Child DevelopmentChild DevelopmentUnit 3Unit 3

3.1 Pregnancy3.1 Pregnancy

Signs of PregnancySigns of Pregnancy

Missing a periodMissing a periodIncrease of uterus sizeIncrease of uterus sizeEnlarged/tender breastsEnlarged/tender breastsNauseaNauseaIncreased need to urinateIncreased need to urinate

Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development

Stage of the zygote(ovum)Stage of the zygote(ovum)–Lasts two weeksLasts two weeks

Stage of the embryoStage of the embryo–33rdrd-8-8thth week week–Muscles, bones, organs are Muscles, bones, organs are developeddeveloped

–Baby is enclosed in a fluid-filled Baby is enclosed in a fluid-filled pouch called the amniotic sacpouch called the amniotic sacThe amniotic fluid protects the The amniotic fluid protects the babybaby

–Tissue connecting the embryo Tissue connecting the embryo to the uterine wall becomes to the uterine wall becomes the placentathe placenta

–The umbilical cord attaches The umbilical cord attaches the embryo to the placentathe embryo to the placentaBaby gets nutrients through the Baby gets nutrients through the umbilical cord and placenta and umbilical cord and placenta and returns waste products back to returns waste products back to the mother the same waythe mother the same way

Stage of the fetusStage of the fetus–99thth – 40 – 40thth week week–Baby rapidly increases in sizeBaby rapidly increases in size

Physical Changes of Physical Changes of PregnancyPregnancy

Pregnancy divided into Pregnancy divided into trimesters – each are 3 trimesters – each are 3 months longmonths long–11stst trimester – gain 2-4 trimester – gain 2-4 pounds, sleepy, emotional pounds, sleepy, emotional swingsswings

–22ndnd trimester – abdomen trimester – abdomen enlarges, gain about a pound enlarges, gain about a pound per weekper week44thth or 5 or 5thth month begin to feel month begin to feel movements of fetus like flutters movements of fetus like flutters which is called quickeningwhich is called quickening

66thth month can see baby kicking month can see baby kicking

–33rdrd trimester – gain about a trimester – gain about a pound per week pound per week Baby drops head down into Baby drops head down into pelvis which is called lighteningpelvis which is called lightening

Common DiscomfortsCommon DiscomfortsNauseaNauseaTiredTiredFrequent Frequent

urinationurinationShortness of Shortness of

breathbreathHeartburnHeartburnMuscle crampsMuscle cramps

Back pain Back pain varicose veinsvaricose veinsMood swingsMood swings

First Medical ExamFirst Medical ExamComplete medical historyComplete medical historyWeight and heightWeight and height

Head-to-toe physical examHead-to-toe physical exam–Urine sampleUrine sample–Blood drawn to determine Blood drawn to determine

blood type blood type if you are anemic (low in iron)if you are anemic (low in iron)Rh factor: substance present in Rh factor: substance present in 85% of poplulations blood85% of poplulations blood–If rh- and partner is rh+ the fetus If rh- and partner is rh+ the fetus will be rh+ which will produce a will be rh+ which will produce a substance that enters the substance that enters the pregnant womans blood and fights pregnant womans blood and fights the fetal red blood cellsthe fetal red blood cells

Pelvic examPelvic exam–Feel and check uterus and vaginaFeel and check uterus and vagina–Measure pelvis to make sure Measure pelvis to make sure large enough to allows baby to large enough to allows baby to passpass

–Checks cervix and does a pap Checks cervix and does a pap smearsmear

Estimates due dateEstimates due date–280 days from the beginning of 280 days from the beginning of the pregnant woman’t last the pregnant woman’t last menstrual periodmenstrual period

High Risk PregnanciesHigh Risk PregnanciesUnder age 17Under age 17Over age 35Over age 35UnderweightUnderweightOverweightOverweightHeart diseaseHeart diseasediabetesdiabetes

Family history Family history of genetic of genetic disordersdisorders

Rh Rh incompatibility incompatibility with partnerwith partner

Previous history Previous history of pregnancy of pregnancy problemsproblems

Prenatal testPrenatal test

can detect more than 100 birth can detect more than 100 birth defectsdefects

Ultrasonography – high Ultrasonography – high frequency sound waves are frequency sound waves are bounced off the developing bounced off the developing fetus to produce a video imagefetus to produce a video image–Determines skeletal and internal Determines skeletal and internal organ birth defectsorgan birth defects

