Children of Israel

7/30/2019 Children of Israel

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The Israelites ( ,Standard: Bnai Yisrael;Tiberian: Bnai Yirl;ISO 259-3: BnaiYirael, translated as: "Children of Israel" or "Sons ofIsrael") were aSemiticHebrew-speakingpeople of theAncient Near East, who inhabited part of the Land ofCanaanduringthetribal and monarchic periods(15th to 6th centuries BCE), later evolving into theJewsandSamaritans, inhabiting the territories ofJudeaandGalilee, andSamariarespectively. In

modern Hebrewusage, an Israelite is, broadly speaking, a lay member of theJewishethnoreligious group, as opposed to the priestly orders ofKohanimandLevites.

The word "Israelite" comes fromGreek[citation needed] and derives from theBiblicalHebreword "Yisrael" ), according to the Ancient Hebrew Research Center.[citationneeded][1]The name Israel first appears c. 1209 BCE, inan inscriptionof the Egyptian pharaohMerneptah. The inscription is very brief and says simply: "Israel is laid waste and his seed isnot". TheHebrew Bibleetymologizes the name as fromyisra "to prevail over" or "tostruggle/wrestle with", andel,"God, the divine".[2][3]Theeponymousbiblical patriarchof theIsraelites isJacob, who wrestled with God who gave him a blessing and renamed him "Israel"

because he had "striven with God and with men, and have prevailed". (Genesis 32:24-32)

According to theHebrew Bible, Israelites are the "chosen people" of God. The nameHebrewsis sometimes used synonymously with "Israelites".

The biblical term "Israelites" (also the "Twelve Tribes" or "Children of Israel") means boththe direct descendants of the patriarchJacob (Israel)as well as the historical populations oftheUnited Kingdom of Israel.[4]For thepost-exilicperiod, beginning in the 5th century BCE,the remnants of the Israelite tribes came to be referred to asJews(tribes ofJudah,Simeon,Benjaminand partiallyLevi), named for thekingdom of Judah. This change is explicit in theBook of Esther(4th century BCE).[5]On the other hand,Samaritans(tribes ofMenasseh,Ephraimand partiallyBenjaminandLevi) became named forSamaria. It replaced the titleChildren of Israel.[6]

Contents

1 Terminology 2 Ancient times

o 2.1 Biblical Israeliteso 2.2 Historical Israelites

3 Transition into modern ethnic groupso 3.1 Classic period: Jews and Samaritanso 3.2 Post-Israelite groups during the Middle Ages

3.2.1 Ashkenazi Jews 3.2.1.1 Genetic analysis of Ashkenazi Jews

3.2.2 Sephardic Jews 3.2.3 Mizrachi Jews 3.2.4 Yemenite Jews 3.2.5 Karaite Jews

o 3.3 Modern denominations 3.3.1 Israeli Jews 3.3.2 American Jews 3.3.3 French Jews 3.3.4 Anusim 3.3.5 Modern Samaritans 3.3.6 Genetic analysis of Jews
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rael#Israeli_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Israeli_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Israeli_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#American_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#American_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#American_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#French_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#French_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#French_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Anusimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Anusimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Anusimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Modern_Samaritanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Modern_Samaritanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Modern_Samaritanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Genetic_analysis_of_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Genetic_analysis_of_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Genetic_analysis_of_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Genetic_analysis_of_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Modern_Samaritanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Anusimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#French_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#American_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Israeli_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Modern_denominationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Karaite_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Yemenite_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Mizrachi_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Sephardic_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Genetic_analysis_of_Ashkenazi_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Ashkenazi_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Post-Israelite_groups_during_the_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Classic_period:_Jews_and_Samaritanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Transition_into_modern_ethnic_groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Historical_Israeliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Biblical_Israeliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Ancient_timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Terminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjaminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menassehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Estherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Levihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjaminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Simeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-exilichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_%28united_monarchy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosen_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Biblehttp://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Genesis&verse=32:24-32&src=ESVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_patriarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_note-Scherman.2C_Rabbi_Nosson_2006.2C_pages_176-77-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_note-Scherman.2C_Rabbi_Nosson_2006.2C_pages_176-77-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_%28god%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah_stelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohanimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoreligious_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Near_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language#Classical_Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language#Classical_Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitichttp://en.wikipedia.o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4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography

Terminology

See also:HebrewsandWho is a Jew?

