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Child Deprivation Indicators(CDI): Application in China’s Context

WANG Tingyan, TiffanyWONG Yucheung

The University of Hong KongXU Yuebin

Beijing Normal University

10th July 2012

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Outline of Presentation

• Deprivation concept and background • Project• Results • Conclusions• Future work plans

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Deprivation concept and background

• Deprivation Indicators: relative poverty measure Deprivation may be defined as a state of observable

and demonstrable disadvantage relative to the local community or the wider society or nation to which an individual, family or group belongs. (Townsend, 1987)

Non-monetary: not money, but goods and activities Direct: actual living standard Multidimensional • Widely adopted among European Countries• Not yet employed in China

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Deprivation concept and background

• Socially perceived necessities (Mack& Lansley, 1980s): population decide, not researcher

• Enforced lack(Mack& Lansley, 1980s): two-question survey format

1. do you have…?2. if no, is it because economic constrain?

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Project

• Family and child survey of Bejing in 2011• Child Deprivation Indicators: school age

children• Sample: 600 households with 1 or more

children• Response rate: 93%(558)

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Project: Constructing procedure

Researcher selects necessity items

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Panel review

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Survey decides the final list

>=50%

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Results

• 34 items maintained • 6 dimensions: diet(2), clothing(4),

housing(10), household facilities(4), education(8), social interaction(6)

• Supporting rates: ranged from 67.7 %(inviting friend home at least once every month) to 98.4%(good condition of ventilation)

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Results: Necessity list Diet 1. Fresh fruit and vegetables at least once a day

2. A meal with meat, fish or vegetarian equivalents at least every second day

Clothing 3. Shoes could be replaced by new ones once unfitted4. Clothes for each seasons5. All school uniform required6. Clothes, socks and underwear could be replaced by new ones once worn

Housing 7. Indoor flushing toilet for sole use of the household8. Enough windows9. Enough daylighting10. Good ventilation11. Rooms are soundproof12. No noise around accommodation 13. Enough heating supply in winter 14. Roof is not leaking15. No cement or lime powder peeling off from wall16. Child has own bed

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Necessity list Household facilities

17. Washing machine18. Air condition 19. Color TV20. (mobile) phone

Education 21. Computer22. Internet 23. Studying desk 24. Books (for school age children)25. Toys (for primary students)26. New or second hand bike 27. Tutorial after school 28. Interest classes

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Necessity list Social interactions

29. Invite friends home at least once a month30. Play outside (e.g. park, friends’ home, Children’s Hall) with friends at least once a week31. Join school travel (self-paying) at least once a semester32. Travel with family at least five days a year33. Eat outside with family at least once a month34. Visit relatives and friends on traditional festivals

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Results : deprivation rate(Beijing)

• Threshold: >=3 • Deprivation rate: 18.5%

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Results : Deprivation and Dibao

• Dibao: Minimum Living Standard Guarantee Scheme

• Social Assistant scheme of China• Criticized by low assistance level• Low coverage: ~3 per cent • Percentage in sample: 12.2%(68)

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Results : Deprivation and Dibao

Dibao Deprived (3+)

Overlap(Dibao& deprived )

Deprived/Dibao

Deprived/non-Dibao

% 12.2 18.5 7 62.9 13.5

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Conclusion

• Deprivation and Dibao: significantly linked but not perfectly overlapped

• Use these two measures cooperatively in practice

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Future work plans

• Weighting issue: weighted deprivation score, to indicate different deprivation severities and to facilitate comparison.

• Association of deprivation and income

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Thank you!