Child rights in School

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ISBN : 978-9937-9080-4-7

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ljBfno egf{ x'g] cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf !%–!^ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf nflu clwsf+z ;do JotLt x'g] :yfg ljBfno xf] . ljBfnon] afnaflnsfnfO{ c;n, lzlIft, ;an / ;r]t gful/ssf ?kdf ljsl;t x'gsf nflu u'0f / ;Lkx?sf] lahf/f]k0f ub{5 . o;sf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno clgjfo{ ;t{ xf] .

ljBfno afnd}qL x'g' kb{5 . afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf ult / Ifdtf cg';f/ /dfOnf];Fu l;Sg] jftfj/0f ePsf] ljBfno afnd}qL ljBfno xf] . o:tf ljBfnodf afnaflnsf cg's"nsf] l;sfO{ jftfj/0f tof/ ul/G5 . afnd}qL ljBfnodf afnaflnsfn] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s Pjd\ ;+j]ufTds ¿kn] ;+/lIft tyf :j:y jftfj/0f kfpF5g\, cfˆgf ¿lr, Ifdtf / :t/sf] sb/ x'G5 / ;f]xL cg';f/ pgLx?sf] l;sfOsf nflu cfjZos jftfj/0f Pjd\ kf7\oqmdsf] Joj:yf x'G5 . afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lzIfssf] x'G5 . afnd}qL ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf hft, lnË, wd{, efiff, cfly{s :t/, zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s b'a{ntfsf cfwf/df e]befj gu/L ljBfnodf egf{ ul/Phlt

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;a}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/G5 . pgLx? ;a}nfO{ k9fO n]vfOsf ;fy;fy} cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf ;d]t ;lqmo ;xefuL u/fOG5 . o:tf ljBfnodf s'g} klg k|sf/sf ef}lts, zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s b08, ;hfo k|ltalGwt x'G5g\ eg] afnaflnsfnfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ / gf]S;fgLaf6 arfpg] sfd lg/Gt/ ?kdf eO/x]sf x'G5g\ .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;d'bfodf :yflkt eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf ljBfnox?nfO{ afnd}qL ljBfnosf ?kdf ljsl;t ug{, afnaflnsfsf] ¿lr / Ifdtf cg';f/sf] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{ / u/fpg ljBfnonfO{ ky k|bz{g x'g] u/L æu'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?k, @)^&Æ tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . o;df pNn]v ul/Psf ;"rsx?n] afnaflnsfsf] ¿lr, :t/, Ifdtf, cfjZostfnfO{ ;jf{lws dxTj lbPsf 5g\ . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] eljio agfpg afnaflnsfnfO{ g} s]Gb|ljGb' dfg]/ sfo{ ug'{kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;+j]bgzLn, ;ts{ / tTk/ agfpg k|]l/t u/]sf] kfOG5 .

ljBfno ;~rfng, z}lIfs lqmofsnfk k|lqmof, ljBfno Joj:yfkg cflbnfO{ lgofNg] xf] eg] clwsf+z ljBfnox? ce}m klg k/Dk/fut 9fFrfdf ;~rflnt /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;d'bfodf ;~rfngdf /x]sf ljBfnox?df k7gkf7gsf] ;du| kl/j]z 3f]sfpg] / b08 ;hfo lbg] k|j[lQdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] kfOG5 . s]Gb|Lo txaf6 pknAw u/fOPsf kf7\o ;fdu|Lsf] dfq k|of]u x'g' csf]{ b'ef{Uosf] s'/f xf] .

ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL ljBfnosf ?kdf kl/0ft ug{' Ps k|lqmofut s'/f xf] . o;sf nflu ljBfno k|zf;g, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzIfs, cleefjs, cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] e"ldsf /xG5 eg] ;a}eGbf k|d'v e"ldsf afnaflnsf :jod\ s} /xG5 . u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?k, @)^&n] /fli6«o gLlt cg'¿k Go"gtd tyf ck]lIft afnd}qL dfkb08x? to ug{, ljBfnon] d'Vo ?kdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ kIfx?sf] klxrfg u/L ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfdf ;d]6\g / cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{nfO{ j:t'ut / k|efjsf/L agfpg ljBfnosf k|zf;s Pjd\ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ lgb]{lzt u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL cg'?k, o; k'l:tsfdf ljBfnonfO{

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afnd}qL ljBfnosf ?kdf kl/0ft ug{ afnaflnsfn] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsfsf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . s_ of] xft] kl':tsf s] xf] <efOalxgLx?, of] k'l:tsf tkfO{Fx?sf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . cyf{t\ of] k'l:tsf ljBfnodf cWoog/t afnaflnsfsf nflu nlIft u/L tof/ kl/Psf] k'l:tsf xf] . u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?kdf pNn]lvt ;"rs k|fKt ug{ ljBfno k|zf;g, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzIfs Pjd\ ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] pQ/bfloTj /xG5 . To; b:tfj]hdf :ki6 ?kdf ljBfno, lzIfsx?n] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . t/, ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg] kIfdf ljBfno / lzIfsx? ;Fu;Fu} afnaflnsfsf] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . o; k'l:tsfdf ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg afnaflnsfn] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsfsf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

ljBfnodf afnd}qL jftfj/0f ePdf afnaflnsfx?n] rfF8f] l;Sg ;Sg], n]Vbf k9\bf dfgl;s tgfj sd x'g], ljBfnodf dfofn' jftfj/0f k|fKt ug]{ h:tf /fd|f s'/f x'g] x'gfn] ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg' cfjZos x'G5 . To;} u/L, afnaflnsfs} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfdf ljBfnonfO{ afnaflnsfn] rfx]sf] h:tf] ljBfnosf] ?kdf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 . o; k'l:tsf tof/ kfg'{cl3 sf7df8f}Fsf ljleGg ljBfnosf afnaflnsf / emfkf lhNnfsf b'O{ cf]6f ljBfnosf afnaflnsf;Fu k|ToIf 5nkmn ubf{ k|fKt a'Fbfx?nfO{ o;df ;d]l6Psf] 5 . 5nkmnsf qmddf ;xefuL afnaflnsfn] ljBfnonfO{ afn ;'ne jf afnd}qL agfpg :jod\ afnaflnsfn] s]–s:tf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{k5{ eGg] af/]df atfPsf lyP .

v_ o; k'l:tsfsf] p2]Zo s] xf] <afnd}qL ljBfnon] afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg d2t ub{5 . o:tf ljBfnodf ljBfyL{x?n] cWoog ug]{ qmddf w]/} tgfj ef]Ug' kb}{g . afnaflnsfn] rfF8f] l;Sg ;Sg], dfgl;s tgfj sd x'g], dfofn' jftfj/0f k|fKt


ug]{ x'G5g\ . afnd}qL ljBfnodf cWoog ug]{ afnaflnsfdf l;sfO k|lqmofdf cu|;/ x'g] tyf cleefjs, kl/jf/ / ;dfhaf6 l;Sgsf nflu k|]l/t x'g] k|lqmofsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

lzIfs, ljBfno k|zf;g / cleefjsx?nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?k lgdf{0f u/L nfu" u/]sf cj:yfdf ;f]xL /fli6«o k|f?ksf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ / rfx]sf] kl/0ffd :yflkt ug{ ljBfnodf cWoog/t afnaflnsfn] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/Lsf af/]df afnaflnsfnfO{ ;r]t kfg'{ klg dxTjk"0f{ 5 . t;y{M o; k'l:tsfn] lgDg adf]lhdsf p2]Zox? /fv]sf] 5 Mà u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?ksf] sfof{Gjog /

afnd}qL ljBfno :yflkt ug]{ k|lqmofdf afnaflnsfsf] e"ldsfsf af/]df afnaflnsfnfO{ ;r]t kfg'{ .

à afnaflnsfsf] lhDd]jf/L / st{JonfO{ kfngf ug{ pTk|]l/t ug'{ . à ljBfnonfO{ lx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ /lxt agfpg / afnaflnsf lhDd]jf/ aGg

lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg' .à ;dfgtf, ;xeflutf, :jf:Yo, zflGt, afnclwsf/ / nf]stflGqs ;+:s[ltnfO{

ljBfnodf :yflkt ug{ afnaflnsfsf] pRrtd ;xeflutf /xg'kg]{ cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbFb} afnaflnsfnfO{ ;f] sfd ug{ pT;flxt tyf pTk|]l/t ug'{ .

u_ of] s;sf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf] <efOalxgLx?, k/Dk/fut lzIff k|0ffnLaf6 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf ;~rflnt ljBfnox?df cWoog/t xfdL afnaflnsfn] ljleGg ;dodf cfk"mnfO{ dg gkg]{ Jojxf/x? ljBfnosf lzIfs, k|zf;s, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;b:o, cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf / cleefjsx?af6 ef]Ug' k/]sf] lttf] oyfy{ xfdL ;fd' ljBdfg 5 . oL / o:t} kl/j]znfO{ cGTo ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?k nfu" u/]sf] 5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf, ljBfnosf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] Pjd\ dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f cf]u6]sf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf Pjd\ ;lqmotf lagf pQm k|f?k ljBfnodf :yflkt ug{] ;jfndf k'gM afnaflnsfn]


hf]lvd ef]Ug'kg]{ x'g ;S5 . To;}n] afnaflnsfn] cfk}mF cWoog / dgg u/L afnd}qL ljBfno agfpg ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;r]t Pjd\ ;Ifd kfg'{ dxTjk"0f{ 5 . g]kfnsf ljleGg ;d'bfodf /x]/ ljleGg ljBfnodf cWoog/t afnaflnsfnfO{ To; sfo{sf nflu ;r]t / ;Ifd agfpg of] k'l:tsf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .

3_ o;sf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{ <o; k'l:tsfsf] k|To]s kf7\of+zdf ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf] hfgsf/L / ;f] ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ljifoj:t'df afnaflnsfsf] lhDd]jf/L s] x'g ;S5 < eGg] s'/f a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]lvPsf] 5 . o;df pNn]v ePsf s'/fx? xfdL afnaflnsfn] kfngf ug'{kg]{ s'/fx? x'g\ . xfdLn] cWoog kZrft\ ;f] ljifodf ;fyLx?;Fu 5nkmn u/L /fd|f] s'/fsf] ljsf; ug{ / gsf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ s'/fnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg]5f}F .


s_ clwsf/ s] xf] <efOalxgLx?, ;do ;dodf xfdL afnaflnsf afn clwsf/sf ljifodf ax; rnfpg] u5f}{F xf]nf . xfdLn] cfof]hgf ug]{ w]/} sfo{qmdx? afn clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] u/]sf klg 5g\ . jf:tjdf afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx, ;+/If0f, ljsf; / ;':jf:Yosf] /Iff ug{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljz]if Joj:yf g} afnclwsf/ xf] .

afnclwsf/df cfwfl/t b[li6sf]0fdf tkfO{F afnaflnsf clwsf/ wf/s jf xsbf/ x'g'x'G5 . afnaflnsf afFRg kfpg], ljsf; ug{ kfpg], ;+/If0f kfpg] / ;xefuL x'g kfpg] cfwf/e"t clwsf/x? /fHoaf6 k|fKt ug{] xsbf/ x'g\ . s'g} klg afnaflnsf !* jif{ pd]/ gk'u'Gh]n;Dd afFRg] / ;Dk"0f{ ljsf;sf nflu geO{ gx'g] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx? g} afn clwsf/ x'g\ . csf]{ z}nLdf eGbf, afnaflnsf :j:Yf hGdg kfpg', hGd]kl5 kf]if0fo'Qm vfg] s'/f / pko'Qm sk8f nufO{ x's{g kfpg', :jf:Yosf] /fd|f] x]/ljrf/ x'g', ;+/If0f / x]/ljrf/ kfpg', cfˆgf Ifdtf, 1fg, ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ kfpg' / cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg' g} afnclwsf/ x'g\ .

efOalxgLx?, afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt g} afnaflnsfsf] cfwf/e"t ;/f]sf/ xf] . afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw cg';f/sf clwsf/x?sf] ;Ddfg ub}{ ;a} afnaflnsfn] lagf s'g} e]befj clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug]{ s'/fsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ljBfno, lzIfs, cleefjs, :yfgLo lgsfo jf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;b}j