Prior to a meeting with his brotherEsau, thebiblicalpatriarchJacob wrestles an angelon theshores of theJabbokriver and is given the name Israel.[2][3]Throughout the rest of theTorah,Jacob is referred to at times as both Jacob and Israel, depending on which aspect of hischaracter the text means to convey.

In modern Hebrew,B'nei Yisrael("Children of Israel") can denote theJewish peopleat anytime in history; it is typically used to emphasize Jewish religious identity. From the period of

theMishna(but probably used before that period) the term Yisrael("an Israel") acquired anadditional narrower meaning of Jews of legitimate birth other than Levites and Aaronitepriests (kohanim). In modern Hebrew this contrasts with the term Yisraeli, a citizen of themodern State ofIsrael, regardless of religion or ethnicity (English "Israeli").

The Greek termJewhistorically refers to a member of thetribe of Judah, which formed thenucleus of thekingdom of Judah. The termHebrew, perhaps related to the name of theHabirunomads, hasEberas aneponymousbiblical patriarch. It is used synonymously with"Israelites", or as anethnolinguisticterm for historical speakers of theHebrew languageingeneral.

Ancient times

Biblical Israelites

Tribes of Israel

The Tribes

Reuben Simeon Levi Judah Dan Naphtali
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g/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#See_also


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Gad Asher Issachar Zebulun Joseph

o Manasseho Ephraim

Benjamin

Related topics

Israelites Tribal allotments Ten Lost Tribes

v t e

The following is a summary of pages 18-20 of Stephen L. Wylen's "The Jews in the Time ofJesus: An Introduction"[7]

Pentateuch

The Israelite story begins with some of theculture heroesof the Jewish people, thePatriarchs.

TheTorahtraces the Israelites to the patriarchJacob, grandson of Abraham, who wasrenamed Israel after a mysterious incident in which he wrestles all night with God or anangel. Jacob's twelve sons (in order of birth),Reuben,Simeon,Levi,Judah,Dan,Naphtali,Gad,Asher,Issachar,Zebulun,JosephandBenjamin, become the ancestors of twelve tribes,

with the exception of Joseph, whose two sonsMannassehandEphraimbecome tribaleponyms.

The mothers of Jacob's sons are:

Leah: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun Rachel: Joseph, Benjamin Bilhah(Rachel's maid): Dan, Naphtali Zilpah(Leah's maid): Gad, Asher (Gen 35:22-26)

Jacob and his sons are forced by famine to go down into Egypt. When they arrive they and

their families are 70 in number, but within four generations they have increased to 600,000men of fighting age, and the Pharaoh of Egypt, alarmed, first enslaves them and then orders
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the death of all male Hebrew children. The god of Israel reveals his name toMoses, aHebrew of the line of Levi; Mosesleads the Israelites out of bondageand into thedesert,where God gives them their laws and the Israelites agree to become his people. Nevertheless,the Israelites lack complete faith in God, and the generation which left Egypt is not permittedto enter the Promised Land. Those events are memorialized in the Jewish and Samaritan

holiday ofPassover, as well as the Jewish holiday ofShavuot.

Former Prophets

Following the death of the generation of Moses a new generation, led byJoshua, entersCanaan and takes possession of the land in accordance with the curse placed upon Canaan by

Noah. Eventually the Israelites ask for a king, and God gives themSaul.David, the youngest(divinely favored) son ofJesseofBethlehemwould succeedSaul. Under David the Israelitesestablish the kingdom of God, and under David's sonSolomonthey build the Temple whereGod takes his earthly dwelling among them. Yet Solomon sins by allowing his foreign wivesto worship their own gods, and so on his death and reign of his son, Rehoboam, the kingdom

is divided in two.

The kings of the northern kingdom of Israel are uniformly bad, permitting the worship ofother gods and failing to enforce the worship of God alone, and so God eventually allowsthem to be conquered and dispersed among the peoples of the earth; in their place strangerssettle the northern land. In Judah some kings are good and enforce the worship of God alone,

but many are bad and permit other gods, even in the Temple itself, and at length God allowsJudah to fall to her enemies, the people taken into captivity inBabylon, the land left emptyand desolate, and the Temple itself destroyed.

Ezra-Nehemiah-Chronicles

Yet despite these events God does not forget his people, but sendsCyrus, king of Persiaashismessiahto deliver them from bondage. The Israelites are allowed to return to Judah andBenjamin, the Temple is rebuilt, the priestly orders restored, and the service of sacrificeresumed. Through the offices of the sageEzra, Israel is constituted as a holy community,

bound by the Law and holding itself apart from all other peoples.