Amniocentesis – checks for Amniocentesis – checks for abnormal chromosomes in abnormal chromosomes in fetusfetus–Doctor inserts a needled Doctor inserts a needled through the wals of the through the wals of the mother’s abdomen and uterus mother’s abdomen and uterus

–Doctor withdraws amniotic Doctor withdraws amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus fluid that surrounds the fetus in the uterusin the uterus

Chorionic villus sampling – Chorionic villus sampling – doctor inserts a catheter doctor inserts a catheter through the vagina into the through the vagina into the uterusuterus–Doctor withdraws small Doctor withdraws small amount of tissueamount of tissue

–Done during 10Done during 10thth week of week of pregnancypregnancy

–Checks for chromosome Checks for chromosome abnormalitiesabnormalities

TerminationTermination

Miscarriage - body expels the Miscarriage - body expels the embryo/fetus before it can embryo/fetus before it can fully developfully develop–Usually something wrong with Usually something wrong with the baby when this happensthe baby when this happens

Abortion – removal of fetusAbortion – removal of fetus–Done during 1Done during 1stst trimester trimester

Warning SignsWarning Signs Vaginal bleedingVaginal bleeding Swelling of Swelling of

face/handsface/hands Severe vomitingSevere vomiting Severe headachesSevere headaches Blurred visionBlurred vision Vaginal dischargeVaginal discharge

FeverFever Painful urinationPainful urination Preterm laborPreterm labor Absence of fetal Absence of fetal

movement for 6 movement for 6 hour period hour period during 3during 3rdrd trimestertrimester

3.23.2

Prenatal CarePrenatal Care

A healthy pregnancyA healthy pregnancy

Eat a balanced dietEat a balanced dietKeep exercisingKeep exercisingGain about 25-35 poundsGain about 25-35 pounds

Weight GainWeight Gain

Fetus = 7.5 lbs.Fetus = 7.5 lbs. Uterus = 2Uterus = 2 Placenta = 1.5Placenta = 1.5 Amniotic fluid = Amniotic fluid =

22 Blood volume = Blood volume =

33

Extracellular fluid Extracellular fluid = 2= 2

Breast tissue = 1Breast tissue = 1 Body fat = 9Body fat = 9

Dangers to FetusDangers to Fetus TobaccoTobacco AlcoholAlcohol CaffeineCaffeine DrugsDrugs Prescription Prescription

medicationsmedications Sexually Sexually

transmitted transmitted diseasesdiseases

X-raysX-rays

Pregnancy induced hypertension Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH)(PIH)– High blood pressureHigh blood pressure– Protein may be detected in urine Protein may be detected in urine

which is called toxemia or which is called toxemia or preeclampsiapreeclampsiaRapid weight gain, severe headaches, Rapid weight gain, severe headaches, blurred visionblurred vision

Can lead to convulsions and coma, Can lead to convulsions and coma, which is called eclampsia – can be which is called eclampsia – can be fatal to mother and babyfatal to mother and baby

3.33.3

BirthBirth

LaborLabor Begins with contractions- Begins with contractions-

tightening and relaxing tightening and relaxing motions of the muscles of the motions of the muscles of the uterus. They help push baby uterus. They help push baby out.out.

Cervix dilates – Cervix dilates – Before labor the Before labor the cervix is the size of a nickel – cervix is the size of a nickel – and it enlarges to 4 inches (10 and it enlarges to 4 inches (10 cm)cm)

First Signs of LaborFirst Signs of Labor

ShowShow – pink discharge which – pink discharge which tells you that the mucous tells you that the mucous plug, which sealed cervix, has plug, which sealed cervix, has become loosebecome loose

False laborFalse labor – contractions that – contractions that do not get strongerdo not get stronger

First Signs of Labor cntd.First Signs of Labor cntd.

