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![Page 1: Childcare Strategies of Double-income Families Living in Central Tokyo KUKIMOTO Mikoto Post Doctoral Research Fellow KOIZUMI Ryo NISHIYAMA Hiroyasu KUBO.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032307/56649ce05503460f949a9c8d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Childcare Strategies of Double-income Families Living in Central Tokyo
KUKIMOTO MikotoPost Doctoral Research Fellow
KOIZUMI RyoNISHIYAMA Hiroyasu
KUBO TomokoKAWAGUCHI Taro
![Page 2: Childcare Strategies of Double-income Families Living in Central Tokyo KUKIMOTO Mikoto Post Doctoral Research Fellow KOIZUMI Ryo NISHIYAMA Hiroyasu KUBO.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032307/56649ce05503460f949a9c8d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Contents
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- Urban structure in Japan; long commutes- “Constraints” for working mothers;
responsibilities of work and home
- Since the 1990s , increased supply of condominiums for young families in central Tokyo
- “Family gentrifiers” / dual income families living in central Tokyo
- Elimination of working mothers’ “Constraints”?
Background of Study
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Purpose of This Study
(1) The childcare strategies of dual-income families in central Tokyo
(2) Problems posed by the deregulation of childcare services
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Increased need for nursery centers
Japan’s recession and employment uncertainty
The implementation of the equal employment law
Bubble economy burst
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- Shortage of public/authorized nursery centers - 26,275 children on entry waiting lists(2010) - metropolitan areas and their suburbs
Tokyo’s 23 wards
![Page 7: Childcare Strategies of Double-income Families Living in Central Tokyo KUKIMOTO Mikoto Post Doctoral Research Fellow KOIZUMI Ryo NISHIYAMA Hiroyasu KUBO.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032307/56649ce05503460f949a9c8d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
- Deregulation of childcare services - Public nurseries: main part of Japan’s childcare system -> Entry regulations for management of public nursery centers were relaxed in 2000 - The number of private nurseries has increased
privatenursery centers
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Population growth and the supply of condominiums in central Tokyo
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Tokyo’s 23 wards
Central 3 wards
Central 5 wards
Central 15 wards
bubble economy burst
Property values in central Tokyo
dropped
population
condominiums 2000
1996
“3LDK” condominiums ->Water-front area
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102006
1994
1999: 3,128 households 6,904 population↓ 2009: 9,076 households 20,324 population
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11
Shortage of public nurseries - more than 90 children waiting to enter the authorized nursery centers
- Many “3LDK” condominiums- Wide, flat sidewalks
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Basic attributes of Respondents- nuclear families with one or two children: 91.7%- High income levels 20% : 7-10 million yen/a year, 68%: 10- million yen/a year Cf. Japan’s average: 7,320,000 yen- Large company, white collar, fulltime job 54.7% of wives: over 500 employees
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Childcare strategies of dual income families in central Tokyo
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What is “Childcare Strategy”?- Strategy to keep working fulltime while taking responsibility for child rearing and housework- Their goal is to use public nursery centers
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• Working style: short commutes - Workplaces are close to their homes - Emigrating from suburban areas: “convenience of commuting”
60 minutes to commute, crowded train
before moving into Toyosu
Workplace of husbands and wivesRed: wives, blue: husbands
Toyosu
30 minutes or less to commute
Central 3 wards
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• Companies’ support- Wives use shorter work system and go home
early: 70% of wives get home before 8:00pm- 20% women can use, and 3/12 women
used workplace nurseries
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• Little Support by family/parents - Little childcare support from their parents: 40-50% of
respondents’ parents live outside Tokyo metropolitan area - Most husbands cannot help <- long work hours -> Taking children to nursery/ picking them up: mainly wives - wives: 114(67.1%), wives or husbands: 49(28.8%)
Time to go home
wiveshusbands
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Shortage of public nurseries and frequent use of private nurseries
- 60% of total families had waited or were waiting to have their children enter the nursery center of their choice
- 80% of answerers used or use private nursery centers
Private nurseries(subsidized by local governments) : 41%
Private nursery centers without subsidies: 39%
Wives: 11%
Parents: 6% Others: 3%
- Less grandparents’ support- Another reason
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Priority of entrance to authorized nursery centers in Koto ward
- Parents’ disability or illness- Receiving public assistance, single-parent families- Families using private nursery centers for fee…etc.
Those who use private nursery centers have an advantage
Using private nurseries while waiting= important strategy to ensure they get a spot
in an public nursery centers
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ID Childcare service while waiting
Fee(1.000 JPY/a month)
Income(million JPY
/ a year)
Childcare leave
(month)
21 Non-authorized(company’s support) free 20 2
33 Non-authorized(company’s support) free 10-15 12
41 Certified 1, Certified 2 65, 45 10-15 -
72 Non-authorized, Certified 80, 70 10-15 14
130 Non-authorized 1Non-authorized 2
14080 10-15 6
164 Non-authorized(company’s support) 52 15-20 7
171 Non-authorized 110 10-15 12
176 Non-authorizedcertified
6060 15-20 12
196 Non-authorized 1Non-authorized 2
8060 15-20 10
Expensive fee
High Income
Shortening Childcare leave
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• Class disparity of childcare opportunities in ToyosuUse of private nursery - Middle class: 35.7% - upper class: 52.9 - upper high class: 47.1
Longer waiting termMiddle
class
Waiting period
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- Shortage -> competitive to enter the public nursery- Getting priority by using private nursery
- Short commutes<- living in Toyosu- Shorter work days
Conclusion 1
- Very little
- Shorter work system- Workplace nursery
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Suburb area- Long commutes- Shortage of childcare services- Fewer private services- Fewer job opportunities
Central area- Condominiums supply- Short commutes- Many private services- Many job opportunities
Class disparity of childcare opportunities
Balance work and home
Conclusion 2Gentrification in Tokyo -> attractive for young families
- Shortage of childcare services- Deregulation of childcare services
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Thank you for your attention!
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Appendix
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Childcare Services in Japan (1) Public/authorized nursery centers : welfare- Fulltime; 8 hours at least- With meal(lunch) service
(2) Kindergarten: education- Only in the morning- No meal(lunch) service
Clearly separated
For children with mothers working fulltime
For children with mothers not working fulltime
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Increased need for nursery centers
others
kindergartens
nursery centers(authorized)
-Increased number of double-income families or mothers working fulltime
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The number of children in each type of care (2008)
0 year-old 1-2 3 and over
Unit: 1,000
Children in nursery centers2,022(30.7%)
Children in kindergartens1,630(24.8%)
Children in others(ex: homes)2,932(44.5%)
180 in non-authorized nursery centers
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Childcare for preschool children in Japan
education
welfare
For children with mothers not
working fulltime
For children with mothers
working fulltime
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32
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- Most answered that they wanted to ensure that their children could enter the authorized nursery centers in the future
- The younger the children, the harder the competition; especially 1-2 year old most competitive
If I have to wait so long, I’m afraid I will never go back to
work…
Authorized nursery centers… - low fee; the highest is around 60-70 thousand JPY. - reduction of fee for brothers/sisters - large facility, many children
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The supply of “3LDK” condominiums, 1995-2009
Number of supply
Tokyo’s 23 wards
Water-front area
Large lots<- old factory sites