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tTk/ /xg' kb{5 eg], cfk"mn] k|fKt u/]sf clwsf/x?sf] ;b'kof]u / c?sf] clwsf/sf] xgg gug{ afnaflnsf ;w}F tof/ /xg'kb{5 . ;fy}, cleefjsx?n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ afFRg cfjZos dfkb08 k"/f ug{ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . sfg'gL ?kdf, afnaflnsfn] tn pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf s'/fx? hGdhft ?kd} k|fKt u/]sf x'G5g\ M à ljBfno uP/ c;n lzIff cfh{g ug{ kfpg',

à p;n] k9\g] ljBfnodf d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0f x'g',

à cfk"mnfO{ c:j:y dx;'; ePsf] s'g} klg ;dodf sDtLdf klg k|fylds pkrf/ k|fKt ug'{,

à v]n, dgf]/~hg / cf/fd ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ug'{

à s'g} klg k|sf/sf] b'3{6gf jf k|sf]ksf] ;dodf ;+/If0f kfpg',

à s'g} klg lx+;f, e]befj, x]nf, b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;'/lIft x'g kfpg',

à cfˆgf ljrf/ / efjgf lgw{Ss;Fu JoQm ug{ kfpg',

à ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yf tyf ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg' .

v_ ljBfnodf afnclwsf/ lsg <ljBfno lzIff k|fKt ug]{ :yfg xf] . lzIff o:tf] k|lqmof xf], h;af6 afnaflnsfn] 1fg k|fKt ub{5g\, hLjg lrGb5g\, ;dfh a'e\mb5g\ / hLjg ofkg ug]{ ;/n / ;xh tl/sf a'e\mb5g\ . afn clwsf/ afnaflnsfsf] ljz]if dfgj clwsf/ xf] . o;n] afnaflnsfnfO{ z}lIfs, zf/Ll/s tyf ;fdflhs, lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/, e]befj, åGå / zf]if0faf6 ;+/If0f / lbuf] hLjgsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] clwsf/ k|bfg ub{5 . ljBfno afnaflnsfsf nflu ;'ne x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf afnaflnsfsf tL clwsf/x¿ s'l07t x'g ;S5g\, lsgls tL clwsf/n] afnaflnsfsf] bL3{ hLjg / pHofnf] eljiosf nflu lbzf lgb]{z ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .

ljBfyL{x?nfO{ lzIfsx?n] lbg] k|]/0ff, xf};nf, k|f]T;fxg / pgLx?;Fu af]lng] To;} zAbx?, h:t} M /fd|f], :ofaf;\ cflbn] l;Sg pT;flxt Pjd\ pTk|]l/t ub{5g\ . t/, ufnL, ;hfo, lk6fOh:tf gsf/fTds Jojxf/n] afnaflnsfnfO{ b'Mlvt agfpF5g\ / l;Sgaf6 xtf]T;flxt ub{5g\ . o;sf ;fy} lgDg sf/0fn] ubf{ ljBfnodf afn


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à afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx, ;+/If0f, ljsf; / :jf:Yosf] /Iff ug{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljz]if Joj:yf g} afnclwsf/ ePsfn]

à afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt g} afnaflnsfsf] cfwf/e"t ;/f]sf/ ePsfn]

à afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf c;/ kfg]{ s'g} klg s'/fdf cfˆgf] ljrf/ /fVg], ;'Gg], ljrf/sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ / plrt ;'g'jfO{ x'g'kg]{ sf/0fn]

à afnaflnsf ljBfnodf egf{ x'g, c;n lzIff xfl;n ug{ kfpg'kg]{ ePsf]n]

à afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf ljsf;df lzIfsn] lbg] k|]/0ff, xf};nf / k|f]T;fxgn] ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ x'gfn]

à afnaflnsfdf pQ/bfloTjsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ x'gfn]

à afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] cEof; u/fpg] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg ljBfno ePsfn]

à afnaflnsfdf ;xdlt / nf]stflGqs cEof;sf] ljsf; u/fpg'kg]{ ePsfn]

à afnaflnsfsf] /rgfTds, l;h{gfTds Pjd\ z}lIfs u'0f:t/df j[l4 ug'{kg]{ ePsfn]

à ljBfnodf x'g] zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s b'Jo{jxf/sf] cGTo ug'{kg]{ ePsfn]

u_ s:tf] cj:yfdf xfd|f] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ePsf] dflgG5 <jf:tjdf ljBfnodf afnclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;S5g\ . s'g} klg sfo{, cEof;, k|of;n] afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ug{ ;s]df To;nfO{ k|efjsf/L dfGg ;lsG5 . afnclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg gePsf] :yfgdf afnaflnsfn] ljleGg k|sf/sf x]nf tyf b'Jo{jxf/x? ef]Ug'kg]{ x'g ;S5 . To;}n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] afnaflnsfsf] lxt / lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg afnd}qL ljBfnosf] cjwf/0ff NofPsf] 5 . afnd}qL ljBfnodf afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpF5g\ . afnaflnsf cfk}mFn] tn pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf s'/fx? pkef]u ug{ kfPsf] cj:yfdf afn clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 Mà ;a} lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof afnd}qL / l;sfOsf glthfx? u'0f:t/Lo x'g'kb{5 .


à k|efjsf/L l;sfOsf nflu lzIfs / ljBfyL{df kof{Kt pTk|]/0ff x'g'kb{5 .

à z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] kof{Kttf x'g'kb{5 .

à lzIfsx?n] leGg leGg ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L cWofkg u/fPsf] x'g'k5{ .

à afnaflnsfsf] ult cg';f/sf] l;sfO jftfj/0f / afnaflnsfsf] JolQmut sl7gfOnfO{ dWo gh/ ub}{ lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk x'g'k5{ .

à ;a} k|sf/sf ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfn] ;dfg x}l;otdf cWoog ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 .

à ljBfno of]hgf lgdf{0fb]lv cGo ultljlwdf ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, cfly{s cflb ;a} lsl;dn] lk5l8Psf ju{sf] ;xeflutf ePsf] x'g'k5{ .

à ;a} afnaflnsfsf nflu e]befj/lxt l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f / Ifdtfsf cfwf/df lzIf0f l;sfO jftfj/0f ePsf] x''g'k5{ .

à ljljwtfk"0f{ ljz]iftf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'k5{ .

à jt{dfg lgod sfg'gn] Joj:yf u/] cg';f/sf 5fqj[lQ k|fKt ug]{ jftfj/0f x'g'k5{ .

à ljBfnodf afnSnasf] u7g ePsf] / afnaflnsfn] afnSnadf ;dfg ¿kdf ;xefuL eO{ /rgfTds Pjd\ ;[hgfTds ;xeflutf hgfpg] cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yf x'g'k5{ .

à slDtdf jif{sf] Ps k6s :jf:YosdL{x¿af6 ljBfyL{x¿sf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] x'g'k5{ .

à ljBfnodf k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] x'g'k5{ .

à w"d|kfg, dBkfg, nfu" kbfy{ lgif]wsf nflu cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f eO{ nfu" ePsf] x'g'k5{ .

à ljBfno jl/kl/ ljBfyL{sf] :jf:Yodf xflg k'¥ofpg] vfg] s'/f laqmL ljt/0fdf /f]s nufPsf] / ljBfyL{n] kf]lifnf] vfg] s'/f NofP gNofPsf] s'/f hfFr ug]{ u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .

à kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] lglZrt 7fpFdf kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] efF8f]sf] Joj:yf ePsf] x'g'k5{ .

à ljBfnodf ef}lts, zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo lgif]w ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . -ljBfnodf zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo lbg gkfOg] tyf afnaflnsfsf] k[i7e"ld / Ifdtfsf


cfwf/df s;}nfO{ dfgl;s si6, b'Jo{jxf/, 3[0ff ug{ gkfOg] gLlt lgod agfO nfu" u/]sf] / ;f]sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . ljBfnoleq / ;d'bfodf ;d]t afnaflnsfdfly x'g] zf/Ll/s ;hfo, x]kfO, of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] cGTosf nflu ljBfnodf :ki6 of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/]sf] x'g'k5{ ._

à ljBfnodf kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L /flvPsf] k':tsfno x'g'k5{ . ljifout lx;fan] ;fGble{s k':tsx?sf] clen]vLs/0f / ljt/0f k|0ffnL ;lxtsf] k':tsfno x'g'k5{ .

à au}Frf lgdf{0f u/L To;sf] ;b'kof]u ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .

à lzIfsx? lgoldt ljBfno / sIffsf]7fdf cfpg] u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .

à lzIfsx?n] k"/f ;do cWofkg u/fpg] u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .


afnd}qL ljBfno s] xf] <efOalxgLx?, afnaflnsf cg's"nsf] l;sfO jftfj/0f ePsf], afnaflnsfleqsf cGtlg{lxt Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ u/]sf] / :jod\ afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf] l;Sg ;Sg] Ifdtf / rfxgf cg';f/ /dfOnf];Fu l;Sg ;Sg] jftfj/0f ePsf] ljBfno g} afnd}qL ljBfno xf] .

afnd}qL ljBfnodf afnclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg x'G5 . afnaflnsfsf] s'/f ;'lgG5 / ;f] cg';f/sf] lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ul/G5 . o:tf ljBfnodf afnaflnsfn] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s Pjd\ ;+j]ufTds ¿kn] ;'/lIft tyf :j:y ePsf] cg'ej ug{ ;S5g\ . o:tf ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf ¿lr, Ifdtf / :t/sf] sb/ ul/G5 / ;f]xL cg';f/ pgLx?sf l;sfOsf nflu cfjZos jftfj/0f Pjd\ kf7\oqmdsf] Joj:yf ul/G5 .

afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx?sf hft, lnª\, wd{, efiff, cfly{s :t/, zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s b'a{ntfsf cfwf/df e]befj gu/L egf{ ug'{ / ljBfnoleq jf aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ klg e]befj/lxt Jojxf/ ug'{ afnd}qL ljBfnosf] u'0f xf] . afnd}qL ljBfnodf k9fO n]vfOsf cltl/Qm afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo Pjd\ ;'/Iffdf ljz]if Wofg lbOG5 . ljBfnosf gLlt lgdf{0f, of]hgf th{'df, sfof{Gjog / d"NofÍgdf afnaflnsf, cleefjs / ;d'bfonfO{ k|ToIf ;xefuL u/fOG5 . o:tf ljBfnodf s'g} klg k|sf/sf ef}lts, zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s b08 ;hfo

afnd}qL ljBfno / afn clwsf/


alh{t x'G5g\ / afnaflnsfnfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ / gf]S;fgLaf6 arfpg] sfd lg/Gt/ ?kdf eO/x]sf] x'G5 .

afnd}qL ljBfno lsg<xfd|f] b]zsf clwsf+z ljBfnox? cem} klg k/Dk/fut z}nLaf6 ;~rflnt 5g\ . k7gkf7gsf] ;du| kl/j]z ce}m klg 3f]sfpg] tk{m g} a9L s]lGb|t 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] s]Gb|Lo :t/af6 pknAw u/fPsf kf7\o ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u afx]s cGo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . o;n] ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO, cg'ej / Ifdtfsf cfwf/df x'Fb}g / l;sfO k|lqmof sdhf]/ x'g] a9L vt/f 5 . ljBfno afnaflnsfk|lt d}qLk"0f{ ePdf pgLx?n] cfˆgf ult, Ifdtf, cg'ejsf cfwf/df l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ /dfOnf] jftfj/0fdf n}hfg ;S5g\, h'g lbuf] / k|efjsf/L /xg ;S5 .

afnd}qL ljBfnosf k|d'v If]qx? -Key Areas_efOalxgLx?, afnaflnsf clwsf/sf wf/s x'g\ . ljBfno, k|f}9 JolQm tyf ;ª\3 ;+:yfx? afnclwsf/sf kl/kfns x'g\ . To;} cg';f/ cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] bfaL / st{Josf] lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 . ljBfno afnclwsf/ ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug]{ /fHosf] lhDd]jf/ k|f/lDes ;+:yf xf] . ljBfnodf afnclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf] sfo{ ul/gfn] afnaflnsfn] cfk"m ;'/lIft / ;xh jftfj/0fdf ePsf] dx;'; ug'{sf ;fy} pgLx?sf] l;sfO k|lqmofdf tLj|tf / l;sfO pknlAwdf k|ult klg x'g hfG5 . o;sf ;fy} pgLx? ;fdflhs hLjgdf ;dtf, ;Ddfg, ;b\efj, zflGt / nf]stflGqs ;+:s[ltsf] cEof; ug{ ;kmn eO{ lhDd]jf/ gful/ssf] ?kdf klg :yflkt x'g ;Sb5g\ .

u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?k, @)^&n] lgDg adf]lhdsf dfkb08x?nfO{ afnd}qL ljBfnosf k|d'v If]qx? dfg]sf] 5 Mà k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?

à ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?

à lzIffdf n}lËs kIf ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?

à ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?


à :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff / arfj6 ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?

à k"jf{wf/ ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?

à lzIf0f l;sfO ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?

à dft[efiff lzIf0f l;sfO ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?

à ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?

afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?ksf Go"gtd dfkb08 / xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L

k|efjsfl/tf / xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L

efOalxgLx?, lzIffsf] ;Gbe{df, æk|efjsfl/tfnfO{ ;du| z}lIfs k|lqmofn] afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOdf s] s:tf] k|efj kf¥of] eGg] s'/fsf ?kdf a'e\mg'kg]{Æ egL u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?kn] :ki6 ?kdf tf]lslbPsf] 5 . ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg] ;jfndf s]xL cGt/f{li6«o cEof; tyf dfGotfx? klg 5g\ . h:t} Mà lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof hlxNo} klg afnaflnsfsf nflu ;'xfpFbf] / d}qLk"0f{

x'g'kb{5 eg] To;sf glthfx? u'0f:t/Lo / Jojxfl/s x'g'kb{5 .

à ljBfno;Fu k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lzIfs, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs lzIfs ;ª\3, afn ;+/If0f ;ldlt, ljBfno k|zf;g, cleefjsx?df ljBfnok|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj el/Psf] g}ltstf x'g'kb{5 eg] ljBfnodf cWofkg u/fpg] lzIfsx?;Fu pRr :t/Lo Ifdtf, bIftf / g}ltstf x'g'kb{5 .

à ljBfno l;Sg] / l;sfpg] :yfg ePsf x'gfn] l;Sg] / l;sfpg] b'j} kIfdf kof{Kt pTk|]/0ff x'g'kb{5 .

à ljBfnodf z}lIfs ;fdu|L / v]n ;fdu|Lsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .

à kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o ;fdu|Lsf] ;dod} kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAwtf x'g'kb{5 .

efOalxgLx?, ;/;tL{ x]bf{ dfly pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf cj:yfdf clwstd dfqfdf jo:s jf lzIfsx?sf] e"ldsf b]lvG5 . t/, ljBfnodf afnd}qL


jftfj/0fsf] ;'lglZrttf / To;sf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] afnaflnsfsf] e"ldsf cToGt dxTjk"0f{ 5 . afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?kdf pNn]v ePsf k|efjsfl/tfsf Go"gtd dfkb08 k"/f ug{ xfdL afnaflnsfn] lgDg cg';f/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 M

x'g}kg]{ M lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof hlxNo} klg afnaflnsfsf nflu ;'xfpFbf] / d}qLk"0f{ x'g'kb{5 eg] To;sf glthfx? u'0f:t/Lo / Jofjxfl/s x'g'kb{5 .

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M ljBfno afnd}qL x'g'kb{5 . o;sf] cy{ ljBfnodf lgdf{0f ul/g] ef}lts ;fdu|L nufot ljBfnodf x'g] k|To]s ultljlw afnaflnsfsf nflu ;'xfpFbf] x'g'sf ;fy} afnaflnsfsf] ¿lr / cfjZostf cg'?k x'g'kb{5 . t/, oL ;a} s'/fx? jo:sn] dfq lbP/ x'Fb}g . xfdL afnaflnsfsf] klg plQs} bfloTj 5 . o;sf nflu xfdL afnaflnsfx?n] lgDg adf]lhdsf lhDd]jf/Lx? k"/f ug'{kb{5 Mà ljBfno lzIffdf x'g] l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;a} afnaflnsfx? ;dfg ?kdf

;xefuL x'g'kb{5 .

à cfk"mn] hfg]sf s'/fx? ;fyLx?nfO{ l;sfpg] ug'{kb{5 .

à xfdLn] kf7\ok':ts afx]ssf cGo z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx?sf] cWoog ug'{kb{5 .

à ljleGg cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkx?df ;xefuL x'g'kb{5 . t/, o;/L cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkx?df efu lnO/xFbf k9fOdf gsf/fTds c;/ gk/f];\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

à ljBfnodf l;s]sf s'/fx¿ 3/df bf]xf]¥ofP/ cWoog ug'{kb{5 . ;fy} l;s]sf s'/fx¿ Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ k|of; ub}{ hfg'kb{5 .

à lzIfsn] lzIf0f lqmofsnfkdf k|of]u u/]sf ;fdu|Lx?sf] x]/ljrf/ / ;'/Iff ug{ ;xof]u ug'{sf ;fy} lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx? lgdf{0f tyf ;Íng ug]{ sfddf lzIfsnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

à ;a}sf 5'§f5'§} Ifdtf / bIftf x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL z}lIfs ultljlwdf sdhf]/ ePsf ;fyLx?nfO{ x]nf, b'Jo{jxf/ jf cGo s'g} klg


k|sf/sf e]befj gu/L l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

à zf/Ll/s dfgl;s ?kdf ckfËtf ePsf ;fyLx? ePdf pgLx?nfO{ ljz]if ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

à ljljw sf/0fn] kl/jf/af6 6f9f /xL >ddf ;+nUg ePsf ljBfyL{ ;fyLx?nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ u/L z}lIfs ultljlwdf ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

à c;n, Jofjxfl/s / u'0f:t/Lo lzIff kfpg' xfd|f] clwsf/ xf] . ;fy}, /fd|f];Fu dg lbP/ k9\g', sfkL lstfasf] htg ug'{ / Wofg lbP/ k9\g' xfd|f st{Jo x'g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

à gofF s'/f l;Sg, hfGg, x]g{ kfpg' xfd|f] clwsf/ ePh:t} cfk"mn] ghfg]sf s'/fx? l;Sg' / hfg]sf /fd|f s'/f c?nfO{ l;sfpg] ug'{kb{5 .

x'g}kg]{ M ljBfno;Fu k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lzIfs, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs lzIfs ;ª\3, afn ;+/If0f ;ldlt, ljBfno k|zf;g, cleefjsx?df ljBfnok|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj el/Psf] g}ltstf x'g'kb{5 eg] ljBfnodf cWofkg u/fpg] lzIfsx?;Fu pRr:t/Lo Ifdtf, bIftf / g}ltstf x'g'kb{5 .xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M ljBfnosf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] g} ljBfnosf] ?k abNg ;S5g\ eg] ljBfnosf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?df xfdL afnaflnsf klg k5f}{F . To;}n] ljBfnosf] Joj:yfksLo If]qdf klg xfdLn] cfˆgf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 .

à ljBfnodf aGg] jf lgdf{0f ug{ nfluPsf ;+/rgfx?df cfˆgf cleefjsx?nfO{ ;xefuL x'g k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ .

à ljBfnodf x'g] e]nf, uf]i7L, 5nkmn, cGt/lqmof h:tf sfo{qmdx?df ;xefuL eO{ cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg'k5{ .

à ljBfno xfd|f] kl/jf/ xf] / kl/jf/df /fd|f sfd, /fd|f Jojxf/ x'g'kb{5 . xfdLnfO{ s'g} a]nf s;}sf] Jojxf/ jf sfd g/fd|f] nfu]df :ki6;Fu lzIfs jf cleefjsx?nfO{ g8/fO{ eGg] ug'{kb{5 .

à xfdLn] s;}nfO{ klg hflt, lnË, ju{ jf cGo s'g} klg cfwf/df e]befj jf


b'Jo{jxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g .

à olb xfdL b'Jo{jxf/ jf of}g b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;'/lIft ePsf] dx;'; ug{ rfxfG5f}F eg] xfdLn] klg c? s;}nfO{ x]nf, b'Jo{jxf/ jf of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;fy}, To:tf Jojxf/sf] lj/f]w ;d]t ug'{kb{5 .

x'g}kg]{ MljBfno l;Sg] / l;sfpg] :yfg ePsf] x'gfn] l;Sg] / l;sfpg] b'j} kIfdf kof{Kt pTk|]/0ff x'g'kb{5 .

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M l;Sg], l;sfpg] qmd eg]sf] lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] . jf:tjdf xfdLnfO{ ljBfnodf lzIfsx?n] l;sfpg] ug'{x'G5 . oxfF a'e\mg' kg]{ s'/f s] klg 5 eg], xfdL lzIfsx?af6 hlt l;ls/x]sf x'G5f}F, Tof]eGbf a9L lzIfsx?n] xfdLaf6 l;ls/x]sf x'G5g\ . To;}n] xfdL lzIfsx?nfO{ l;sfpgsf nflu cem a9L pTk|]l/t ug{ ;S5f}F . o;sf nflu lgDg lqmofsnfkx? ug{ ;lsG5 Mà ljBfyL{nfO{ k|Zg ug]{ 5'6 x'G5 . k|foM lzIfsx? ljBfyL{n] ga'e]msf s'/fx?

;f]w] eg] v';L x'G5g\ . To;}n] xfdLn] cfk"mn] ga'e]msf / ghfg]sf s'/fx? lzIfsnfO{ ;f]Wg] ug'{kb{5 .

à k9fOdf ;xof]u x'g] ljleGg /rgfTds lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 . h:t}M leQ] klqsf k|sfzg, jfbljjfb, jSt[Tjsnf, 5nkmn cflb . o:tf ultljlwn] lzIfsx?nfO{ l;sfpg] s'/fdf k|]/0ff lbG5g\ eg] xfdLnfO{ l;Sg] s'/fdf pT;'stf yKb5g\ .

à l;Sg], l;sfpg] qmd rln/xFbf cgfjZos xf]xNnf ug]{, em}emu8f ug]{, k|Zgsf nflu k|Zg ug]{, Wofg glbg]h:tf lqmofsnfk ug'{ x'Fb}g . o:tf lqmofsnfkn] ubf{ lzIfsnfO{ l;sfpg dg gnfUg ;S5 . ;fy} ;do klg v]/ hfG5 .

à lzIfsx?n] lgdf{0f ug]{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{, ljBfnodf ePsf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;'/Iff ug]{ ug'{kb{5 .

x'g}kg]{ M


ljBfnodf z}lIfs ;fdu|L / v]n ;fdu|Lsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M xfdL afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;sf nflu geO{ gx'g] dxTjk"0f{ s'/f v]n tyf dgf]/~hg klg x'g\ . t/, v]n tyf dgf]/~hg cfjZostfeGbf a9L ePdf 3fts klg x'g ;S5g\ . To;}n] lgDg s'/fx?df ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 Mà k9fOsf] ;dodf v]Ng' x'Fb}g .

à lglZrt / plrt ;dodf dfq v]Ng'kb{5 .

à zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ?kdf xflg k'¥ofpg] vfnsf v]nx? v]Ng' x'Fb}g .

à v]Ng' /fd|f] xf] . t/, v]Ng kfPF eGb}df nfdf] ;do v]Ng], hf]lvdk"0f{ v]nx? v]Ng] sfd /fd|f] xf]Og .

à v]n v]Ng kfpg' xfd|f] clwsf/ xf] . t/ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f s] klg 5 eg] xfdLn] ;f] clwsf/sf] pkof]u ul//xFbf c?sf] clwsf/sf] xgg ug'{ x'Fb}g .

à v]Nbf e}memu8f ug'{ x'Fb}g / ;a}nfO{ cj;/ k|bfg ug'{kb{5 .

à v]n v]ln;s]kl5 v]ns'bsf ;fdu|Lx?sf] htg;fy Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 .

x'g}kg]{ M kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o ;fdu|Lsf] ;dod} kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAwtf x'g'kb{5 .

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M kf7\ok':ts xfd|f] k|d'v ldq xf] . o;sf] clwstd k|of]u / ;'/Iff xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L xf] .