Historical Israelites
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TheMerneptah stele(JE 31408), bearing the first record of the name Israel (Cairo Museum)

The prevailing opinion today is that the Israelites, who eventually evolved into modern Jewsand Samaritans, are an outgrowth of the indigenous Canaanites who had resided in the areasince the 8th millennium BCE.[8]The name Israel first appears c. 1209 BCE, at the end of theLate Bronze Age and the very beginning of the period archaeologists and historians call IronAge I, inan inscriptionof the Egyptian pharaohMerneptah. The inscription is very brief andsays simply: "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not". The hieroglyph accompanying thename "Israel" indicates that it refers to a people, most probably located in the highlands ofSamaria.[9]Over the next two hundred years (the period of Iron Age I) the number ofhighland villages increased from 25 to over 300[10]and the settled population doubled to40,000.[11]There is general agreement that the majority of the population living in thesevillages was of Canaanite origin.[10]By the 10th century BCE a rudimentary state hademerged in the north-central highlands,[12]and in the 9th century this became a kingdom. Thekingdom was sometimes called Israel by its neighbours, but more frequently it was known asthe "House (or Land) of Omri."[13]Settlement in the southern highlands was minimal fromthe 12th through the 10th centuries BCE, but a state began to emerge there in the 9thcentury,[14]and from 850 BCE onwards a series of inscriptions are evidence of a kingdom

which its neighbours refer to as the "House of David."

[15]

Transition into modern ethnic groups

Classic period: Jews and Samaritans

he es ere: , Yehudim), also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligiousgroup who mainly trace their origins to the ancient Israelites of the Levant, as well as othercontributory peoples/populations. TheSamaritansconsider themselves to be the remaining

population of theNorthern Kingdom of Israelwho were not expelled during theten tribes

exile, and who joined with the incoming Assyrian populations to form theSamaritancommunity. Some biblical scholars also consider that parts of the Judean population had
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stayed to live in their homes during theexilicperiod and later joined the returning Israelitesfrom Babylon and formed the Jews of the classic andHasmoneanera.

After the Persian conquest of Babylon in 539 Judah (Hebrew: Yehuda) became aprovince of the Persian empire. This status continued into the followingHellenistic period,

when Yehud became a disputed province of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria. In the earlypart of the 2nd century BCE, a revolt against the Seleucids led to the establishment of anindependent Jewish kingdom under theHasmoneandynasty. The Hasmoneans adopted adeliberate policy of imitating and reconstituting the Davidic kingdom, and as part of thisforcibly converted to Judaism their neighbours in the Land of Israel. The conversionsincludedNabateans(Zabadeans) andItureans, the peoples of the formerPhilistinecities, theMoabites,AmmonitesandEdomites. Attempts were also made to incorporate theSamaritans,following takeover of Samaria. The success of mass-conversions is however questionable, asmost groups retained their tribal separations and mostly turned Hellenistic or Christian, withEdomitesperhaps being the only exception to merge into the Jewish society under Herodiandynasty and in the following period ofJewish-Roman Wars. While there are some references

to maintaining the tribal separation among Israelites during the Hasmonean period, thedominant position of the tribe of Judah as well as nationalistic policies of Hasmoneans torefer to residents of Hasmonean Judea as Jews practically erased the tribal distinction, withthe exception of the priestly orders ofLevitesandKohanim(tribe of Levi).

The Babylonian Jewish community, though maintaining permanent ties with the Hasmoneanand later Herodian kingdoms, evolved into a separate Jewish community, which during theTalmudic period assembled its own practices (theBabylonian Talmud, slightly differing fromtheJerusalem Talmud. The Babylonian Jewry is considered to be the predecessor of mostMizrahi Jewish communities.

