Chicago Area Program: Stanley A. Changnon, Jr., and ...

Chicago Area Program: A Major New Atmospheric Effort Abstract

A series of mesoscale meteorological research projects have developed since 1975 in the area over and around the south end of Lake Michigan. These regionally focused projects, under the label of the Chicago Area Program (CAP), are being performed by scientists from 12 research groups or universities using funds from a variety of state and federal agencies. Efforts to date have led to the installation and operation of a major rain gage network, other weather net-works and sondes, several weather radars, meteorological aircraft, and a ship. This sizeable program is addressing five major study areas including lake meteorology, water resources and hydrometeorology, inadvertent weather modification, air pollution and its impacts, and severe weather. Multigroup field experiments and the exchange of data are coordinated at the scientist level. 1. Introduction

Considerable atmospheric research since the Thunder -storm Project in the late 1940s has been focused on a series of major field and analytical projects. Another effort called the Chicago Area Program (CAP) has evolved around the south end of Lake Michigan, and this paper describes its mult iple goals and scope. CAP is largely a series of mesoscale research efforts based on five major task areas and involving several research groups. As shown in Fig. 1, CAP includes areas of north-eastern Illinois, the southern port ion of Lake Michigan, northwestern Indiana, southeastern Wisconsin, and southwestern lower Michigan—a total area of —20 000 mi 2 (52 000 km 2).

CAP is multidimensional because of its many goals, various participants, differing project durations, numer-ous facilities, and different supporting agencies. CAP exists basically as a series of mesoscale meteorological studies set in one geographical area to address several atmospheric problems found in that area. However, the solutions and findings to these problems will have wide application in other geographical areas, particularly in the humid climatic zones of the United States.

In some respects, CAP is an outgrowth of the Metro-polital Meteorological Experiment (METROMEX) , an urban-focused project of the 1971-76 period (Changnon et al., 1971). CAP does have a sizeable focus on pollution-weather interactions. However, CAP is much more, having four other major research focuses, all interrelated in the sense of the geographic area of ac-tivity, use of facilities, and exchange of data. Regional projects such as CAP at tempt to optimize research by university and institutional groups by furnishing a con-venient site and a critical mass of equipment to address

0003 -0007 / 78/0153-0160$05.00 © 1978 American Meteorological Society

Stanley A. Changnon, Jr . , and Richard G. Semonin

Illinois State Water Survey Urbana, 111. 61801

a host of important scientific issues, many of which are well beyond the capability of a single scientist or re-search group.

CAP was designed with this basic philosophy—that it would provide a place for scientists to gather and to study a host of major meteorological problems of keen interest to them and also to study problems typical of the Midwest and East Coast. T h e meteorology of the Great Lakes, urban effects on weather and climate, the atmospheric impacts of energy development, urban hydrometeorology and water resources, and severe local storms are the major research topics. Common to each of these sizeable study topics is a desire to dimensionalize the impact of the weather elements on man and the biosphere.

CAP can be viewed, at least with respect to its pollution-related studies, as a link in a chain of three space and time scales. At a dimension of 20 000 mi 2

(52 000 km 2), CAP is larger in scale and in encompassed populat ion than M E T R O M E X (—5000 mi 2). On the other hand, CAP also serves as a "small" study area when viewed in the context of the evolving multistate Cor-ridor Meteorological Experiment (CORMEX), which will embrace >400 000 mi 2 (1.04 X W k m 2 ) ranging f rom Illinois eastward to New England. C O R M E X envelops two other new projects: SURE (Sulfate Regional Ex-periment) and MAP3S (Multi-State Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study). An added program to es-tablish a precipitation chemistry network in this area and other parts of the United States is currently under consideration within the U.S. Depar tment of Agriculture and various state agricultural experiment stations. T h e initial emphasis for this program will involve the place-ment of samplers in the Midwest and Upper Great Plains, which will provide data within the C O R M E X area.

In certain of the other major study areas, CAP is an end unto itself, especially with regard to its study of urban hydrometeorology, severe storms, and lake mete-orology. However, with regard to research on the effects of energy production and urban land use on the atmo-sphere, CAP is a mid-scale stepping stone between M E T R O M E X - and CORMEX-type programs.