;dfj]zLs/0f / xfd|f] lhDd]jf/LefOalxgLx¿, ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d'2f cr]n xfdL ljleGg ;dfrf/, ;ef, ;Dd]ng, 5nkmnh:tf sfo{qmdx?df ;'lg/x]sf x'G5f}F . cr]n x/]s If]qdf / ljifodf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ljifodf 5nkmn x'g] u/]sf] 5 . slxn]sfxLF ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ km/s z}nLdf k|:t't ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfpg'ePsf] xf]nf . hftLo, n}lËs, lk5l8Psf,


ljs6 If]qsf dfG5]nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg'nfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0f ePsf] cj:yfsf ?kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] klg kfpg'ePsf] 5 xf]nf . t/, oxfF ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf] ?kdf JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

efOalxgLx¿, ;dfj]zLs/0fn] ljleGg cj;/af6 jl~rt ePsf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 / afnaflnsfaLr ePsf ljljw leGgtfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5 . jf:tjdf cj;/af6 jl~rt ePsf afnaflnsfsf ;d"xnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|lqmof jf /0fgLlt g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . ;dfj]zL lzIffn] c?nfO{ a'e\mg], cfb/ ug]{, z}lIfs cfjZostfdf k|ltlqmof lbg], ;a} afnaflnsfsf] cg'ej, rfxgf / d"No dfGotfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ eGg] a'e\mg'kb{5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fn] ;a} afnaflnsfsf nflu lje]b/lxt jftfj/0fdf lzIff lng kfpg'kg]{ clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ub{5 .

;dfj]zLs/0fn] ljBfnodf ;d'bfosf] :jfldTjnfO{ dxTj lbFb} afnaflnsfsf cfjZostf cg'?k pko'Qm jftfj/0f / ;xof]u kfPdf ;a}n] l;Sg ;S5g\ eGg] dfGotf ;d]t /fVb5 . o; cGtu{t lgDg s'/fx?sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 M

à ckfËtf ePsf, hflt jf wd{sf cfwf/df kl5 k/]sf, >dsf sf/0fn] ljBfno lzIffaf6 jl~rt ePsf / cfly{s jf cGo sf/0fn] sdhf]/ ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ljBfno egf{sf] ;'lglZrttf

à ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, cfly{s cflb ;a} lsl;dn] lk5l8Psf ju{sf] ljBfno of]hgf lgdf{0fb]lv cGo ultljlwdf ;xeflutf

à ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ e]befj/lxt l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f, Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df lzIf0f l;sfO jftfj/0f, afnaflnsfsf] ult cg';f/sf] l;sfO jftfj/0f / afnaflnsfsf] JolQmut sl7gfO kQf nufO{ JolQmut leGgtfsf cfwf/df pkrf/fTds pkfo ;lxtsf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf] ;'lglZrttf

à ljljwtfk"0f{ ljz]iftf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf

efOalxgLx?, ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu Psn k|of; lg/y{s x'g hfG5 . ljBfnodf z}lIfs u'0f:t/sf] j[l4, afnaflnsfsf] ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] cEof; tyf pgLx?sf]


Ifdtfsf] klxrfg / ;f] cg';f/sf] cj;/sf nflu ;femf cEof; x'g' h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu afnaflnsf :jod\sf] cu|;/tf / ;xeflutf lagf kl/0ffd k|foM z"Go x'g ;S5 . t;y{ afnaflnsfn] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] k|of;df xft]dfnf] ug'{ h?/L 5 .

x'g}kg]{ MckfËtf ePsf, hflt jf wd{sf cfwf/df kl5 k/]sf, >dsf] sf/0fn] ljBfno lzIffaf6 jl~rt ePsf / cfly{s jf cGo sf/0fn] sdhf]/ ePsf afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttf

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M s'g} klg hflt, wd{, ju{, lnËsf afnaflnsfsf] ljBfno egf{ eO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff kfpg] clwsf/ 5 . ljBfnodf lzIfs jf ljBfno k|zf;geGbf a9L ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x? Ps csf{aLr a9L glhs x'G5g\ . To;}n] ljBfnodf ljBfnon] u/]sf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cEof;nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;jfndf afnaflnsfsf] k|d'v e"ldsf x'g ;S5 .à cfˆgf 3/ jl/kl/ ljBfno guPsf ;fyLx? / ltgsf cleefjsx?nfO{

ljBfno egf{ v'Nnf ePsf] ;"rgf lbg'kb{5 .

à ljBfno / lzIffsf] cfjZostfsf af/]df atfP/ ljBfno guPsf ;fyLx?nfO{ ljBfno egf{ x'g k|f]T;flxt ug'{kb{5 .

à zf/Ll/s jf cGo ckfËtf ePsf sf/0f ljBfno lzIffaf6 6f9f /x]sf jf ljBfno egf{ ePtf klg l;sfO cEof;df sl7gfO ePsf ;fyLx?nfO{ l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

à ljljw sf/0fn] k9fO sdhf]/ ePsf jf ljifout l;sfOdf sl7gfO ePsf ;fyLx?nfO{ l;Sgsf nflu ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

x'g}kg]{ M ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, cfly{s cflb ;a} lsl;dn] lk5l8Psf ju{sf] ljBfno of]hgf lgdf{0fb]lv cGo ultljlwdf ;xeflutf


xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M ljBfno cf}krfl/s lzIff lng] 7fpF dfq xf]Og . oxfF ljleGg hLjg pkof]uL ;Lkx? klg l;Sg ;lsG5 . hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ljleGg ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfox?, b}lgs hLjgdf ug'{kg]{ sfd, ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'Fbf ug'{kg]{ sfd cflb ljBfnodf l;Sg ;lsG5 .à ljBfnodf x'g] ;a} lg0f{o, of]hgf / sfof{Gjog ljBfyL{sf nflu x'g] u5{g\ .

t;y{ To:tf lg0f{o x'g] / of]hgf aGg] k|lqmofdf / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lqmofdf cfˆgf] ;xeflutf hgfpg'kb{5 .

à ljBfnodf x'g] of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf cfˆgf] ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu lzIfsx?;Fu 5nkmn ug'{kb{5 .

à ljBfnodf ag]sf jf aGg] ;+/rgfx?df cfˆgf] ;xeflutf hgfpg'kb{5 .

x'g}kg]{ M ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ e]befj/lxt l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f, Ifdtfsf cfwf/df lzIf0f l;sfO jftfj/0f, afnaflnsfsf ult cg';f/sf] l;sfO jftfj/0f / afnaflnsfsf] JolQmut sl7gfO kQf nufO{ JolQmut leGgtfsf cfwf/df pkrf/fTds pkfo ;lxtsf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf] ;'lglZrttf

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M e]befj/lxt jftfj/0fdf l;sfO cEof;df ;xefuL x'g kfpg' xfd|f] clwsf/ xf] . xfdLn] cfˆgf l;sfO z}nLsf cfwf/df l;Sg kfpg'kb{5 . k|To]s JolQmsf] km/s km/s l;Sg] z}nL x'G5 . tL ;a} z}nLx? ;a}nfO{ yfxf gx'g klg ;S5g\ . To;}n] ;f]sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg' xfd|f] st{Jo xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm xfdL ;a} hgf Pp6} ultdf l;Sg ;S5f}F eGg] klg 5}g . xfdL ljBfYfL{dWo] sf]xL rfF8} l;Sg ;S5f}F eg] sf]xL l9nf] l;S5f}F . sf]xL Pp6f z}nLdf l;Sg ;S5 eg] sf]xL km/s z}nL ckgfpg ;S5 . xfdL ;a}n] tL ;a}sf] ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 / ;do lbg'kb{5 . à l56f] l;Sg ;Sg] ;fyLn] l9nf] l;Sg] ;fyLnfO{ l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;xof]u

ug{'kb{5 / ;do k|bfg ug'{kb{5 .

à km/s z}nLn] l;Sg] ;fyLnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 / l56f] l;Sg ;lsg] z}nL jf tl/sf l;sfpg'kb{5 .


à km/s z}nLn] l;Sg] ;fyLx?n] w]/} k|Zgx? ug{ ;S5g\ . tL k|Zg / k|Zg ug]{ ;fyLsf] ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 . lzIfsnfO{ hlt w]/} k|Zg u¥of], cGo ;fyLx?nfO{ klg To;n] kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 .

à l;Sgsf nflu ufx|f] x'g'sf] sf/0f lzIfs jf ;fyLx?nfO{ atfpg'kb{5 -h:t} M k9fOsf] cfwf/lznf gx'g' jf sdhf]/ x'g'_, h;n] ubf{ pgLx?nfO{ cfk"mnfO{ l;sfpg] z}nL jf k|lqmof kQf nufpg ;lhnf] xf];\ .

x'g}kg]{ M ljljwtfk"0f{ ljz]iftf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M ;d'bfodf km/s km/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQmx? x'G5g\ . ljBfno xfd|f] ;d'bfo xf] . To;}n] ljBfnodf klg km/s km/s Ifdtf ePsf ;fyLx? cWoog u5{g\ . -h:t} M cfFvfdf ;d:of eO{ cfFvf gb]Vg] ;fyLx?sf] ;'Gg] / ;Demg ;Sg] Ifdtf a9L x'G5 . t/ pgLx? cIf/ b]Vg ;Sb}gg\ . xfdLn] cWoog ug]{ kf7\o k':tssf nflu cfFvf b]Vg} kg]{ afWofTds kl/l:ylt klg 5 ._ To:tf ;fyLx?sf] ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu xfdL zf/Ll/s ?kdf b'a{n gePsf ;fyLx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g ;S5 .

à cfFvfdf ;d:of eO{ b]Vg g;Sg] ;fyLx?sf] z}lIfs ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg xfdLn] ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . o;sf nflu kf7\o k':tsdf ePsf s'/fx? pgLx?n] ;'Gg] u/L k9]/ a'emfpgsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

à v'6\6fdf ;d:of ePsf ;fyLx?;Fu pgLx?n] v]Ng ;Sg] vfnsf v]nx? -h:t} M n'8f], r];, af3rfn, sf]7]kb, zAbhfn cflb_ v]Ng ;lsG5 .

à ljleGg sf/0fn] >ddf ;+nUg ePsf ;fyLx?sf] k9fO sdhf]/ x'g ;S5 . t/ pgLx?;Fu hLjg pkof]uL ;Lkx? k|z:t x'g ;S5g\ . xfdLn] oL ;Lkx?sf] cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;S5f}F .


ljBfnodf afns / aflnsf b'j}sf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / pkof]u ;dfg lsl;dn] x'g'kb{5 . ljBfnosf x/]s ultljlwx?df afns / aflnsfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 .

jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf ljBfno egf{b]lv lnP/ k|fylds tx, lgDg dfWolds tx / dfWolds tx pQL0f{sf] b/ x]g]{ xf] eg] aflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof Go"g b]lvG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ljleGg cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf ;d]t afnssf] t'ngfdf aflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] b/ Go"g /x]sf] kfOG5 . ul/aL, afn ljjfx, r]tgfsf] sdL, 3/leq / aflx/ sfd ug'{kg]{ afWotf h:tf sf/0fx?n] aflnsfx? ljBfnodf ck]lIft ?kdf ;xefuL x'g g;s]sf] tYofÍ 5 . ljBfnoleq tyf aflx/sf] jftfj/0f / Jojxf/ aflnsfd}qL gx'g'n] klg pgLx?sf] ;xeflutf sdhf]/ agfPsf] 5 . n}lËs kIfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] ljBfnodf lgDg s'/fx?sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 Mà ;a} aflnsfx?n] %) k|ltzt / blnt, hghflt, ;lxbsf 5f]/f5f]/L, ckfËtf

ePsfx?n] jt{dfg lgod sfg'gn] Joj:yf u/] cg';f/sf] 5fqj[lQ kfPsf]

à ljBfnosf z}lIfs ultljlw nufot cGo ultljlwdf afns / aflnsf b'j}sf] ;dfg ;xeflutf /x]sf]

efOalxgLx¿, ljBfnosf] n}lËs kIfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg aflnsfx?n] aflnsfx?s} nflu / afnsn] klg aflnsfx?sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

n}lËs kIf / xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L


x'g}kg]{ M ;a} aflnsfx?n] %) k|ltzt / blnt, hghflt, ;lxbsf 5f]/f5f]/L, ckfËtf ePsfx?n] jt{dfg lgod sfg'gn] Joj:yf u/] cg';f/sf] 5fqj[lQ kfPsf]

xfdLn] ug'{kg{] M à cfk"mn] kfpg] 5fqj[lQ lng]