Progressing contractions – Progressing contractions – longer, stronger, closer longer, stronger, closer togethertogether

Rupture of amniotic sac – Rupture of amniotic sac – amniotic fluid leaks out of amniotic fluid leaks out of vagina. This tells you that the vagina. This tells you that the sac surrounding baby has sac surrounding baby has brokenbroken

First Stage of LaborFirst Stage of Labor

Monitor vital signs with a Monitor vital signs with a fetal monitorfetal monitor

Lasts 10-12 hoursLasts 10-12 hours–How do the contractions How do the contractions progress?progress?

First Stage of LaborFirst Stage of Labor

at 1at 1stst- every 20—25 minutes - every 20—25 minutes and last for 45 secondsand last for 45 seconds

Then – every couple minutes Then – every couple minutes and last for 60 to 90 secondsand last for 60 to 90 seconds

At end of 1At end of 1stst stage, dilated to stage, dilated to 3 cm3 cm

22ndnd Stage of labor Stage of laborBegins when the cervix is Begins when the cervix is

fully dilatedfully dilatedEnds when the baby has Ends when the baby has

been pushed out of the been pushed out of the birth canalbirth canal

How long does this stage How long does this stage last?last?– 45 minutes45 minutes

22ndnd Stage of labor Stage of labor

They say the baby has vernix and They say the baby has vernix and lanugo – what is this?lanugo – what is this?

Vernix – white, greasy material, Vernix – white, greasy material, which keeps baby’s skin from which keeps baby’s skin from absorbing all of the amniotic absorbing all of the amniotic fluid surrounding itfluid surrounding it

Lanugo – fine hair covering Lanugo – fine hair covering babybaby

33rdrd stage of Labor stage of Labor

This stage takes about 10 This stage takes about 10 minutes.minutes.

What happens? – What happens? – placenta is placenta is delivered. This takes delivered. This takes about 10 minutesabout 10 minutes

So, What happens when the So, What happens when the baby is born?baby is born?

Born head down with face Born head down with face toward moms backbonetoward moms backbone

The baby’s head crownsThe baby’s head crownsBody rotates to one side – Body rotates to one side –

which helps shoulders which helps shoulders emergeemerge

Oh no – The baby won’t Oh no – The baby won’t come out!come out!

Doctors will use forceps – Doctors will use forceps – an instrument for reaching an instrument for reaching into the birth canal and into the birth canal and pulling the baby outpulling the baby out

What is the baby is breech?What is the baby is breech?

What does breech mean? – What does breech mean? – baby is born with feet and baby is born with feet and buttocks appearing firstbuttocks appearing first

What can they do to help the What can they do to help the baby? – might use forceps to baby? – might use forceps to help deliverhelp deliver

Cesarean BirthCesarean Birth

Procedure to deliver baby Procedure to deliver baby through an opening cut in the through an opening cut in the mother’s abdominal wall and mother’s abdominal wall and uterusuterus

25% of all births in the U.S.25% of all births in the U.S.

Care of the NeonateCare of the Neonate

A neonate is a newborn A neonate is a newborn baby.baby.

Baby is given the APGARBaby is given the APGAR

A is for…A is for…

Appearance or skin colorAppearance or skin color–Whole body should be Whole body should be pinkpink

–If any part of body is blue If any part of body is blue it loses pointsit loses points

P is for…P is for…

Pulse or heart ratePulse or heart rate–Normal is 100-140 beats Normal is 100-140 beats per minuteper minute

–If it is under 100 it loses If it is under 100 it loses pointspoints

G is for…G is for…

Grimace or reflex responseGrimace or reflex response–They prick the baby’s heelThey prick the baby’s heel

It withdraws foot or criesIt withdraws foot or criesIf it doesn’t it loses pointsIf it doesn’t it loses points

A is for…A is for…

Activity or muscle toneActivity or muscle tone–Should have a strong, Should have a strong, active motionactive motion

R is for…R is for…

Respiration or breathingRespiration or breathing–Should breath and cry Should breath and cry goodgood

They asked if I want my son They asked if I want my son to be circumcised?to be circumcised?

What is this?What is this?– Procedure in which the foreskin Procedure in which the foreskin

is cut away from the head of is cut away from the head of the penisthe penis

– Purpose is to help prevent Purpose is to help prevent infectioninfection