Post-Israelite groups during the Middle Ages

Ashkenazi Jews

Ashkenazi (from the medieval Hebrew word for "Germany", as some medieval Jews believedthat theGermanic peoplesdescended fromGomer'ssonAshkenaz, while other Jews place allEuropeans as the descendants of the biblicalEdomites, a Hebrew tribe that bordered theancient Israelites in the Levant) is a general category of Jewish populations who immigratedto what is now Germany and northeastern France during theMiddle Agesand until moderntimes used to adhere to the "Yiddish-culture" and the "Ashkenazi" prayer style. There is

evidence that groups of Jews had immigrated toGermaniaduring theRoman Era; they wereprobably merchants who followed the Roman Legions during their conquests. To a largerdegree, modernAshkenazi Jewsare the descendants of Jews who migrated into northernFrance and lower Germany around 8001000 CE, later migrating into Eastern Europe. ManyAshkenazi Jews also have mixed Sephardic origins, as a result of exiles from Spain, firstduring Islamic persecutions (11th-12th centuries) and later during Christian reconquests(13th-15th centuries) and the Spanish Inquisition (15th-16th centuries). In this sense, themodern term "Ashkenazi" refers to a subset of Jewish religious practices, appropriated overtime, rather than to a strict ethno-geographic division, which became erased over time.

Genetic analysis of Ashkenazi Jews

See also:Genetic studies on Jews
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In 2006, a study by Doron Behar and Karl Skorecki of the Technion and Ramban MedicalCenter in Haifa, Israel demonstrated that the vast majority of Ashkenazi Jews, both men andwomen, have Middle Eastern ancestry.[16]Ashkenazi Jews share a common ancestry withother Jewish groups and only 5%-8% of the Ashkenazi Jews were found to have genes which

possibly originated in non-Jewish European populations.[17]According to Hammer, the

Ashkenazi population expanded through a series of bottlenecksevents that squeeze apopulation down to small numbersperhaps as it migrated from the Middle East after thedestruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, to Italy, reaching theRhine Valleyin the 10thcentury.

However, Dr. David Goldstein, a Duke University geneticist and director of the Duke Centerfor Human Genome Variation, has noted that the work of the Technion and Ramban teamserved only to confirm that genetic drift played a major role in shaping Ashkenazimitochondrial DNA, explaining that the Technion and Ramban mtDNA studies fail toactually establish a statistically significant link between modern Jews and historic MiddleEastern populations. This differs from the patrilineal case, where Dr. Goldstein said there is

no doubt of a Middle Eastern origin.[16]

Sephardic Jews

Sephardimare Jews whose ancestors lived in Spain or Portugal, where they lived for possiblyas much as a millennium before being finally expelled in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs (theAlhambra decree); the Sephardic communities subsequently migrated to North Africa(Maghreb), Christian Europe (Netherlands, Britain, France and Poland), throughout theOttoman Empireand even the newly discovered Latin America. In the Ottoman Empire, theSephardim mostly settled in the European portion of the Empire, and mainly in the majorcities such as:Istanbul,SelnikandBursa. Selnik, which is today known as Thessalonikiand found in modern-day Greece, had a large and flourishing Sephardic community as wasthe community of Maltese Jews inMalta.

A large population of Sephardic refugees, who fled via the Netherlands asMarranoseventually settled in Hamburg and Altona Germany in the early 16th century, eventuallyappropriating Ashkenazic Jewish rituals into their religious practice. One famous figure fromthe Sephardic Ashkenazic population isGlckel of Hameln. Others among those who settledin the Netherlands, were some who would again relocate to the United States, establishing thecountry's first organized community of Jews and erecting the United States' first synagogue.Other Sephardim remained in Spain and Portugal as Anusim (forced converts to

Catholicism), which would also be the fate for those who had migrated to Spanish andPortuguese ruled Latin America.

Sephardic Jews evolved to form most of North Africa's Jewish communities of the modernera, as well as the bulk of the Turkish, Syrian, Galilean and Jerusalemite Jews of the Ottoman

period.

Mizrachi Jews

Mizrahimare Jews descended from the Jewish communities of the Middle East, Central Asiaand the Caucasus, largely originating from theBabylonian Jewryof the classic period. The

term Mizrahi is used in Israel in the language of politics, media and some social scientists forJews from the Arab world and adjacent, primarily Muslim-majority countries. The definition
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of Mizrachi includes the modernIraqi Jews,Syrian Jews,Lebanese Jews,Persian Jews,Afghan Jews,Bukharian Jews,Kurdish Jews,Mountain Jews,Georgian Jews. Some alsoinclude the North-African Sephardic communities and Yemenite Jews under the definition ofMizrahi, but do that from rather political generalization than ancestral reasons.