à cfk"mn] k|fKt u/]sf] 5fqj[lQ a/fa/sf] /sd z}lIfs ultljlwdf -sfkL, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? cflbsf nflu_ vr{ ug]{

à ;xL JolQmn] 5fqj[lQ kfP gkfPsf] lglZrt ug]{

x'g}kg]{ M ljBfnosf] z}lIfs ultljlw nufot cGo ultljlwdf afns / aflnsf b'j}sf] ;dfg ;xeflutf /x]sf]

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M à ljBfnosf ;a} ultljlwx?df ;xefuL x'g]

à h'g ljifosf] lqmofsnfkdf sdhf]/ 5' h:tf] nfU5, ;f]sf] cEof; ug]{

à c?nfO{ klg ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{

à km/s Ifdtf ePsf ;fyLx?nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ / plrt cj;/ k|bfg ug]{

à afnsn] aflnsfnfO{ / aflnsfn] afnsnfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] e]befj gug]{


efOalxgLx¿, afnaflnsf, kl/jf/ / ;d'bfolagf ljBfno aGg c;Dej 5 . ljBfnonfO{ ljBfnosf] ?k lbg] sfd klg oL # kIfsf] xf] . x'g t ljBfno ;~rfngsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L ljBfno k|zf;g, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs lzIfs ;ª\3 / k|wfgfWofksdf x'G5 . t/ klg ljBfnosf] gLlt lgdf{0f, of]hgf th'{df / sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf afnaflnsf, kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo Pjd\ lg/Gt/ ;xeflutf rflxG5 .

ljBfnodf x'g] ljljw sfo{x?df afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf x'g'kb{5 . o;f] ePdf Psftk{m sfo{qmd ;dkmntfk"j{s ;DkGg x'G5 eg] csf{tk{m afnaflnsfsf] cfTdljZjf; / sfd ug]{ Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'G5 .

afnaflnsfn] ljBfnodf kl/jf/sf] / cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ ;jfndf klg xft]dfnf] ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . ljBfnodf afnaflnsf, kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf nflu lgDg s'/fx¿ ;'lglZrt ePsf] x'g'kb{5 Mà ljBfnodf afnSna u7g ePsf] / ;f] Snan] ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{qmdx?sf]

lgoldt cg'udg tyf ;dLIff ePsf]

à ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0fdf afnaflnsfåf/f k|]lift ;'emfjx?sf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog ePsf]

à afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt cfGtl/s lgod agfpFbf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf ePsf] / lgodsf] sfof{Gjogdf n]vfhf]vf ePsf]

afnaflnsf, kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf / xfd|f]

lhDd]jf/L


à ljBfno Joj:yfkgåf/f afnSnasf ;b:ox?nfO{ Ifdtf clej[l4 u/fOPsf]

à ;a}h;f] lg0f{ox?df afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf ePsf] / pgLx?sf ;'emfjnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf]

à ljBfnodf cleefjs e]nf x'g] u/]sf], cleefjs lzIfs ;ª\3 ePsf] / ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f ePsf]

efOalxgLx¿, ljBfyL{ ljBfnosf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx? x'g\ . ljBfnodf jo:sn] ug{ g;Sg] sfdx? ljBfyL{n] u/]/ b]vfPsf k|z:t} pbfx/0fx? ;'Gg kfOG5g\ . afnaflnsf clwsf/ wf/s x'gfsf ;fy} lhDd]jf/ JolQm klg x'g\ . afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf st{Jo lhDd]jf/Lsf ;fy lgjf{x gu/]sf cj:yfdf ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL / lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg k|foM c;Dej 5 . ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg afnaflnsfsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

x'g}kg]{ M ljBfnodf afnSna u7g ePsf] / ;f] Snan] ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{qmdx?sf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf ;dLIff ePsf]

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M afnSnasf] cjwf/0ff / cEof;n] afnaflnsfdf 5'§} klxrfg agfpg] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ul/lbPsf] 5 . afnSna ;xeflutfsf] cEof; ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ ynf] klg xf] . oxfF afnaflnsfn] ljleGg hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkx? l;Sg ;S5g\ . ;xdltsf] cEof;, 5nkmnsf] cEof;, lg0f{o ug]{ ;Lk, g]t[Tj ug]{ ;Lk cflb s'/fx? l;Sgsf nflu afnSna pko'Qm :yfg xf] . o;sf nflu afnaflnsfn] lgDg sfdx? ug'{kb{5 Mà afnSnadf cfkm" klg ;+ul7t x'g], c?nfO{ klg ;+ul7t x'g clek|]l/t ug]{ .

à afnSnasf kbflwsf/Lx? nufot ;a} ;b:ox?n] a}7sx?df lgoldt 9Ën] ;xefuL x'g] .

à afnSnan] cfkm"nfO{ lbOPsf] lhDd]jf/L ;lqmotfk"j{s jxg ug]{ .

à afnSnasf a}7ssf x'g] 5nkmnx?df pkl:yt ;a}n] cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg] .

à s'g} ljifodf lg0f{o ug'{kbf{ ;a} ;b:ox?n] af]ln;s]kl5 dfq cWoIfn]


cfˆgf] /fo lbg] . ;fd"lxs lg0f{o ug]{ . a}7s k'l:tsfdf pQm lg0f{ox? ptf/L ;a}sf] x:tfIf/ u/fpg] .

à lg0f{o ul/Psf] s'/f nfu" ug{ ;a}n] kxn ug]{ .

à afnSnan] ljleGg k|ltof]lutf Pj+ sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{sf nflu of]hgf agfpg] .

à k|ltof]lutf tyf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ ;+/Ifs lzIfs jf ;xhstf{sf] ;Nnfx ;'emfj lng] .

x'g}kg]{ M ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0fdf afnaflnsfåf/f k|]lift ;'emfjx?sf k"0f{ sfof{Gjog ePsf]

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ Mà afnSnadf ;xefuL x'g] / afnSnasf a}7sx?df ;lqmo ;xeflutf

hgfpg]

à afnSnasf dfWodaf6 ljleGg /rgfTds sfo{qmdx?sf] cfof]hgf ug]{ / ;a} ;fyLx?nfO{ ;dfg txdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ h'6fpg]

à afnSnan] cfof]hgf u/]sf sfo{qmdx?sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf nflu ljBfno k|zf;g, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg ug{ cfdlGqt ug]{

à kflIfs jf dfl;s ?kdf afnSnasf] a}7s a:g] / cGo ljBfyL{ ;fyLx?sf] ;xdltdf ljBfno / z}lIfs :t/sf] ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjx? lbg]

x'g}kg]{ M afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt cfGtl/s lgod agfpFbf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf ePsf] / lgodsf] sfof{Gjogdf n]vfhf]vf ePsf]

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M jf:tjdf c?n] agfOlbPsf] lgod kfngf ug{ w]/} ufx|f] x'G5 . To;}n] xf]nf,


cfˆgf nflu cfkm}F ;+ljwfg n]Vg] sfd klg ;'rf? ?kdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . ;+:sf/ /fd|f] x'G5, c;n x'G5 . o;n] xfdLnfO{ ;'dfu{df 8f]¥ofpF5, / lgodn] ;+:sf/ l;sfpF5 . o:tf] lgod, h'g xfdL cfk}mFn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf];\, h'g xfdL ;a}sf nflu lxtsf/L xf];\, h;n] xfdL ;a}nfO{ ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;xdlt / ;xsfo{sf] cEof; l;sfcf];\, To:tf] lgod xfdLnfO{ rflxG5 . To:tf] lgod Tolt a]nf ;Dej x'G5, hlt a]nf xfdL cfk}mF lgodsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'G5f}F . à sIffut ?kdf jf afnSnasf dfWodaf6 ;a}sf] 5nkmn / ;xdltdf

cfk"mn] kfngf ug]{ lgodsf] lgdf{0f ug]{

à lgodsf] lgdf{0f ul/;s]kl5 pQm lgoddf yk36 ug'{kg]{ s'/fx?sf] ;'emfj lng lzIfsx?nfO{ b]vfpg] . lzIfsn] lbPsf] ;'emfj 5nkmnsf nflu k'gM a}7sdf nfg]

à lzIfsn] lbPsf ;'emfj nfu" ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf ePdf sf/0f ;lxt lzIfsnfO{ a'emfpg]

à lgodsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k"/f eO;s]kl5 ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'gfpg] / ;xdlt lng]

à lgdf{0f ePsf lgodnfO{ ;a}n] b]Vg] / a'em\g] u/L 7"nf cIf/df Go'hlk|G6 jf cGo s'g} 7"nf] lrhdf n]Vg] / ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L 6fF:g]

à ;a} ljBfyL{n] cfk}mFn] agfPsf] lgodsf] kfngf ug]{

à afnSna, ljBfno k|zf;g, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ cfk"mn] lgdf{0f u/]sf lgodx?sf] sfof{Gjog / k|efjsf/L eP gePsf] cjnf]sg / d"NofÍg ug{ eGg]

x'g}kg]{ M ;a}h;f] lg0f{ox¿df afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf ePsf] / pgLx?sf ;'emfjnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf]

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M à ljBfnon] ug]{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] . 5nkmnsf ljifo j:t'x?

a'e\mg] k|of; ug]{ / cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg]


à ljBfno k|zf;g, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs lzIfs ;ª\3nfO{ /rgfTds Pjd\ ;[hgfTds k[i7kf]if0f lbg]

à ljBfnonfO{ lbg] ;'emfjsf nflu afnSna jf ljBfyL{x?sf tk{maf6 ul/g] ;'emfj ;Íngdf ;a} txsf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf eP gePsf] lgSof]{n ug]{

x'g}kg]{ M ljBfnodf cleefjs e]nf x'g] u/]sf], cleefjs lzIfs ;ª\3 ePsf] / ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f ePsf]

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M ljBfnon] dfGg] u/]sf] 7"nf] ;d:of cleefjsx? ljBfnodf gcfpg' xf] . jf:tjdf cleefjs ljBfno;Dd guPsf] cj:yfdf ljBfnon] cfˆgf of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb}g . o:tf] x'Fbf lg0f{o k|lqmofdf cj/f]w x'g ;S5 . ljBfnosf] kf/blz{tfdf klg zª\sf ug]{ k|z:t} :yfgx? /xg ;S5g\ . ljBfnon] klg cfˆgf cfo Joo, k|fKt pknlAwx?sf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg kfpFb}g . olb ljBfnodf lgoldt ?kdf cleefjs e]nf x'g] u/]sf 5g\ / To:tf e]nfx?df cleefjsx?sf] pkl:ylt 5 eg] ljBfnosf, ljBfyL{sf / :jod\ cleefjssf w]/} ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 .

o; k'l:tsf tof/Lsf qmddf ul/Psf] afnaflnsf;Fusf] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf sljlz/f]dl0f df=lj=sL Ps hgf ;xefuLn] cleefjs ljBfnodf ghfg] ;d:ofsf] ljifodf cfˆgf cg'ej o;/L ;'gfOg\ M

ljBfnon] Ps k6s cleefjs e]nf u/L ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . ljBfnon] xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf cleefjsnfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf pkl:yt u/fpg' eg]sf] lyof] . xfd|f] afnSnasf] a}7s klg ;f]xL lbg lyof] . xfdLn] afnSnasf] a}7sdf cleefjs e]nfdf cfˆgf cleefjs pkl:yt u/fpg] s'/fnfO{ k|d'v Ph]G8f agfof}F . cl3Nnf a}7sx?df klg xfd|f cleefjs ljBfnodf gcfPsf u'gf;fx? lzIfsx?n] u/]sf] x'gfn] xfdLn] To;f] u/]sf xf}F .


sd;]sd afnSnasf ;a} ;b:ox?n] xfd|f cleefjsnfO{ pkl:yt u/fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] . pkl:yt gePdf s] ug]{ eGg]af/] klg lg0f{o u¥of}F . ;a}n] ljBfnosf] kq cfˆgf cfˆgf cleefjsnfO{ lbof}F / e]nfsf] dxTjsf af/]df klg a'emfof}F .