Planning for CAP began in 1975 and the first field effort began in January 1976. By the end of 1977, re-search scientists f rom 11 institutions were involved. Many facilities have been installed and are in operation. CAP is still a developing program, and more scientific groups will likely become involved in 1978.

T h e goals and objectives of CAP are presented next, followed by the dimensions of the current p lanned field

Bulletin American Meteorological Society 153

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154 Vol. 59, No. 2, February 1978

FIG. 1. Study area of Chicago Area Program (CAP) and existing power plants.

and research efforts (the how and when). Included is a short description of the type of research under each of the five major goal areas. T h e paper also addresses the "who" issue, indicating those involved in CAP and the sources of funding. Various results of CAP at this stage are referenced in appropriate parts of the text. 2. Goals and objectives

Overall, CAP to date addresses research fitting within five major scientific goals, each with several specific ob-jectives.

Urban-induced, weather and climate modification 1) test the transferability of results of M E T R O M E X

to a larger urban-industrial area; 2) examine the LaPorte precipitation anomaly and

other local anomalies to determine if they are real; 3) examine the interaction of lake-induced circulation

and urban-induced circulation and their roles on cloud and rain formation;

4) develop application-oriented models for the pre-diction of the areal extent and intensity of urban precipitation anomalies at other cities;

5) test cloud and mesoscale models to examine the effects of the urban impulse on the larger-scale en-vironment;

6) identify and quant i fy the impacts of the urban-altered weather and climate, particularly on agri-culture, water resources, and social institutions;

7) delineate the areal extent of urban-industrial effects on precipitation quality.

Study of severe storms of the Midwest

1) study the energy and water budgets of severe storms;

2) measure the effect of a major city and Lake Michi-gan on severe storm activity;

3) investigate the remote detection of hailstorms and hailstorm behavior;

4) study meteorological conditions associated with very severe rain and hailstorms including long-lived major tornadoes;

5) study thunderstorm phenomena, including down-drafts, and their effect on transpiration.



FIG. 2. The cycle of atmospheric and biospheric effects related to inadvertent atmospheric modification.

Study of the impacts of energy production on the atmosphere 1) calculate regional budgets (sources, transport, dif-

fusion, scavenging, and deposition) of sulfur and other major pollutants;

2) examine the atmospheric effects of waste heat emanating f rom cooling lakes and spray ponds, cool-ing towers, and once-through lake or river cooling;

3) measure the man-induced biospheric impacts of pollutants f rom power production;

4) devise strategies for the opt imum distribution and operation of power plants throughout the dense megalopolis of CAP.

Urban hydrometeorology 1) develop better design criteria for heavy rainfall

events throughout the urban, suburban, and ad-jacent rural areas and identify localized effects due to the city and the lake;

2) demonstrate the utility of a sophisticated weather radar system in the operation of the large urban, semiautomated water resource system of Chicago and environs;

3) produce rainfall frequency-intensity data and non-rain period data for use in testing and calibrating water quanti ty and quality models;

4) develop techniques relating to proper precipitation measurement systems (radar and rain gages) at other cities, both for use in design and for real-time operations of urban hydrologic systems.

Meteorology of Lake Michigan 1) measure more definitively the precipitation quanti ty

over the southern end of the lake; 2) study the airflow conditions and general mecha-

nisms that produce lake effect winter storms; 3) investigate precipitation conditions over the lake

for eventual use in weather modification experi-ments and operations;

4) investigate the role of lake-induced circulation on cloud formation, pol lutant dispersion, and severe storm activity;

5) measure the input of pollutants, including heat, to the lake.

T h e research involving air and water pollution in CAP, as an outgrowth of M E T R O M E X and as a part of the evolving CORMEX, focuses on the cycle shown in Fig. 2. Every effort will be made to make the ties be-tween the man-made biospheric (land use) changes, their effects on the atmosphere, and the resulting impacts back on the biosphere. Various groups will focus on individual components of the cycle, but the objective


156 Vol. 59, No. 2, February 1978

FIG. 3. Existing sites of rain gages, hailpads, and radars.

is to complete the cycle so that all parts are studied and the proper strategies can be devised relating to land use management.