Yemenite Jews

Temanimare Jews, who had been living inYemenprior their migration to modern Israel.Their geographic and social isolation from the rest of the Jewish community over the courseof many centuries allowed them to develop a liturgy and set of practices that are significantlydistinct from those of other Oriental Jewish groups; they themselves comprise three distinctlydifferent groups, though the distinction is one of religious law and liturgy rather than ofethnicity. Traditionally the genesis of the Yemenite Jewish community came after theBabylonian exile, though the community most probably emerged in the Roman times, andwas significantly reinforced during the reign ofDhu Nuwasin the 6th century CE and laterMuslim conquests of the 7th century CE, which drove the Arab Jewish tribes out from central

Arabia.

Karaite Jews

Karaimare Jews who during the Middle Ages used to live mostly in Egypt, Iraq, andCrimea.They are distinguished by the form of Judaism they observe.Rabbinic Jewsof varyingcommunities have affiliated with the Karaite community throughout the millennia. As such,Karaite Jews are less an ethnic division, than they are members of a particular branch ofJudaism.Karaite Judaismrecognizes theTanakhas the single religious authority of theJewish people. Linguistic principles and contextual exegesis are used in arriving at the correctmeaning of the Torah. Karaite Jews strive to adhere to the plain or most obviousunderstanding of the text when interpreting the Tanakh. By contrast,Rabbinical Judaismregards anOral Law(codified and recorded in theMishnahandTalmuds) as being equally

binding on Jews, and mandated by God. In Rabbinical Judaism, the Oral Law forms the basisof religion, morality, and Jewish life. Karaite Jews rely on the use of sound reasoning and theapplication of linguistic tools to determine the correct meaning of the Tanakh; whileRabbinical Judaism looks toward the Oral law codified in the Talmud, to provide the Jewishcommunity with an accurate understanding of the Hebrew Scriptures.

The differences between Karaite and Rabbinic Judaism go back more than a thousand years.Rabbinical Judaism originates from thePhariseesof the Second Temple period. Karaite

Judaism may have its origins in theSadduceesof the same era. Sadducees and Karaite Jewshold the entire Hebrew Bible to be a religious authority. As such, the vast majority ofKaraites believe in theresurrection of the dead.[18]Karaite Jews are widely regarded as beinghalachically Jewish by the Orthodox Rabbinate. Similarly, members of the rabbiniccommunity are considered to be Jews by the Moetzet Hakhamim, if they are patrilineallyJewish.[citation needed]

Modern denominations

Israeli Jews

Jews of Israel comprise an increasingly mixed wide range of Jewish communities makingaliyahfrom Europe, North Africa, and elsewhere in the Middle East. While a significant
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portion of Israeli Jews still retain memories of their Sephardic, Ashkenazi and Mizrahiorigins, mixed Jewish marriages among the communities are very common. There are alsosmaller groups of Yemenite Jews, Indian Jews and others, still retaining a semi-separatecommunal life. There are also approximately 50,000 adherents ofKaraite Judaism, most ofwhom live in Israel, but exact numbers are not known, as most Karaites have not participated

in any religious censuses. TheBeta Israel, though somewhat disputed as descendants ofancient Israelites, are widely recognized in Israel as Ethiopian Jews.

American Jews

See also:List of American Jews

The ancestry of most American Jews goes back toAshkenazi Jewishcommunities thatemigrated to the US in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as more recentinfluxes of Persian and other Mizrahi Jewish immigrants. The American Jewish communityis considered to contain the highest percentage of mixed marriages between Jews and non-

Jews, resulting in both increased assimilation and a significant influx of non-Jews becomingidentified as Jews. The most widespread practice in the U.S isReform Judaism, which doesn'trequire or see the Jews as direct descendants of the ethnic Jews or Biblical Israelites, butrather adherents of the Jewish faith in its Reformist version, in contrast toOrthodox Judaism,the mainstream practice in Israel, which considers the Jews as a closed ethno-religiouscommunity with very strict procedures for conversion.

French Jews

The Jews of modern France number around 400,000 persons, largely descendants of NorthAfrican communities, some of which were Sephardic communities that had come from Spainand Portugalothers were Arab and Berber Jews from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, whowere already living in North Africa before the Jewish exodus from the Iberian Peninsulaand to a smaller degree members of the Ashkenazi Jewish communities, who survived WWIIand theHolocaust. Most French Jews practice Orthodox Judaism and have permanent andclose ties with the Israeli Jewish community.