cleefjs e]nfdf afnSnasf !& hgf ;b:ox?dWo] # hgfsf cleefjs dfq e]nfdf pkl:yt x'g'eof] . xfdLn] u/]sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd cleefjs e]nfsf] ef]lnkN6 afFsL xfdL !$ hgf ljBfno uPgf}F . xfdL ljBfno gcfPsf] lbg 5'6]sf] k9fOaf/] a'emfpg] lhDdf ljBfno hfg] # hgfdf lyof] .

xfdL ljBfno guPsf] b]v]kl5 xfd|f cleefjsn] ;f]sf] sf/0f ;f]Wg'eof] . xfdL ;a}sf] Pp6} hjfkm lyof] . xfd|f] ljBfnosf lzIfsx?n] lbPsf] lgdGq0ff, xfd|f] cg'/f]wnfO{ gsfb}{ tkfO{Fx? ljBfno ghfg] xf] eg] xfdL klg tkfO{Fx?n] eg]sf] s'/f dfGb}gf}F . sd;]sd ljBfnosf] ljsf;sf nflu, xfd|f] ;/f]sf/sf nflu kq lbP/ af]nfpFbf klg ghfg] xf] eg] xfdL klg ghfg] eGof}F . jfbljjfb nfd} eof] . cGTodf cleefjsx?n] cfufdL lbgdf o;/L ljBfnon] af]nfpFbf cfk"m pkl:yt x'g] k|lta4tf hgfpg'eof] .

cr]n ljBfnon] h'g;'s} sfo{qmddf lgdGq0ff k7fP klg clefefjsx? ljBfno hfg] / 5nkmndf efu lng] ug'{x'G5 .

xfdL ljBfyL{x?n] klg cleefjs e]nf, cleefjs lzIfs ;ª\3sf] u7g / ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0fh:tf ljBfnosf sfo{qmdx?df ;xof]u ug{ ;S5f}F . à cleefjs e]nfsf af/]df cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] / ;f] sfo{qmddf

clgjfo{ pkl:yltsf nflu cg'/f]w ug]{

à ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f eGg] lalQs} xfdL cfDbfgL / vr{sf] dfq s'/f a'e\m5f}F . jf:tjdf ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f cfDbfgL / vr{df dfq ;Lldt x'Fb}g . o;df ljBfnon] lgdf{0f u/]sf] jflif{s of]hgf / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog kIf,


z}lIfs k|ultsf] nIo / pknlAw cflb ;a} s'/fx? kg]{ u5{g\ . afnaflnsfn] ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf hgfO{ jflif{s of]hgf cg';f/ ePsf jf x'g g;s]sf k|ultsf af/]df k|Zg ug]{ / ;f] af/]df a'e\mg'k5{ .


efOalxgLx¿, zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s ?kdf :j:y geO{sg xfdL afnaflnsfsf] plrt ljsf; ;Dej x'Fb}g . xfd|f] :jf:Yon] xfd|f] l;sfO / ljBfnodf x'g] cGo lqmofsnfkx?df k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . ljBfnodf xfd|f nflu pko'Qm ;'/Iffsf pkfox? cjnDag ug'{ klg cfjZos 5 . ljBfnosf] jftfj/0f, sIff sf]7fx? :j:ys/ / ;'/lIft x'g', z'4 vfg] kfgLsf] Joj:yf x'g', ;kmf zf}rfno / 9nsf] Joj:yf x'g', JolQmut ;/;kmfOsf] aGbf]a:t x'g' h¿/L 5 . xfdLnfO{ ;Defljt b'3{6gfaf6 arfpg ljBfnon] ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . oL ;a} s'/fx? ljBfnon] u/]/ dfq ;Dej x'Fb}g . xfdL ;a} afnaflnsfn] cf–cfˆgf :yfgaf6 cfk"mn] ;Sg] sfd ug{ / xfdLn] ug'{ gx'g] hf]lvdk"0f{ sfd gug{ klg ;Sg'k5{ . gLltut ?kdf afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?kn] lgDg Go"gtd dfkb08x? tof/ u/]sf] 5 M

x'g}kg]{ Mà jif{sf] @ k6s ljBfnosf ;a} afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/]sf] / x]/s

afnaflnsfsf] JolQmut :jf:Yo ljj/0f b'¿:t /flvPsf]à k|fylds pkrf/ afs; pknAw ePsf], k|fylds pkrf/ s;/L ul/G5 eGg]

ljifodf ;a} lzIfs Pjd\ 7"nf afnaflnsfnfO{ tflnd lbPsf], jif{sf] ! k6s cfFvf, d'v / sfgsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ u/]sf] / l;sfOdf ljz]if ;d:of ePsf afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;+j]ufTds cj:yf k/LIf0f ug]{ ul/Psf]

:jf:Yo, ;'/Iff, arfj6 / xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L


à lgoldt ?kdf h'sfsf] cf}ifwL ljt/0f ePsf]à ljBfnodf k|To]s jif{ vf]k sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] / afnaflnsfn] vf]k

lnPsf] glnPsf] /]s8{ /fv]sf] / :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] afs;sf] Joj:yf ePsf]

à w"d|kfg, dBkfg, nfu" kbfy{ lgif]wsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf eP gePsf] d"NofÍg ePsf]

à ljBfno lbglbg} ;kmf ug]{ sfddf afnaflnsf nufot ;a}nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf ;+nUg u/fOPsf]

à afnaflnsfsf] JolQmut ;/;kmfOsf] lgoldt hfFr u/L JolQmut ;/;kmfO cjnDag ug{ l;sfOPsf] / cfjZostf cg';f/ cleefjsnfO{ klg ;Dks{ ul/Psf]

à ljBfnodf zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo lbg gkfOg] / afnaflnsfsf] k[i7e"ld / Ifdtfsf cfwf/df s;}nfO{ dfgl;s si6, b'Jo{jxf/, 3[0ff ug{ gkfOg] gLlt lgod agfO nfu" ul/Psf] / ;f]sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ul/Psf]

à ljBfnoleq / ;d'bfodf ;d]t x'g] zf/Ll/s ;hfo, x]kfO, of}g zf]if0f Pjd\ b'Jo{jxf/sf] cGTosf nflu ljBfnodf :ki6 of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx? ePsf

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ Mà :jf:Yodf c;/ kg]{ vfnsf s'g} klg k|sf/sf vfg] s'/f gvfg]Ù ;8]un]sf,

af;L, kmf]xf]/ vfg] s'/fn] xfd|f] :jf:YonfO{ c;/ kf5{g\ eGg] s'/f a'e\mg]à bfndf]7, la:s'6, rfprfp, lrK;, rfpldg, rsn]6, lrhanh:tf klxNo}

ag]/ kfs]6df /fvL vfg tof/ ul/Psf vfg]s'/fx? hª\s k'm8 x'g\ . o:tf vfg] s'/fn] xfd|f] :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ x'gfn] oL vfg] s'/f gvfg], a? lbpF;f] vfhf vfgsf nflu 3/af6 e'6]sf ds}, ;ft', af/Ldf kmn]sf kmnk"mnx? cflbsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

à JolQmut ;/;kmfOdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ . g'xfpg], gª\ sf6\g], n'uf w'g], xft w'g]h:tf lqmofsnfk b}lgs ug'{kb{5 .

à ljBfnodf ePsf] k|fylds pkrf/ afs;sf] k|of]u ug]{, k|of]u ug{ ghfg]df lzIfs jf ljBfnos} 7"nf lbbL bfh'x?;Fu ;xof]u lng]

à ljBfnodf ePsf] k|fylds pkrf/ afs;sf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f ug'{ xfd|f]


bfloTj xf] . afs;sf] ;fdu|L ;lsPsf jf ToxfF ePsf ;fdu|Lsf ldlt ;dfKt ePsf] k]mnf k/]df ;DalGwt lzIfsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg]

à s'g} ;fyLx?nfO{ rf]6k6s nfu]df k|fylds pkrf/ afs;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Nnfx lbg] / ;xof]u ug]{

à ljBfno jf ;d'bfon] cfof]hgf u/]sf vf]k sfo{qmdx?df ;xefuL x'g] / c?nfO{ klg ;xefuL x'g k|f]T;flxt ug]{

à ljBfnodf w"d|kfg, dBkfg lgif]w ;DaGwL cfrf/;+lxtfsf] lgdf{0f ug{ lzIfsx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ / ;f] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf ug]{

à r'/f]6, v}gL, u'6\vf h:tf xflgsf/s j:t'x?sf] k|of]u gug]{ à ljBfnosf] ;/;kmfO sfo{df ;xefuL x'g] à ljBfnonfO{ b'u{lGwt kfg]{ sfuhsf 6'qmf, vfg] s'/fsf vf]nx?h:tf j:t'

htftt} gkmfNg], To:tf j:t'x? ljBfnon] /fv]sf] 8:6lagdf kmfNg] . s'g} sf/0fjz ljBfnon] 8:6lagsf] Joj:yf ug{ g;s]sf cj:yfdf xfdL cfk}mFn] klg To;sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;S5f}F .

à xfdL lzIfsx?n] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] b08 Pjd\ ;hfo glbpmg\ eGg] rfxG5f}F eg] xfdLn] klg xfd|f ;fyLx?nfO{ x]nf, b'Jo{jxf/, 3[0ff, e]befjh:tf g/fd|f Jojxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g . o:tf lqmofsnfk dfgl;s ¿kdf, zf/Ll/s ¿kdf / ;fdflhs ¿kdf xflgsf/s x'G5g\ .

à s;}nfO{ klg s'g} klg k|sf/sf b'Jo{jxf/, of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ gug]{ / To:tf Jojxf/sf] lj/f]w ug]{

à ;fgf, sdhf]/, zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ?kdf czQm ePsf ;fyLx?nfO{ x]Kg], lh:sfpg] h:tf lqmofsnfk gug]{ / To:tf lqmofsnfksf] lj/f]w ug]{

à ljBfnodf ag]sf zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo, of}g b'Jo{jxf/, 3[0ff, x]kfO, pk]Iff, ckx]ngf;DaGwL cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf ug]{ / ;f]sf] d"NofÍg ug]{ . o;/L ag]sf] cfrf/;+lxtf ck"/f] eO{ kfngf ug'{kg]{ s'/fx? yk ug'{kg]{ l:ylt cfPdf ljBfyL{ ;fyLx? / lzIfsx?;Fu ;/;Nnfx u/L yk ug{ kxn ug]{

à ljBfnodf ePsf ;+/rgfx?sf] ;'/Iff ug]{Ù e\mofn, lu|n, kvf{nh:tf hf]lvdk"0f{ :yfgx?df r9\g] jf v]n v]Ng] sfd gug]{


afnd}qL ljBfno lgdf{0f / ljBfnodf afnd}qL jftfj/0fsf] :yfkgfsf nflu ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;+/rgfn] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg cf]u6\g ;S5 . o;sf] cy{ k'/fgf] ;+/rgf eTsfP/ gofF agfpg' k5{ eGg] rflxF kSs} xf]Og . ePsf ;+/rgfnfO{ s;/L afnd}qL agfpg] / xfdL afnaflnsfn] To;sf] ;b'kof]u s;/L ug]{ eGg] k|Zg k|d'v xf] . /fd|f] ef}lts cj:yfn] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|fKt ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] x'Fbf ljBfnosf] ef}lts Joj:yfkgsf] kIfdf ljz]if Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .

x'g}kg]{ Mà ljBfno xftf, ljBfno ejg, sIffsf]7f, k|of]uzfnf, k':tsfno, kmlg{r/,

8]:s a]Gr ePsfà afns / aflnsfsf nflu 5§f5'§} zf}rfno ePsf]à kfgLsf] Joj:yf ePsf] à /ª\u/f]ug u/]sf]à au}Frf ePsf] à v]n d}bfgsf] Joj:yf ePsf]à leq / aflx/ v]lng] v]nsf ;fdu|Lx? ePsfà la/fdL ePsf] cj:yfdf tTsfn cf/fd ug{ 5'6\6} sf]7fsf] Joj:yf ePsf]

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M

ljBfnosf] ef}lts cj:yf / xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L


à xfdLn] k|of]u ug]{ sIff sf]7f, k|of]uzfnf, k':tsfnosf] ;'/Iff xfd|f] klg lhDd]jf/L xf] . tL :yfgx?sf] ;/;kmfO, k|of]u / ;'/Iffsf nflu cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{

