Childhood disorder in abnormal psychology.
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PRESENTATION ON CHILDHOOD DISORDERS.
:Lianne Dias
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DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD
Under controlled(Externalizing)
Over controlled(Internalizing)
•Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
•Conduct Disorder
•Childhood Depression
•Anxiety Disorders
Problems for others Problems for self
More Prevalent in Boys More Prevalent in Girls
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ADHD DISORDER
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WHAT IS ADHD ADHD is a common behavioral disorder that
affects an estimated 8% to 10% of school-age children. Boys are about three times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with it.
Kids with adhd act without thinking, are hyperactive, and have trouble focusing. They may understand what's expected of them but have trouble following through because they can't sit still, pay attention, or attend to details.
The child have non goal-directed behavior
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ETIOLOGY OF ADHD Genetic Factors - a predisposition is
likely inherited Environmental Toxins:
Food Additives - unlikelyRefined Sugar - unsupportedNicotine – likelyAlcohol and drugs - likely
Psychodynamic - authoritarian parenting
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TREATMENT OF ADHD . Medication Psychotherapy Behavior therapy for ADHD also effective Best approach - Stimulants + Behavior
Therapy Prevention: stop smoking during
pregnancy because it appears to be associated with an increased risk for ADHD.
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CONDUCT DISORDERS.
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CONDUCT DISORDER Patterns of extreme disobedience in
children, including , fighting and physical cruelty
destructiveness lying and stealing truancy (including running away from
home). May have antisocial personality
disorder and aggressiveness.
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ETIOLOGY OF CONDUCT DISORDER.
Individual: your child’s temperament. Genetic: it’s more common in the children of
adults who had conduct problems when they were young.
Physical: problems in processing social information and brain damage.
Environmental: family problems and social pressures, for example rejection by friends or living in a deprived area.
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TREATMENT OF CONDUCT DISORDER
Behavior therapy, including role play, rehearsal and practice
psychotherapy, particularly to help child with anger management
educational support for learning disabilities
counseling of parents, eg, helping you manage at home
Medication..
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AUTISTIC DISORDERS.
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AUTISTIC DISORDER Presence of markedly abnormal or impaired
development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted of activity and interests
Autism and Mental Retardation - approximately 80% of autistic children score below 70 on IQ tests
Autistic Savant - a mentally retarded person with superior functioning in one narrow area of intellectual activity.
Communication Deficits - language delay,, pronoun reversal, neologisms, literal use of words.
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ETIOLOGY OF AUTISTIC
DISORDER Psychological Basis - Bettelheim - autistic
disorder caused by cold and rejecting parents. No support.
Biological BasesGenetic Factors -Neurological Factors -
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TREATMENT FOR AUTISM: Special education programs. developing social skills, speech, language,
self-care and job skills. Medication. parent counseling.
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MENTAL RETARDATION.
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MENTAL RETARDATION Mental retardation is a term that was once
commonly used to describe someone who learns and develops more slowly than other kids.
"intellectual disability" or "developmental delay.“
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CLASSIFICATION OF MR Mild Mental Retardation (50-55 to 70-75 IQ)
Able to maintain themselves in unskilled jobs May need help with social or financial problems
Moderate Mental Retardation (35-40 to 50-55 IQ) Brain damage and other pathologies are frequent Most live dependently within family or group homes
Severe Mental Retardation (20-25 to 35-40 IQ) Commonly have congenital physical abnormalities May be able to perform very simple work under supervision
Profound Mental Retardation (below 20-25 IQ) Severe physical deformities and neurological damage Very high mortality rate during childhood
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KnownEtiology
UnknownEtiology
Deficiencies inFunctionalacademic
skills
Homelivingskills
Self-direction
Workskills
Communication
Communityuse
Healthand safety
Socialskills
Self-careskills
Deficiencies in
Attention tostimuli
Short-termmemory
Processingspeed
Executivefunctioning
Controlfunction oflanguage
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ETIOLOGY OF MENTAL
RETARDATION Genetic or Chromosomal Abnormalities
Down Syndrome Fragile X Syndrome
Recessive-Gene Diseases Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Infectious Diseases HIV
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DOWN SYNDROME CHILD
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TREATMENT OF MENTAL RETARADATION.
Encourage the child and Explore him. Teach basic skills. Celebrate Achievement Rehearsal. Protection from teasing or social rejection.
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LEARNING DISABILITIES.
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LEARNING DISABILITIES Learning Disorders
Reading Disorder Mathematics Disorder Disorder of Written Expression
Communication Disorders Expressive Language Disorder Phonological Disorder Stuttering
Motor Skills Disorder
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ETIOLOGY OF LEARNING
DISORDERS Biological -
Psychological - Visual perceptual deficits perceiving letters in
reverse order or mirror image Language processing -
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TREATMENT FOR LEARNING DISABILITIES.
Diagnosis and testing for learning disabilities and disorders
Types of specialists who may be able to test for and Clinical psychologists
School psychologists Child psychiatrists Educational psychologists Developmental psychologists
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ENURESIS DISORDERS.
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ENURESIS DISORDERS. Enuresis is a common childhood problem.
Children learn to control daytime urination as they become aware of their bladder filling.
Once this occurs, the child then learns to consciously control and coordinate his or her bladder.
The number of children with bedwetting varies by age; at five years of age, Boys are twice as likely as girls to wet the bed.
For most children, bedwetting resolves on its own without treatment.
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CAUSES OF ENURESIS.
The child's bladder is maturing more slowly than usual
The child's bladder holds a smaller-than-normal amount of urine
Genetics; parents who had enuresis as children are more likely to have children with enuresis
Deep sleep. Physical or emotional problems rarely cause
bedwetting.
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ENURESIS TREATMENT Initial treatment of bedwetting includes
education and motivational therapy. Medication. Motivational therapy. Self-awakening. Bedwetting alarms
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ENCOPRESIS DISORDERS
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ENCOPRESIS DISORDERS. More than 80% of children with encopresis
have experienced constipation or painful defecation in the past.
Most children with encopresis say they have do not have an urge to have a bowel movement before they soil their underwear. Soiling episodes usually occur during the day, while the child is awake and active.
Some children with encopresis soil while in the bathtub, shower, or swimming pool.
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ENCOPRESIS CAUSES. Rarely caused by an anatomic abnormality or
diseases that child born with.
It develops as a result of chronic.(constipation.)
.
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TREATMENT OF ENCORPRESIS. Self-Care at Home
It is very important that parents and other caregivers keep a complete record of the child's medication use and bowel movements during the treatment period.
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SEPARATION ANXIETY IN CHILDREN Separation anxiety is normal in very young
children (those between 8 and 14 months old). Kids often go through a phase when they are "clingy" and afraid of unfamiliar people and places.
. A child becomes fearful and nervous when
he is away from home .
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WHAT CAUSES SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER?
Separation anxiety often develops after a significant stressful or traumatic event in the child's life, such as a stay in the hospital, the death of a loved one or pet, or a change in environment.
separation anxiety often have family members with anxiety or other mental disorders
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TREATMENT OF SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDERS.
Psychotherapy
Cognitive therapy.
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THANK YOU