Anusim

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(September 2010)

During theJewish diaspora, Jews who lived in Christian Europe were often attacked by thelocal population, and were often forced toconvert to Christianity. Many, known as "Anusim"('forced-ones'), continued practicing Judaism in secret while living outwardly as ordinaryChristians. The best known Anusim communities were theJews of SpainandJews ofPortugal, although they existed throughout Europe. In the years since the rise of the Islamicreligion, many Jews living inMuslim countrieswere forced to convert to Islam, such as theMashhadJews ofPersia, who continued to practice Judaism in secret and eventually made anAliyah(return toIsrael). Many Anusim's descendants left Judaism over the years. The resultsof a study of the genetics of theIberian Peninsulareleased in December 2008 "attest to a high

level of religious conversion (whether voluntary or enforced) driven by historical episodes ofreligious intolerance, which ultimately led to the integration of descendants.[19]
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Modern Samaritans

TheSamaritans, who in classical times comprised a comparatively large group, now number745 people, who live in two communities inIsraeland theWest Bank, and still regardthemselves as descendants of the tribes of Ephraim (named by them asAphrime) and

Manasseh (named by them asManatch). Samaritans adhere to a version of theTorahknownas theSamaritan Pentateuch, which differs in some respects from theMasoretic text,sometimes in important ways, and less so from theSeptuagint.

The Samaritans consider themselvesBnei Yisrael("Children of Israel" or "Israelites"), but donot regard themselves as Yehudim (Jews). They view the term "Jews" as a designation forfollowers of Judaism, which they assert is a related but altered and amended religion brought

back by the exiled Israelite returnees, and not the true religion of the ancient Israelites, whichaccording to them isSamaritanism.

Genetic analysis of Jews

ModernDNAstudies have provided evidence that most of the world's Jews, Palestinians,Syrians and Lebanese, have a common ancestral lineage in the Levant, which can be traced toa common ancestral population that inhabited the Middle East some four thousand years ago.Maternally, both Jews and Samaritans have had very low rates of intermarriage with local orhost populations.[20][21]Both populations' DNA results indicate the groups having had a high

percentage of marriage within their respective communities; in contrast to a low percentageof interfaith marriages (as low as 0.5% per generation). One study onAshkenazi Jewsstated"Taken as a whole, our results, along with those from previous studies, support the model of aMiddle Eastern origin of the AJ population followed by subsequent admixture with hostEuropeans or populations more similar to Europeans. Our data further imply that modernAshkenazi Jews are perhaps even more similar with Europeans than Middle Easterners."[22]In2006, a study by Doron Behar and Karl Skorecki of the Technion and Ramban MedicalCenter in Haifa, Israel demonstrated that the vast majority of Ashkenazi Jews, both men andwomen, have Middle Eastern ancestry.[16]Ashkenazi Jews share a common ancestry withother Jewish groups[17]and only 5%-8% of the Ashkenazi Jews were found to have geneswhich possibly originated in non-Jewish European populations.[citation needed]

According to Hammer, his study suggests that the Ashkenazi population expanded through aseries of bottlenecks - events that squeeze a population down to small numbers - perhaps as itmigrated from the Middle East after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE to Italy,

reaching the Rhine Valley in the 10th century. Dr. David Goldstein, a Duke Universitygeneticist and director of the Duke Center for Human Genome Variation, has noted that theTechnion and Ramban team confirmed that genetic drift played a major role in shapingAshkenazi mitochondrial DNA, therefore mtDNA studies fail to draw a statisticallysignificant linkage between modern Jews and Middle Eastern populations, however, thisdiffers from the patrilineal case, where Dr. Goldstein said there is no question of a MiddleEastern origin.[16]Autosomal trans-genome DNA studies carried out by Behar and alconfirmed the shared Middle Eastern origin of all major Jewish groups. According to Behar,these findings are "consistent with the historical formulation of the Jewish people asdescending from the ancientHebrewandIsraeliteresidents of the Levant" and "thedispersion of the people ofancient Israelthroughout the Old World"[23]
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See also

Bani Israel Bible Gentile Half Jewish Israeli Jews Israelis Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) Noahides Shavei Israel Tribal allotments of Israel Kaifeng Jews Lachish relief

References

1. ^[1]2. âbScherman, Rabbi Nosson (editor), The Chumash, The Artscroll Series, Mesorah

Publications, LTD, 2006, pages 176773. âbKaplan, Aryeh, "Jewish Meditation", Schocken Books, New York, 1985, page

1254. ^Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard (eds [clarification needed]),Israelite, in

"Mercer dictionary of the Bible", p. 4205. ^The people and the faith of the Bible by Andr Chouraqui, Univ of Massachusetts

Press, 1975, p. 43[2]6. ^Settings of silver: an introduction to Judaism, Stephen M. Wylen, Paulist Press,

2000,ISBN 0-8091-3960-X, p. 597. ^The Jews in the time of Jesus: an introduction page 18Stephen M. Wylen, Paulist

Press, 1996, 215 pages8. ^Tubb 1998, pp. 13149. ^Grabbe 2008, p.7510.âbMcNutt 1999, p. 47.11.^McNutt 1999, p. 70.12.^Joffe pp.440 ff.13.^Davies, 1992, pp.63-64.14.