à afnsn] aflnsfsf] / aflnsfn] afnssf] zf}rfno k|of]u gug]{, zf}rfno k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 kof{Kt kfgL xfNg], zf}rfnodf kfgL cefj ePdf ljBfno k|zf;g;Fu ;Dks{ ug]{

à kfgLsf] clwstd k|of]u ug]{, ;kmf kfgL lkpg] / kfgLnfO{ v]/ hfg glbg]à ljBfnosf leQfx?df gsf]g]{, kmf]xf]/ gug]{ à ljBfno kl/;/df k"mn au}Frf lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug]{, To;sf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f

ug]{à v]ns'b ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|of]u / ;'/Iffdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 . v]n v]Nbf

7Ls ;dodf dfq v]Ng] / ;fdu|Lsf] ;xL Joj:yfkg ug]{

lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof / xfd|f] lhDd]jf/LefOalxgLx¿, ;/;tL{ x]bf{ lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf lzIfssf] e"ldsf b]lvG5 . t/, xfdL afnaflnsf klg o;df a/fa/ lx:;]bf/ 5f}F . ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfpg] jf l;Sg] jftfj/0fsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof elgG5 . t/, xfdL afnaflnsfn] l;sfpg ;Sg] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf lzIfsx?n] l;sfpg ;Sb}gg\ .

xfdL afnaflnsfsf] cGtlg{lxt Ifdtfsf] k|ik'm6g ug{ u/fpg sIff sf]7fdf dfq lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ ;Lldt /fVg x'Fb}g . ;d'bfo, jftfj/0faf6 klg w]/} s'/fx? l;sfpg ;lsg] ePsf] x'Fbf afnaflnsfnfO{ uLt, gfr, vf]hk"0f{ sfo{, syf, v]nh:tf dgf]/~hgfTds lqmofsnfkdf klg ;+nUg u/fpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . xfdL afnaflnsfn] klg To:tf lqmofsnfkx?df lgw{Ss;Fu efu lng / ;xefuL x'g tof/ /xg'kb{5 .

x'g}kg]{ Mà z}lIfs ;qsf] ;'¿d} ;a} ljifosf kf7\o k':ts nufot :yfgLo tj/df

ag]sf cGo kf7\o ;fdu|Lx? ;a} ljBfyL{n] kfPsf]


à d"No gkg]{ / sd d"No kg]{ lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{ lgld{t jf ;ª\slnt ;fdu|Lx? x/]s sIffdf Joj:yf tyf k|of]u ePsf]

à sIff sf]7fdf kf7\oqmd;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lx? k|bz{g ul/Psf]à lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;d'bfosf] /]vb]v / ;xof]u x'g] u/]sf]à ljBfyL{sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf nflu xKtfsf] Ps k6s cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk

x'g] u/]sf] xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ Mà lgoldt ljBfno hfg], ljBfnoaf6 gefUg] / lstfa, sfkL, snd, emf]nf,

ljBfno kf];fssf] ;'/Iff ug]{ à z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f, k|of]u tyf ;+/If0fdf lzIfsx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ à ljBfnosf] k9fO, lzIfsx?sf] Jojxf/, ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkgsf] ;xof]u,

k[i7kf]if0fsf nflu ;s];Dd kflIfs jf dfl;s ?kdf ljBfnosf] e|d0f ug{ / lzIfsx?;Fu cGtlqm{of ug{ cleefjsx?nfO{ eGg]

à ljBfnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkx?df ;xefuL x'g] / c?nfO{ klg cj;/ k|bfg ug]{


efOalxgLx?, l;sfOsf] k|lqmofnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] efiff s]jn ;~rf/sf] dfWod xf] . o:tf] ;~rf/ xfdLn] a'e\mg], hfGg] / k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] ePdf l;sfO k|lqmof k|efjsf/L x'G5 . xfd|f] ;d'bfo ljljwtfdf Pstf ePsf] ;d'bfo xf] . jf:tjdf xfd|f] ;d'bfosf] ;'Gb/tf klg oxL xf] . ;+:s[lt / l;sfO k|lqmof p:t}p:t} nfu]tf klg o;df 7"nf] leGgtf 5 . æd]/f] dft[efiffsf] k|ult / pGgltsf nflu dnfO{ d]/f] kl/jf/n] af]Ng] efiffdf k9fpg'k5{Æ eGbf klg æd}n] a'e\mg] efiffdf d}n] a'e\mg] u/L k9\g kfpg'k5{Æ eGg' pko'Qm x'G5, lsgeg] l;sfO k|lqmofdf efiff ;~rf/sf] dfWod dfq xf] .

;a} :yfgdf Pp6} efiffsf] k|of]u x'G5 eGg] klg xf]Og . Ps} efiff af]Ng] ;d"xsf afnaflnsfsf] nflu ;f]xL efiffsf kf7\o k':ts, ;f]xL efiff af]Ng / a'emfpg ;Sg] lzIfssf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .

km/s km/s efiff af]Ng] / a'e\mg] ;xefuL Ps} :yfgdf x'g ;S5g\ . o:tf] ;dodf lzIfsx?n] cfˆgf :yfgaf6 k|oTg u/]s} x'G5g\ eg] xfdL afnaflnsfn] klg To:tf ;fyLx?nfO{ lzIfsn] a'emfpg vf]h]sf s'/fx? a'emfpg ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .

dft[efiffdf lzIf0f l;sfO / xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L


ljBfnodf / ljBfno ePsf ;d'bfodf leGgleGg ;|f]tx? x'G5g\ . ljBfno / ;d'bfodf ePsf ef}lts, dfgjLo, cfly{s tyf ;fd'bflos ;|f]t ;fwgnfO{ ljBfyL{x?sf] l;sfO;Fu ldnfpg' g} ljBfno Joj:yfkg xf] . xfdL afnaflnsfn] tL ;|f]t / ;fwgx?sf] clwstd k|of]u ub}{ l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg'k5{ . o;n] ljBfno ljsf;sf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r, j:t'ut of]hgf, ;xeflutfTds sfof{Gjog, k|efjsf/L cg'udg k|0ffnL, ljBfno ;'zf;gsf k|lqmofsf s'/fx? xfdLnfO{ l;sfO/x]sf] x'G5 .

ljBfno Joj:yfkgsf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?kn] lgDg s'/fnfO{ Go"gtd Pjd\ ck]lIft dfkb08sf ?kdf /fv]sf] 5 Mx'g}kg]{ Mà ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] a}7saf6 x'g] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;b:ox?sf]

;lqmo ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ePsf]à ;ldltsf] u7gkl5 o;sf sfo{ / lg0f{ox? ljjfb/lxt ePsfà a}7ssf] b'O{ lbg cufj} Ph]G8f cWoogsf nflu ;b:ox? ;dIf k7fOg]

u/]sf]à ljBfyL{x?sf] afnd}qL jftfj/0fdf l;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ljifonfO{

s]Gb| dfgL Ph]G8f k|:t't, 5nkmn / lg0f{o x'g] u/]sf]à k"0f{ ;xeflutfTds ?kdf lzIfs, ljBfYfL{, tyf cleefjsx?sf] cfrf/;+lxtf

lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog u/]sf] / o;sf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg u/]sf]

ljBfno Joj:yfkg / xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L


xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ Mà ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g cfˆgf

cleefjsx?nfO{ eGg] à afnSna jf cGo ;fyLx¿aLr 5nkmn u/L ljBfyL{sf] cfjZostf jf

ljBfno ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ s'/fx? k[i7kf]if0fsf ?kdf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf lbg]

à ljBfnosf] l;sfO k|lqmof / cfjZostfx?sf af/]df ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg]

à ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf ljBfnon] lgdf{0f u/]sf cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf ug]{


ljBfnodf afnSna / afnSnadf k|hftflGqs cEof;efOalxgLx?, ljBfno afnaflnsfsf nflu lzIff xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;xefuL x'g] :yfg xf] . oxfF xfdL ljleGg lzIffj4{s s'/fx¿ l;S5f}F eg] afnSna ljleGg cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ug]{ Pjd\ hLjg pkof]uL ;Lk / Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ ynf] xf] . afnSnan] xfdL afnaflnsfnfO{ g]t[Tj ug]{, lg0f{o ug]{ nufot k|hftflGqs cEof; ug]{ ;Lk k|bfg ub{5 .

k|hftGq eGg] zAb cª\u|]hL zAb 8]df]qm];L -Democracy_sf] g]kfnL ¿kfGt/0f xf] . 8]df]qm];L zAb eg] lUf|s efiffaf6 lnOPsf] xf] / o;sf] cy{ ;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts zlQm -Power) hgtfdf /x]sf] zf;g k|0ffnL -Rule of the people_ xf] . xfd|f] afnSnasf] ;Gbe{df k|hftGqnfO{ hf]8]/ eGg] xf] eg], afnSnasf ;+of]hs nufotsf kbflwsf/Lx? :fDk"0f{ ljBfYfL{x?sf] e]nfaf6 5gf}6 ug]{, pQm ;ldltn] ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfsf] efjgf cg'?k sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ / ;a}sf] ;xeflutfdf sfo{qmd ;DkGg ug]{ eGg] a'lemG5 .

Kof/f efOalxgLx?, xfd|f afnSnan] k|hftflGqs cEof; cjnDag ubf{ tnsf s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 M

à xfd|f] afnSna u7g k|lqmofdf ;a}sf] ;xeflutf tyf ;dfj]lztf ;lxt u7g ul/of] ls ul/Pg

à xfd|f] afnSnasf] of]hgf lgdf{0fdf ;a}sf] efjgf ;d]l6g ;lsof] ls ;lsPg jf ;fwf/0f ;b:oaf6 cg'df]bg eof] ls ePg

ljBfnodf afnSna / afnSnadf k|hftflGqs cEof;


à a}7s ;~rfng k4lt s:tf] 5 < ;a}n] cfˆgf s'/f /fVg], 5nkmn ug]{ / lg0f{o ug]{ ul/G5 ls ul/Gg

à afnSnan] ;~rfnGf ug]{ ultljlwdf ;a}sf] ;dfg ;xeflutf 5÷5}g jf s'g} sfd ;DkGg ug{ lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8sf] k4lt s:tf] 5

à afnSnasf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;a} sIff÷tx, If]q jf ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj 5 ls 5}g

à cfˆgf clwsf/ jf ljrf/sf af/]df s'/f ubf{ c?sf] clwsf/sf] a]jf:tf ug]{ u/]sf jf cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/Laf6 efUg]÷klG5g] u/]sf 5f}F ls

olb xfdLn] dflysf s'/f ljrf/ u/]/ sfd ug{ ;Sof}F eg] dfq afnSnan] k|hftflGqs cEof;sf] k|lqmof cjnDag u/]sf] 5 egL a'‰g ;lsG5 .

k|hftflGqs cEof;df cfˆgf] clwsf/;Fu} lhDd]jf/L / st{JonfO{ klg a'em\g' h?/L 5 . xfdLn] xfd|f ultljlw, Jojxf/, cfr/0fh:tf s'/fdf o; s'/fnfO{ klxnf] ;t{sf ¿kdf /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . olb o;f] u/]df xfd|f] afnSnanfO{ ;a}n] cjZo dfof / ;xof]u k|bfg ug'{x'g]5 / afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;df o;n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 .

afnSna s] xf] <afnaflnsfsf] ;xefuL x'g kfpg] tyf JolQmTj ljsf; ug]{ clwsf/sf] Jofjxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;ª\ul7t u/L agfOPsf] ;d"x afnSna xf] .