One activity considered a part of CAP is a field project that began in 1973. It is an effort by scientists at the University of Michigan (Ryznar et al., 1976) to investigate potential effects on the weather from the operation of two large nuclear power plants on the southeast shore of Lake Michigan. Dense networks of 25 sites with various weather instruments are employed, and although this project was initiated before CAP, the effort is identified as a part of CAP. Data exchange and operations in conjunction with other efforts have been agreed upon.

T h e first major field effort performed under the label of CAP occurred during January-February 1976. T h e Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) and the Laboratory for Atmospheric Probing (LAP) at the University of Chicago joined in a study of the air flow into winter storms over the southern end of Lake Michigan. T h e field effort consisted of the operation of three Doppler radars: the C H I L L system jointly owned by ISWS and LAP, a 10 cm Doppler of LAP operated at the Illinois Institute of Technology, and the CP-3 radar provided by NCAR (see Fig. 3).

T h e next major field effort of CAP was the initiation of the Chicago Hydrometeorological Area Project (CHAP). This effort, being conducted by the ISWS with National Science Foundat ion/Research Applied to National Needs (NSF/RANN) and state of Illinois fund-ing, began with the siting and installation of 300 re-cording rain gages in the array shown in Fig. 3. This project also involved the installation of the Hydro-meteorological Operat ional Tool (HOT) , a 10 cm radar of the ISWS at a site near Joliet (Fig. 3). This rain gage and hail network was installed and in operation by June 1976, and operations are slated to last for 5 years (Changnon and Huff, 1976a). Data from the rain gage network and the H O T radar will help accomplish all the specific objectives listed under the urban hydro-meteorological goal. Interactions have been established with an economic modeling project being jointly con-ducted by the University of Chicago (UC) and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). The i r effort is directed toward a study of economic optimization of water pol-lutant strategies. T h e precipitation data and results will have a direct input into this UC-ANL economic model-ing. Radar operations for CHAP were conducted in July-August 1976 and in Apri l -October 1977.

A four th field effort of CAP launched in 1976 con-


Bulletin American Meteorological Society T A B L E 1. CAP facilities.

Existing (1977) Group* HOT radar with signal processor and digitizer ISWS CHILL dual wavelength radar with Doppler ISWS, UC Doppler radar UC CP-3 radar NCAR 300 recording rain gages ISWS 15 recording rain gages WMU 320 hail sensors ISWS Meteorologically equipped lake vessel GSU, UWM Queenaire aircraft NCAR DC3 aircraft PNL 2 microscale networks of weather stations UM Meteorological and air pollution station GSU

Future Facilities Group* Portable automatic meteorological network NCAR Dense rainwater sampling network ISWS Network of sequential rainwater samplers ISWS Pibal sites and observations ANL, ISWS Radiosondes ISWS, NCAR Hygrothermographs—Weather stations ISWS Acoustic sounders ? Meteorological vans ?

Other Available Facilities Group* 20 recording rain gage (network) CC 22 station pollution monitoring network C&CPA A line array of wind sets ANL Streamflow water sampling sites NIPC Mid-lake weather buoy and nearshore

meteorological tower NOAA * (ANL) Argonne National Laboratory; (CC) City of Chicago;

(C&CPA) City and County Pollution Agencies; (GSU) Gover-nors State University; (ISWS) Illinois State Water Survey; (NIPC) Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission; (PNL) Bat-telle Pacific Northwest Laboratories; (UC) University of Chicago; (UM) University of Michigan; (UWM) University of Wisconsin-Madison; and (WMU) Western Michigan University.

sisted of a flight program to get preliminary information on the pollution plume of cities presumed to affect the quality of the southern Lake Michigan basin. This work, being conducted by Battelle Pacific Northwest Labora-tories (PNL), University of Chicago scientists, and Uni-versity of Michigan scientists, involves the use of the PNL DC-3 aircraft for plume traverses, plus pollution sampling sites on the downwind side of the lake. This effort is also a part of the MAP3S and SURE efforts.

Several other field projects have been initiated and are described briefly in Section 3. A winter-focused project involving the Cloud Physics Laboratory of the University of Chicago, the Pacific Northwest Laboratory staff, and the ISWS was initiated in the fall of 1977. I t is studying the physics of winter lake storms in lower Michigan using the meteorological aircraft of P N L and NCAR plus the C H I L L radar system.