^Joffe p.448-9.15.^Joffe p.450.

16.âbcdWade, Nicholas (January 14, 2006)."New Light on Origins of Ashkenazi inEurope".The New York Times.

17.âbWade, Nicholas (June 9, 2010)."Studies Show Jews' Genetic Similarity".TheNew York Times.

18.^http://www.karaite-korner.org/karaite_faq.shtml19.^[3]20.^"Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora".New York Times.

May 9 2000.21.^Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli

Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA SequenceVariationPDF (855 KB), Hum Mutat 24:248260, 2004.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Jewishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Jewishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_%28united_monarchy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_%28united_monarchy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noahide_Lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noahide_Lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavei_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavei_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_allotments_of_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_allotments_of_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaifeng_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaifeng_Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish_reliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish_reliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-1http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/7_lesson06.htmlhttp://www.ancient-hebrew.org/7_lesson06.htmlhttp://www.ancient-hebrew.org/7_lesson06.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-Scherman.2C_Rabbi_Nosson_2006.2C_pages_176-77_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-Scherman.2C_Rabbi_Nosson_2006.2C_pages_176-77_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-Scherman.2C_Rabbi_Nosson_2006.2C_pages_176-77_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-Scherman.2C_Rabbi_Nosson_2006.2C_pages_176-77_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-Scherman.2C_Rabbi_Nosson_2006.2C_pages_176-77_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-Kaplan.2C_Aryeh_1985.2C_page_125_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-Kaplan.2C_Aryeh_1985.2C_page_125_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-Kaplan.2C_Aryeh_1985.2C_page_125_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-Kaplan.2C_Aryeh_1985.2C_page_125_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-Kaplan.2C_Aryeh_1985.2C_page_125_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-4http://books.google.com.au/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Mercer+Bible+Dictionary&source=bl&ots=D1D3cX-T3Y&sig=DpEK3wv753089xMEFH1F2Moh89U&hl=en&ei=v58uTMyeE9K8ceru2LkD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Israel&f=falsehttp://books.google.com.au/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Mercer+Bible+Dictionary&source=bl&ots=D1D3cX-T3Y&sig=DpEK3wv753089xMEFH1F2Moh89U&hl=en&ei=v58uTMyeE9K8ceru2LkD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Israel&f=falsehttp://books.google.com.au/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Mercer+Bible+Dictionary&source=bl&ots=D1D3cX-T3Y&sig=DpEK3wv753089xMEFH1F2Moh89U&hl=en&ei=v58uTMyeE9K8ceru2LkD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Israel&f=falsehttp://books.google.com.au/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Mercer+Bible+Dictionary&source=bl&ots=D1D3cX-T3Y&sig=DpEK3wv753089xMEFH1F2Moh89U&hl=en&ei=v58uTMyeE9K8ceru2LkD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Israel&f=falsehttp://books.google.com.au/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Mercer+Bible+Dictionary&source=bl&ots=D1D3cX-T3Y&sig=DpEK3wv753089xMEFH1F2Moh89U&hl=en&ei=v58uTMyeE9K8ceru2LkD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Israel&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-5http://books.google.com/books?id=YznqNU6T3xMC&pg=PA43http://books.google.com/books?id=YznqNU6T3xMC&pg=PA43http://books.google.com/books?id=YznqNU6T3xMC&pg=PA43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/080913960Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/080913960Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/080913960Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-7http://books.google.com/books?id=SHgiy-k_wsUC&lpg=PA18&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=SHgiy-k_wsUC&lpg=PA18&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=SHgiy-k_wsUC&lpg=PA18&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=SHgiy-k_wsUC&lpg=PA18&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#CITEREFTubb1998http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#CITEREFTubb1998http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#CITEREFTubb1998http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israel#cite_ref-mcnutt47_10-0http://en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