923 21,400 14,400 - 45,700 i8,ooo 1,700 -I924 159,100 17,400 - 72,300 46,200 - -

27

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B. Potatoes.

PRODUCTION. IMPORTS. EXPORTS.

1920 326,300 -

192I 315,400 - 2,2001922 308,100 - 900

i923 266,100 - 1,500I924 282,700

V. LIVE-STOCK (Number).

Cattle Sheep Pigs Horses Goats Mules

1919 2,163,141 4,500,190 292,430 391,7 I 8 459,606 51,4II

1922 1,995,538 4,569,166 263,330 392,454 525,106 43,816

IMPORTS.

Horses Mules Cattle Goats Pigs

1920 1,593 I,I32 47,422 1,790 308

1921 233 23 26,651 3,403 2681922 i80 631 29,742 2,633 56

1923 398 1,053 86,637 4,419 209

EXPORTS (including Exportation Nacionalizada).

1920 509 517 07 -

1921 501 491 68i 441922 343 214 4,632 13 81923 352 214 627 3,079 5721924

VI. MEATS(In metric tons.)

IMPORTS.

Fresh, Chilled Smoked, Salted Preserved,and Frozen and Dried other

1920 76 14 581921 - 7 291922 - 3 41923 6 81924

EXPORTS.

1920 16,863 62 486I92I 23,974 22 4821922 I3,127 58 i61923 13,217 326 931924

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VII. VARIOUS PRODUCTS(In metric tons.)

A. Raw Cotton. B. Rubber (raw).Imports Exports 1 Imports Exports

1920 128 5 37192I 92 10 201922 2,048 30 29 -1923 1,985 4 29 -1924

Sources.

Communications from the Government.Jane's Fighting Ships, 1925.Annuario Estadistico de la Republica de Chile, Vol. VI, Hacienda,

Ano 1922, published in 1924.International Year-book of Agricultural Statistics, Rome, 1924-1925.

'Including "Exportacion Nacionalizada"