Tab le 1 presents a listing of the existing and planned facilities for CAP, plus a listing of the "unin tended" facilities—those already in existence for other purposes but that provide data useable in CAP.

157

All of the groups involved in CAP have a variety of the analytical facilities at their own institutions. Of major importance to CAP in all phases will be the use of computers. All of the routinely collected data (rain gage data, radar data, surface weather network data, etc.) are and will be retained on magnetic tape and stored at each of the participating groups. More spe-cialized data, such as that collected by project aircraft, will be at least partially processed and stored in digital format. T h e principal scientists and engineers involved in CAP are listed below:

Scientists & Engineers Group1

Alkezweeny, Abdul J. PNL Andrean, Anders UMW Baker, Dennis UM Braham, Roscoe R., Jr. UC Changnon, Stanley A., Jr. ISWS Dingle, A. Nelson UM Eichenlaub, Val WMU Fujita, T. Theodore UC Gatz, Donald F. ISWS Hales, Jake PNL Hicks, Bruce ANL Huff, Floyd A. ISWS Ryznar, Edward UM Serafin, Robert NCAR Semonin, Richard G. ISWS Sievering, Herman GSU Smedlie, Joseph NIPC Srivastava, Ramesh UC

Funding for the projects involved in CAP is coming from a variety of sources including various federal agencies (EPA, ERDA (now DOE), NSF basic sciences, N S F / R A N N , and NOAA), states (Illinois and Michigan), private power companies, and cities (Chicago).

3. Description of task areas

a. Urban-induced weather and climate modification CAP is a logical extension of the research carried out under M E T R O M E X during 1971-76 in the St. Louis area (Principal Investigators of Project M E T R O M E X , 1976). Both the operational experience and the technical knowledge gained f rom M E T R O M E X will be invaluable in the design, operation, and evaluation of the larger-scale, more complex urban research at Chicago. An on-going research project with N S F / R A N N support is addressing the issue of transferability of St. Louis ( M E T R O M E X ) results to the Chicago area. Th is is being done by using comparative analyses of climatic data and case studies plus modeling.

M E T R O M E X has shown how to measure better weather anomalies as well as urban effects, and it has also led to the development and use of modeling tech-niques and predicting capabilities that deserve evalua-tion and fur ther testing in a larger urban area. T h e Chicago metropoli tan area has 7.4 million people located in 3600 mi 2 (9200 km 2), whereas St. Louis has 1.5 million in 1900 mi 2 (4900 km 2). One major reason for under-

1 See Table 1 for acronym identification.


158 Vol. 59, No. 2, February 1978 taking CAP is that many of the largest cities in the United States are subjected to both urban and marine effects, particularly those lying along the shores of the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific, and Great Lakes. It is, therefore, exceedingly important to determine both the individual and the net effects of the urban-marine exposures of this large group of cities so that the environmental effects of large metropoli tan areas can be accurately determined for most regions of the nation. Chicago, lying at the southern end of Lake Michigan, is an outstanding example of a large metro-politan area without great upwind pollution (allowing for a clear discernment of effects) and exposed to the combination of urban-induced effects on weather and the presence of marine effects on its environment.

Prior climatic studies of Chicago (Huff and Changnon, 1973) and of LaPorte in northwestern Indiana (Changnon, 1968) have suggested that precipitation anomalies exist that are at least comparable to those delineated at St. Louis. T h e apparent 30-40% increases in the precipitation in and downwind of Chicago are of significant proportions and deserve serious study as indicators of the magnitude of change that an evolving megalopolis may engender.

A large variety of the proposed CAP field facilities will be brought to bear in this study area. T h e rain gage network and the H O T radar (Table 1) furnish an adequate description of the precipitation patterns, and the H O T and C H I L L radars have been used to obtain three-dimensional measurements of precipitation ele-ments, a major feature of the present analyses. Other surface networks will monitor the surface winds and temperature, and a network of pibal stations and radiosondes is being considered to make critical measure-ments of the airflow patterns, one of the critical "forcing functions" found in the anomaly cause at St. Louis (Changnon et al., 1976).

