Child Psychology Module 12
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Transcript of Child Psychology Module 12
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The Self and Moral Development
Module 12
Foundations: Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development 12.1
• Born in Frankfort Germany• 1902- 1994, died at 91 in U.S.• Influences: Sigmund Freud & Anna Freud
• Freud psychosexual• Erikson psychosocial
• Growth model
• Coined term Lifespan Development• Personality Development
Foundations: Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Foundations: Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
•Erikson • Change occurs throughout life
•Psychosocial theory (Eric Erikson)• 8 stages• Each stage• Unique crisis to resolve• Developmental task
Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development in Infancy and Early Childhood https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0sxaU34MPE
Psychoanalytic Perspective Erikson
• Learn from Erikson’s stages:• Nurture infants to:
• Develop trust• Encourage & monitor autonomy
• Encourage initiative• Freedom to explore their world
• Promote industry in elementary years• Nurture motivation for mastery & curiosity
• Stimulate adolescent identity exploration• Self-exploration
Caring for Children
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages 1. Trust Versus Mistrust (Hope)
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
•1. Trust Versus Mistrust (Hope)• Infancy - 1 • Does child believe caregivers are reliable? • Successful
• Develops trust & security & a basic optimism.• Badly handled
• Becomes insecure & mistrustful of the world
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages• 2. Autonomy Versus Shame & Doubt (Will)• Infancy: 1 – 3• Early part of crisis
• Stormy self – will • Tantrums• Stubbornness• Negativism
• "well - parented" child• Confident• Happy with new found control• Proud
• 3. Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose)• 3 – 5 yrs.• Child learns to: • Imagine
• Broaden skills through active play, fantasy• Cooperate• Lead & follow
• Immobilized by guilt: • Fearful • Hangs on fringes of groups • Too dependent on adults• Restricted in development of play skills & imagination.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
•4. Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence)•6- puberty• Learns to master more formal skills of life: • (1) Relating with peers according to rules
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
4. Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence) Cont.
• (2) Progressing from free play - structured play• Rules & teamwork
• (3) Mastering social studies, reading, arithmetic.
Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence) Cont.• Completion of this stage results in:• Trusting• Autonomous • Full of initiative• Easily learn to be industrious
• Or
• Mistrusting child • Doubt future• Shame & guilt, experiences defeat &
inferiority.
•5. Identity Versus Identity Confusion (Fidelity)• 10 – 20 yrs.• "Who am I?“• Learns answer satisfactorily & happily • Role identity confusion
• Most experiment with minor delinquency• Rebellion • Self - doubts
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
•5. Identity Versus Identity Confusion (Fidelity) cont.•Successful early adolescence•Mature time perspective developed• Self-certainty • Experiments with different usually constructive roles •Anticipates achievement & achieves
• 5. Identity Versus Identity Confusion (Fidelity) cont.• Later adolescence
• Clear sexual identity • Seeks leadership (someone to inspire him)• Develops a set of ideals socially congruent &
desirable• Can experiment
• Try various roles, & find one most suitable
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
•6. Intimacy Vs Isolation (Love)•20’s, 30’s•Successful young adult• 1st time, can experience true intimacy• Makes possible good marriage or a
genuine & enduring friendship.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
•7. Generativity Vs Stagnation (Care)•40’s, 50’s•"Generativity" • Term coined by Erikson• Meant “generate” something• Creativity between generations. • Can be expressed in many ways
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages •7. Generativity Vs Stagnation (Care) Cont.•Try to "make a difference" with your life, to "give back”• From raising a child to stopping a tradition
of abuse• From writing a family history to starting a
new organization.
•8. Integrity Versus Despair (Wisdom)•60’s onward• If other 7 psychosocial crisis have been successfully resolved:• Develops peak of adjustment; integrity. • Trusts• Independent• Works hard• Well defined role in life• Happy with self-concept
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
• 8. Integrity Versus Despair (Wisdom) cont.• 60’s onward
Intimate without strain, guilt, regret, or lack of realism• Proud of what you create
• Children• Work• Hobbies
• 1 or more earlier psychosocial crises unresolved• May view self & his life with disgust & despair.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Development of the Self12.3
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Development of the Self•Self-understanding
• Remember the rouge test?• What did it show?
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem12.4
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Self-Concept & Self-Esteem• Self-Esteem • Evaluation of self-concept • Traits & emotions included by age 4 – 5
• Usually unrealistic, positive• I am the best swimmer.• I am happy all the time.
• Self-concept in adolescents?
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Building Self-Esteem in Children
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Racial & Ethnicity Identity
• Ethnicity• Culture• Customs
• Positive ethnic identity• Stronger self-concept• Greater school achievement• Higher self-esteem
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Racial & Ethnicity IdentityBarbie Doll Test
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development12.6
6-11 Years-of-Age
Kohlberg Stages
•Based on Piaget•6 stages of moral development •Believed universal
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7pQJ0ptjk0Kohlberg Stages #2
6-11 Years-of-Age 32
6-11 Years-of-Age
Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory #3 • http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=zY4etXWYS84
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Kohlberg Stages
•3 Levels, PCP• Level 1: Preconventional reasoning • Level 2: Conventional reasoning• Level 3: Postconventional reasoning
•6 Stages• 2 stages in each level
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Preconventional Reasoning
• Early childhood development•Good/bad based on• Rewards• Punishments• (behaviorism)
• Egocentric
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Conventional Reasoning
•Middle school• Apply certain standards• Standards set by
others• Parents• Government
• Learn to conform
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Postconventional Reasoning
• Usually college years• Recognize alternative
moral courses• Explore options• Create personal moral
code
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Kohlberg Stages Research
• Moral stages appeared later than Kohlberg envisioned.• Reasoning at Stage 6 rare.
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