ljBfnodf afnSna lsg <ljBfnodf xfdL afnaflnsfn] w]/} s'/fx? l;ls/x]sf x'G5f}F . afnd}qL ljBfnodf lzIfsx?n] xfdLnfO{ kf7\o k':tsdf ePsf ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ /dfOnf] / dgf]/~hgfTds z}nLn] ;a}n] a'e\mg] u/L l;sfpg' x'G5 . t/, xfd|f] bL3{ hLjgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ Tolt dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . To;}n] afnSnasf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljBfnodf klg k|of]u ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 / afnSnasf] dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfn] w]/} /rgfTds Pjd\ ;[hgfTds lqmofsnfk ug]{ cfˆgf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{


u/]sf] kfOG5 . lgDg p2]Zosf nflu ljBfnodf afnSnasf] cfjZostf 5 Mà af]Ng], n]Vg] ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{à g]t[Tj ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{à hftLo, n}lËs e]befj x6fpgà d]nldnfksf] efjgf ljsf; ug{à afnaflnsfk|lt ul/g] cdfgjLo Jojxf/sf] /rgfTds z}nLdf lj/f]w ug{à Ps cfk;df ;xof]usf] efjgf j[l4 ug{à /rgfTds Pjd\ ;[h{gfTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{

afnSnadf k|hftflGqs cEof; s] xf] <afnSna g]t[Tj ljsf;, ;fdflhsLs/0f, lg0f{o lgdf{0fh:tf ;Lkx?sf] cEof; ug]{ :yfg xf] . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ d2t ub{5 . xfdL k|hftGq eGg] lalQs} :jtGqtf;Fu hf]8]/ a'e\mg] ub{5f}F . jf:tjdf k|hftGq eg]sf] lhDd]jf/L klg xf] . k|hftGqdf :jtGqtf eGg] lalQs} ;fdflhs ;|f]t;Ddsf] kx'Fr, To;sf] 5gf}6 / pkef]unfO{ a'e\mg'kb{5 .

afnSnadf ;a} If]q, hflt, txsf afnaflnsf ;b:o x'g] u/]sf] cEof; kfOG5 / 5 . ljljwtfn] el/Psf] o:tf] ;d"xdf km/s Ifdtf ePsf afnaflnsf x''g' klg :jfefljs xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf afnSnasf s'g} klg ;b:o s'g} klg cfwf/df lje]bsf] l;sf/ x'g' x'Fb}g eg] s'g} klg ;b:on] csf]{ ;b:oeGbf ljz]if x}l;ot / :yfgsf] bfaL ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;a} afnaflnsf ;dfg 5g\ / ;dfg x}l;tdf /x]/ cfˆgf] ljrf/ k|s6 ug{ kfpF5g\ . To;}n] afnSnadf k|hftflGqs cEof;nfO{ ;+:yfut ug'{kb{5 .

afnSnadf k|hftflGqs cEof; s;/L ug]{ <à ;a} hft, ju{ / txsf ;fyLx?nfO{ afnSnasf] ;b:o agfpg]à s;}nfO{ klg s'g} klg cfwf/df s'g} klg k|sf/sf e]befj gug]{à ;a} ;b:onfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf ;|f]t;Ddsf] kx'FrnfO{ v'Nnf ug]{à ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf ;a}df x'g] x'gfn] ;a}sf ljrf/nfO{ ;Ddfg

ug]{ / To:tf] ljrf/sf] plrt sb/ tyf ;'g'jfO{ ug]{


à 5nkmnsf cfwf/df lg0f{o ug]{ / To:tf lg0f{ox?df ;a}sf] ;xdlt h'6fpg]à ;a}nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug]{à afnSnadf ;DkGg u/]sf sfdsf af/]df ;a};Fu 5nkmn ug]{ / To;sf

pknlAw tyf sdhf]/ kIfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L cfufdL of]hgfdf ;'wf/ ug]{à 5nkmnn] u/]sf lg0f{osf cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{Ù o;/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg

ug'{ cufl8 jo:s;Fu 5nkmn tyf ;Nnfx ug]{

afnSna ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ /fhgLlts cEof; ug]{ :yfg xf] -/fhgLlts cEof; eGgfn] ;fª\u7lgs cEof;nfO{ a'e\mg'kb{5_ . afnaflnsfn] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / /fhgLlts k|lqmof cEof; ul//xFbf s'g} klg ;fdflhs aGb]hx¿n] afwf ug'{ x'Fb}g . o;sf nflu afnaflnsfn] klg ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

x'g}kg]{ Mà ljBfnodf u7g ePsf afnSnadf ;a} afnaflnsf ;dfg ?kdf ;xefuL

x'g kfpg'k5{ / ;f]xL cg';f/ g]t[Tj ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ kfpg'kb{5 . à afnSnasf ;b:ox?n] g]t[Tj ;Lksf] ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ ;dfg ?kdf

kfpg'k5{ / of] k|lqmofdf jo:s jf ;+/Ifssf] x:tIf]k x'g' x'Fb}g .à afnSnan] ug]{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf k|hftflGqs cEof; ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . o:tf]

k|lqmofdf ;a}sf] ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 . lg0f{o k|lqmof k"/f ePkl5 ;'emfjsf nflu jois jf ;+/Ifs;Fu 5nkmn ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .

à afnSnan] ug]{ sfo{qmd jf afnSna ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ sfo{qmddf ;a} ;b:osf] ;dfg cj;/sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 .

efOalxgLx?, ljBfnodf :yfkgf ePsf afnSna ;~rfngsf qmddf slxn]sflxF g]t[Tj k|bfg ug]{ cEof;df / lg0f{osf] k|lqmofdf jo:sn] ug]{ x:tIf]k afx]s cGo ;a} k|lqmofdf afnaflnsf lhDd]jf/ x'g] u5{g\ . To;}n] afnSnanfO{ k|hftflGqs, ;dtfd"ns agfpg] s'/fdf afnaflnsf g} k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnf x'g\ . afnSnasf] dfWodaf6 xfdL s:tf] aGg] / xfd|f] afnSnanfO{ s:tf] agfpg] eGg] s'/f lgb]{lzt ug]{ lhDd]jf/ JolQm g} xfdL afnaflnsf g} xf}F .


afnSnadf x'g}kg]{ MljBfnodf u7g ePsf afnSnadf ;a} afnaflnsf ;dfg ?kdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg'k5{ / ;f]xL cg';f/ g]t[Tj ;Lksf] ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ kfpg'kb{5 .

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ Mà afnSna u7g ug'{k"j{ afnSnasf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] k|lqmofdf

;xefuL x'g] / pQm k|lqmofdf ;xof]u ug]{à afnSnasf] k'gu{7g ug'{k"j{ afnSnadf ;xefuL x'g cGo ;fyLx?nfO{

k|f]T;fxg ug]{à afnSnasf] g]t[Tj ug]{ sfo{df OR5f hfx]/ ug]{ / ;f] cg';f/sf] Ifdtfsf]

ljsf; ub}{ hfg] à afnSna eg]sf] ;a} ;b:ox?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ ynf] ePsf] x'Fbf afn

Snasf] k'gu{7g ubf{ g]t[Tj x:tfGt/0f ug]{ à s'g} klg ;b:on] cWoIf, ;lrjh:tf dxTjk"0f{ kbx? cf]u6]/ a:g' x'Fb}g .

Ps sfo{sfn k"/f u/]kl5 ;f] kb cGo ;b:ox?nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ub}{ hfg] à cfk"m !* jif{ k'u]kl5 afnSnaaf6 lg:sg tof/ /xg]à ljBfnosf] xsdf ljBfnodf ePsf] clGtd sIff kf; u/] kZrft\ ;f]

afnSnasf] ;b:otf :jtM /2 x'g] s'/fdf lglZrt x'g] / cfk"mn] ;Dxfn]sf] kb x:tfGt/0f ug]{

x'g}kg]{ Mà afnSnan] ug]{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf k|hftflGqs cEof; ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . o:tf]

k|lqmofdf ;a}sf] ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 . lg0f{o k|lqmof k"/f ePkl5 ;'emfjsf nflu jo:s jf ;+/Ifs;Fu 5nkmn ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ Mà afnSna k|hftflGqs cEof; ug]{ :yfg ePsf] x'gfn] afnSnan] ug]{ ;a}

lg0f{ox¿ ;fd"lxs 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df ug'{kb{5 .à afnSnan] 5nkmn ug]{ ljifo j:t'sf af/]df ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ hfgsf/L

u/fpg'kb{5 .


à ;a}sf ljrf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf :yfg lbg'kb{5 . à lg0f{o k|lqmof k"/f ePkl5 jo:s jf ;+/Ifs;Fu ;f] lg0f{osf af/]df ;'emfj

lng'kb{5 / pQm ;'emfj a}7sdf k|:t't ug'{kb{5 .

x'g}kg]{ Mà afnSnan] ug]{ sfo{qmd jf afnSna ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ sfo{qmddf ;a}

;b:osf] ;dfg cj;/sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 .

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ Mà afnSnan] g]t[Tj ug]{ ;Lk k|bfg ug]{ x'Fbf afnSnan] ug]{ sfo{qmdsf]

g]t[Tjsf] lhDdf ;b:ox?nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf k|bfg ug'{kb{5 . à afnSna ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ sfo{qmd, ;ef, tflnd, uf]i7Lh:tf sfo{qmdx?df

cWoIf / ;lrjn] dfq ;xefuL hgfpg] unt cEof; ljBdfg 5 . afnSnasf ;a} ;b:ox? ;dfg x}l;ot /fVg] x'gfn] o:tf sfo{qmdx?df ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ ;a}n] kfpg'k5{ . To;}n] o;sf nflu kfn}kfnf] ;xefuL x'g] lgod agfpg ;lsG5 .

o;sf cltl/Qm afnSnan] cfˆgf ;b:ox?sf nflu ;a}sf] ;xeflutfdf cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug'{kb{5 . afnSnan] lgdf{0f u/]sf] cfrf/;+lxtfdf lgDg a'Fbfx?nfO{ clgjfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 Mà afnSnasf s'g} klg ;b:on] s;}nfO{ klg s'g} klg k|sf/sf e]befj, x]nf

tyf b'Jo{jxf/ gug]{à ljBfnosf] ljsf; / ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg] k|lqmofdf ;b}j tTk/ /xg]

/ lzIfsx?;Fu xft]dfnf] ub}{ hfg]à afnaflnsf;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifoj:t'nfO{ /rgfTds z}nLdf k|:t't

ug]{ à s'g} klg ;b:on] ;'tL{hGo kbfy{x? -r'/f]6, v}gL, u'6\vf cflb_ ;]jg gug]{ à s'g} klg cj:yfdf of}ghGo lqmofsnfksf] lj/f]w ug]{ / kLl8tsf] kIfdf

jsfnt ug]{à s'g} klg cj:yfdf ljBfnosf] k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] / sdhf]/ ;fyLnfO{

l;Sgsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ .


gfd sIff 7]ufgf

kjg d}gfnL & emfkf

/Ghgf sf]O/fnf ( emfkf

w/0fL ld> * emfkf

sfdgf clwsf/L ^ emfkf

lgzf s'OFs]n ^ emfkf

;lng vqL ( emfkf

;'hg bfxfn ( emfkf

dfl0fs cfrfo{ ( emfkf

/lj ;~h]n ^ emfkf

sdn uxt/fh ( emfkf

clgn e'h]n ( emfkf

;'bz{g ld> ( emfkf

ddtf Gof}kfg] & emfkf

zlQm tfdfª ( emfkf

t'n;f nf]s'r & emfkf

;'lgtf lji6 * emfkf

xft] k'l:tsf tof/Lsf nflu cfof]hgf ul/Psf] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf ;xefuL afnaflnsf

;lngf ;'Aaf * emfkf

l;h{gf kl/of/ * emfkf

;'lhtf ;'j]bL ^ emfkf

Plngf ;~h]n & emfkf

bLkf bfxfn & emfkf

b]j/fh Gof}kfg] ^ emfkf

s[ltsf yfkf ^ nlntk'/

>Ls[i0f dfgGw/ ^ nlntk'/

;fu/ k'g du/ ( nlntk'/

;ª\uLt v8\uL & nlntk'/

;'hg sf]O/fnf * nlntk'/

;'lgtf u'?ª\ ( nlntk'/

;'lgtf dfemL ( nlntk'/

;kg l;njfn ( nlntk'/

;/f]h a:g]t ( nlntk'/

cho rf}w/L ( nlntk'/

>Ls[i0f yfkf !! eQmk'/


à u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?k, @)^&, g]kfn ;/sf/

à ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3, afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw, !(*(à ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt xft] k'l:tsf, g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff tyf v]ns'b

dGqfno, lzIff ljefuà afnaflnsf;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt, @)^(, g]kfn ;/sf/, dlxnf, afnaflnsf

tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnoà afn ;xeflutf lgb]{lzsf, g]kfn ;/sf/, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh

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Child rights in School

Education

Transcript of Child rights in School