Special at tention will be given to cloud and mesoscale modeling. T h e use of several mesoscale models that can be tested against both the St. Louis and the Chicago data is a major means of understanding the impact on the atmosphere of different types and sizes of urban areas. Another feature of this research will be the de-velopment of an applications-oriented model in which easily available data for most cities (radar and synoptic weather data) can be used to predict the extent, loca-tion, and general magnitude of their precipitation anomalies.

b. Study of severe storms of the Midwest T h e research on severe weather, as a component of CAP, is still developing. Research concerning unusually severe storms occurring in the CAP network has begun (Fujita et al., 1977; Changnon and Huff, 1976b) with

NSF and NOAA funding. Related projects include the study of urban and lake effects on hailstorms, wind-storms, and tornadoes. T h e presence of the excellent weather radars (particularly the C H I L L with Doppler

capability) provides an excellent opportuni ty for detailed depiction of the morphology of severe storms as they approach and traverse a large urban area and subse-quently travel over and become influenced by Lake Michigan. T h e influence of a large urban complex on tornado-bearing storms is not well understood and will be studied as part of CAP.

T h e available data from the mesoscale rain gage net-work and the radars are to be used in conjunction with satellite data to estimate a water budget and to test transport models. T h e cirrus volume will be measured by satellite to estimate the water vapor being processed by a storm, and this will be tested against the network data.

Another project being planned as a par t of CAP is N I M R O D , the Northern Illinois Meteorological Re-search on Downdrafts project. This project, as currently envisioned, will involve three institutions—groups f rom the University of Chicago, NCAR, and the ISWS—and is being planned for the May-June period of 1978. NCAR is being asked to furnish facilities and staff for installation and operations in the area, including 2 Doppler radars, 30 PAM weather stations, and 2 radio-sondes. T h e UC groups would furnish a n d / o r operate the following equipment : 2 wide-angle sky cameras, 2 all-sky cameras, GOES satellite observations (taken every 3 min on selected days), Learjet observations of cloud tops, and cloud observations taken by storm overflights by a U-2 aircraft. T h e ISWS and the Laboratory for Atmospheric Probing at UC would use the C H I L L radar, in conjunction with the other Doppler radars, for an extensive 5-radar study of air motions in the CAP area. In addition to furnishing the C H I L L radar system, the ISWS would furnish surface data on hailfalls and rain-fall f rom its existing recording rain gage and hailpad network and from the H O T radar.

Applications of the study of the proposed data gather-ing would have impact on the Federal Aviation Agency as it relates to aviation safety, on NASA for use in in-terpretation and use of satellite data in severe storm identification, and on the U.S. Army in its studies of heavy rains using satellite and radar data. Support will come from NSF, NASA, and NOAA. c. Impacts of energy production T h e great concentration of both nuclear and fossil fuel electrical generating plants surrounding the south basin of Lake Michigan allows numerous studies to be under-taken concerning their atmospheric impact. As men-tioned previously, the University of Michigan is con-ducting studies for the energy industry of the local weather variations in proximity to two nuclear plants located in southwestern lower Michigan. T h e study is very important since the two plants are only separated by 50 km and they use different cooling techniques. T h e results will provide unique comparative data of the at-mospheric effects f rom once-through cooling (using Lake Michigan) and by cooling towers.

T h e large number of fossil fuel plants in the CAP



area provides an opportuni ty to investigate the synergis-tic effects on air quality and weather, including pre-cipitation quality, in the "extended region" over Michi-gan and Indiana. This important aspect of energy production will be addressed, in part, by the ongoing work of the Pacific Northwest Laboratory and the Uni-versity of Chicago and within the framework of the Electric Power Research Insti tute (EPRI) sponsored SURE program. T h e P N L and UC work is being funded by DOE and N S F / R A N N .

An ISWS field and research project, with state of Illinois and DOE funding, seeks to ascertain the areal and temporal variability of sulfur in air and precipita-tion. This 1978-79 project will also provide important observations related to this pollution problem. T h e prime question of concern is whether or not the atmo-spheric concentration from the dense array of sources in the northeastern Illinois and northwestern Indiana (CAP) area extends into the next major pollution source area associated with the Detroit-Toledo industrial belt.

T h e North Central Region of the Agricultural Re-search Stations has initiated a sampling program to mea-sure the precipitation chemical quality over states in the upper Midwest and northern Great Plains states. T h e program is designed as a long-term endeavor to ascertain areal patterns and secular trends of atmospheric deposi-tion related to industrialization and to assess the impact on agricultural activities. Although this program is not directly a part of CAP, the measurements will certainly complement the chemistry efforts surrounding the south Lake Michigan basin by providing data on the large-scale regional distribution of many pollutants and trace metals. d. Urban hydrometeorology T h e Chicago urban area has one of the most sophisti-cated water resource systems in the world. T h e drainage in much of the area is almost totally man controlled and allows for complex distributions of water in and out of the system, either to or from Lake Michigan or through the Illinois River system. Operat ion of this system is very dependent on good precipitation forecasts and on knowl-edge of the spatial patterns of ongoing rainfall, particu-larly during precipitation periods of 6 h or less in which 1 inch (25 mm) or more of rainfall occurs. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal distributions of heavy rainfalls of various durations appear to be altered in the area (Vogel and Huff, 1977) through a combination of lake and urban effects that extend through the urban and suburban regions. This is extremely important, not only in the operation of the existing urban flood control system, but also in the design of fu ture additions to the existing system and in modifying existing facilities where feasible.

A major thrust of the hydrometeorological effort in Chicago is not only to serve the local-regional interests, but also to develop techniques and methods for the better measurement of rainfall in other u rban areas.

Increasingly restrictive regulations on storm runoff

have been invoked by local, state, and federal govern-ments in recent years in conjunction with current en-vironmental concerns. As a result, a strong need has arisen for much more information on the time-space distribution of rainfall in urban areas. These data can be generated in the Chicago region using the dense, 315 rain gage network. It appears that sophisticated weather radars with signal processing and digital systems offer a very useful means to the operators of sophisticated urban water resource systems to better anticipate and manage the system prior to and during rainfall. For this purpose, the H O T radar will be used in a demonstration project, coupled with the Metropolitan Sanitary District system.

This ongoing field effort was preceded by a climato-logical design study using historical data (Huff and Vogel, 1976). As noted, the instrumentation for CHAP was installed early in 1976 and is now in operation under the support of N S F / R A N N and the state of Illinois. e. Meteorology of Lake Michigan One of the major efforts will be to study the effects of the lake on precipitation, both over and on the surround-ing land (Gatz and Changnon, 1976). For the first time, over-lake precipitation is being defined and studied with skills and tools needed for this difficult task with support f rom NSF and the state of Illinois. Included are rain gages on both sides of the lake to calibrate the radars; the H O T and C H I L L radars; in-lake precipitation mea-surements at cribs, buoys, and ships; and satellite data. Ongoing research of NOAA's Great Lakes Environ-mental Research Center, now focusing on the near-shore environment of the southern end of Lake Michigan, will be of great value in this general effort.

Lake effect snowstorms, which have such a tremendous detrimental impact on the transportation, communica-tion, industry, and general populace ringing the south-ern end of Lake Michigan, are getting intensive study. Of particular importance is the use of three Doppler radars located so as to measure the three-dimensional inflow into these storms. Greater knowledge of over-lake precipitation and winter storms is necessary if p lanned weather modification is ever to be used in this area (Changnon, 1968).

T h e ever-growing need to manage every drop of water in the Great Lakes for the benefit of urban water, power generation, transportation, and recreation means that the water budget of Lake Michigan must be defined with greater skill than heretofore. It is hoped that the concentration of meteorological tools for over-lake pre-cipitation measurement will encourage other scientists to get involved in the total water budget studies.

Since the quality of the Lake Michigan water is so important (it would take 130 years with normal lake circulation to effectively remove all the pollutants in the southern basin), one facet of CAP will involve the study of deposition of pollutants into Lake Michigan. Pollution of the Great Lakes is of ten a concern in the news, most recently regarding Lake Michigan levels of


160 Vol. 59, No. 2, February 1978 PCBs. T h e federal EPA has worked especially hard to control shoreline polluters. However, only recently has it been acknowledged that the atmosphere might be a major route for pollutants like PCBs, lead, zinc, and others into the Great Lakes. In addition, the atmo-sphere may be contributing nutr ients such as phosphate and nitrate to excess with the result that there is an overload in the lake itself.

In order to answer important scientific questions about the atmospheric route for loading of the Great Lakes, the EPA has funded a 3-year study on Lake Michigan by Governors State University (GSU). T h e research is directed at questions surrounding the process by which particles in the atmosphere are transported over Lake Michigan and then deposited at the lake's surface. An experimental study grant for the first 2 years of a 3-year period (June 1976-June 1979) is allowing the research team to measure the depositing of particles in Lake Michigan while on board the EPA research vessel R. V. Simons. Other meteorological data important to the transport process over the lake are being collected f rom the National Weather Service, U.S. Coast Guard, and by the GSU meteorological and air quality van-station. Further aircraft support data may be supplied by NCAR. References

Changnon, S. A., Jr., 1968: The LaPorte weather anomaly— Fact or fiction? Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 49, 4-11.

, and F. A. Huff, 1976a: A multi-purpose hydrometeoro-logic system for urban hydrology applications. Preprints,

Conference on Hydro-Meteorology (Ft. Worth), AMS, Boston, pp. 42-47.

, and , 1976b: Chicago Hydrometeorological Area Project: A comprehensive new study of urban hydromete-orology. Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, 69 pp.

, , and R. G. Semonin, 1971: METROMEX: An in-vestigation of inadvertent weather modification. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 52, 958-967.

, R. G. Semonin, and F. A. Huff, 1976: A hypothesis for urban rainfall anomalies. J. Appl. Meteor., \5y 544-560.

Fujita, T. T., M. R. Hjelmfelt, and S. A. Changnon, Jr., 1977: Mesoanalysis of record Chicago rainstorm using radar, satellite and raingauge data. Preprints, 10th Conference on Severe Local Storms (Omaha), AMS, Boston, pp. 65-72.

Gatz, D. F., and S. A. Changnon, Jr., 1976: Atmospheric En-vironment of the Lake Michigan Drainage Basin. Vol. 8, Argonne National Lab., Argonne, 111., 164 pp.

Huff, F. A., and S. A. Changnon, Jr., 1973: Precipitation modification by major urban areas. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 54, 1220-1232.

, and J. L. Vogel, 1976: Hydrometeorology of heavy rain-storms in Chicago and northeastern Illinois. Rept. of In-vestigation 82, Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, 63 pp.

Principal Investigators of Project METROMEX, 1976: METROMEX update. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 57, 304-308.

Ryznar, E., D. G. Baker, and H. Moses, 1976: Coastal mete-orological networks to determine effects of nuclear plant cooling systems. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 57, 1441-1446.

Vogel, J. L., and F. A. Huff, 1977: Heavy rainfall relations over Chicago and northeastern Illinois. Water Resour. Bull., 13, 959-971. •

announcements continued from page 152 MONEX—Request for proposals

The U.S. Committee for the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) has reviewed the proposed scientific plans for U.S. participation in the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX). Based on that review the committee has recommended to the government that a U.S. MONEX research effort should be supported. In response to that recommendation the U.S. GARP Committee of the National Science Foundation an-nounces that proposals will be considered for meteorological and oceanographic projects associated with the field phase of MONEX.

The field phase of MONEX includes a winter monsoon experiment from 1 December 1978 to 5 March 1979 in the South China Sea and Indonesia-Malaysia regions, and a sum-mer monsoon experiment from 1 May to 31 August 1979 in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal regions. Details can be obtained from the National Research Council publication, Plan for U.S. Participation in the Monsoon Experiment, (MONEX), which is available from the U.S. Committee for

GARP, Room JH426C, National Research Council, 2101 Con-stitution Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418. Specific ques-tions should be addressed to the U.S. MONEX Project Office, NCAR, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colo. 80307.

Because of the limited resources and the high cost of mounting a large field experiment, at this time the com-mittee must give highest priority to proposals to collect ob-servations during the field phase of MONEX in fiscal year (FY) 1979. As the MONEX data become available after 1980 the committee intends to increase its support of research projects that address the analyses and interpretation of those data.

MONEX proposals must be received by NSF no later than 15 May 1978 in order to be considered for funding in FY 1979. Those scientists who wish more information on this subject should contact: Dr. Richard S. Greenfield, Program Director for GARP, or Dr. Jay S. Fein, Associate Program Director for GARP, Climate Dynamics Research Section, NSF, Washington, D.C. 20550 (tel: 202-634-1538).

Continued on page 184


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