Chestnut Grove Academy Geography Department – Spring Term Test Revision – Coasts and Cities For your spring exam you need to be able to do the following: Define erosion, transportation, deposition and longshore drift. Explain the formation in detail of caves, arches, stacks and stumps. Explain why Happisburgh is so easily eroded. The formation of a spit. Identify, explain and know the pros and cons of different coastal

management. Define what a sustainable city is and explain ways in which cities can be

more sustainable.

Use this revision guide to help you. There are tips for revision on each slide. Some slides have been made slightly more easy for you, to help if you are struggling with any concepts.

If there is anything you are unsure of or can’t find, look up online, or look on

BBC Bitesize or use your book to help you.

Good luck and revise hard. The test is first lesson back after Easter!

LONGSHORE DRIFT. Longshore drift is the process when sand (sediment) is t___________ along the coast. Sediment is carried onto the beach in the s________. The angle of this is always the direction of the p___________ wind (this means the direction the wind normally blows in). The sediment then washes out to sea at r_______ angles to the beach (it is carried this way because of g_______). The next wave returns the sediment to the beach and the process repeats itself over and over again. Sediment is carried along the beach until it is stopped by a river m______, a change in direction of the coast or a man made obstacle.

Longshore Drift

Fill in the missing gaps to help you learn it.

TIP: Practice drawing this

out to help you to do it in an

exam.

LONGSHORE DRIFT. Longshore drift is the process when sand (sediment) is transported along the coast. Sediment is carried onto the beach in the swash. The angle of this is always the direction of the prevailing wind (this means the direction the wind normally blows in). The sediment then washes out to sea at right angles to the beach (it is carried this way because of gravity). The next wave returns the sediment to the beach and the process repeats itself over and over again. Sediment is carried along the beach until it is stopped by a river mouth, a change in direction of the coast or a man made obstacle.

Longshore Drift

TIP: Practice drawing this

out to help you to do it in an

exam.

Foundation

From headland to stump

TIP: Practice drawing this out to help you to do it in

an exam.

Extension

From headland to stump

TIP: Practice drawing this

out to help you to do it in an

exam.

1. As the fetch and prevailing winds are from the south-west, material will be moved eastwards along the coast by longshore drift. 2 After headland X the direction of the original coastline changes and larger material (shingle) is deposited in water sheltered by the headland (B). 3 Further deposition of finer material (sand) enables the feature to build up slowly to sea-level (C) and to extend its length (D). 4 Occasionally the wind changes its direction (e.g. comes from the east). This in turn causes the waves to alter their direction (e.g. approach from the south east. During this time some material at the end of the spit may be pushed inland to form a curved end (E). When the wind returns to its usual direction the spit resumes its growth eastwards (F). 5 Spits become permanent when sand is blown up the beach, by the prevailing wind, to form sand-dunes. 6 Salt marsh is likely to develop in the sheltered water behind the spit. 7 The spit is unable to grow across the estuary as the river current carries material out to sea. Should there be no river, the spit may grow across the bay to form a bar.

The formation of a spit

TIP: Practice drawing this

out to help you to do it in an

exam.

Revise these 7 steps

Why is Happisburgh eroding so quickly?

Figure 3b: The Coastal Erosion Cycle at Happisburgh (source Phillip Allan Publishers)

Figure 3a: Reasons why coastal erosion is so rapid at Happisburgh:

TIP: Test yourself: 1) Can you name 3 reasons why Happisburgh is so easily eroded? 2) Can you explain the 3 reasons why Happisburgh is so easily eroded in PEE paragraphs?

The waves are very powerful at Happisburgh (they come from far across the North Sea and have a long fetch, making them very strong).

Wide beaches are a good thing because they absorb energy. Unfortunately the beach is narrow at Happisburgh meaning that the cliffs don’t get much protection. This means they erode more quickly.

Key term: Fetch: This is the distance of sea that waves have travelled over before they reach the land. The longer the fetch, the more powerful the waves.

Why is Happisburgh eroding so quickly?

Evaluating different coastal defence options – A Sea Wall

TIP: Test yourself: 1) Can you identify and explain how a sea wall and rip rap works? 2) Can you explain how a disadvantage and advantage of each method?

Evaluating different coastal defence options –Rock Armour/Rip Rap

TIP: Test yourself: 1) Can you identify and explain how a sea wall and rip rap works. 2) Can you explain how a disadvantage and advantage of each method.

Evaluating different coastal defence options – Groynes

TIP: Test yourself: 1) Can you identify and explain how a groyne works. 2) Can you explain how a disadvantage and advantage of groynes?

Extension

Evaluating different coastal defence options – Beach Replenishment

Extension

TIP: Test yourself: 1) Can you identify and explain how beach replenishment works? 2) Can you explain how a disadvantage and advantage of beach replenishment?

WHAT IS A SUSTAINABLE CITY? Sustainability = 1. Protecting the environment for future

generations 2. Helping the economy to get better by

providing better jobs (particularly for poorer countries and people)

3. Protecting communities and improving people’s quality of life

Sustainability = 1. Protecting the environment for future generations 2. Helping the economy to get better by providing

better jobs (particularly for poorer countries and people)

3. Protecting communities and improving people’s quality of life

Can you think of any ways in which cities are not sustainable? Spend 2 minutes discussing this with your partner and be prepared to share with the class. Use as many key terms as you can when you are talking.

SIX QUESTIONS, SIX CITIES: Working in groups we are going to investigate six cities to see how sustainable each one is. We are going to ask the following questions about each city:

1. How does transport affect the environment there?

2. How much waste is produced and what do they do with the waste?

3. How much water is used per person?

5. Are people’s lives getting better and are all people treated fairly and equally?

4. Is the city spreading into the surrounding countryside and how much land is used per person?

6. How much energy is used per person and where does the energy come from?

Six Questions, Six Cities: Dubai Fact Sheet On average in Dubai, each person uses enough energy (electricity, petrol etc) to give off 22.6 tonnes of carbon dioxide per person per head. They call this its ‘per capita CO2 Emissions’. This is one of the highest figures. They use so much energy in Dubai because the hot climate means large amounts of energy are used on air conditioning to keep buildings cool enough. Also, half of all energy used in Dubai is used to desalinate sea water (to take the salt out of it so that it can be used as drinking water). Building a city in the middle of a desert means finding fresh water can be difficult, so they have to take it from the sea! 90 percent of Dubai’s electricity is made using natural gas. This is a fossil fuel and contributes carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

In Duabi, people use an average of 500 litres of water per head per day. Most of that comes from sea water that has been desalinated. This figure is huge! Dubai uses more water than any other city in the world, despite being built somewhere with no freshwater supply (ie. in a desert). Dubai uses the water for cooling its buildings, luxury swimming pools and cleaning buildings that get battered by sandstorms.

Each resident of Dubai produces an average of 2.2kg of waste per day. They are very bad at recycling it though; at the moment only 12% of all waste is recycled in Dubai. The government is trying hard to solve this and aims to send no waste to landfill dumps (‘zero to landfill’) by 2030.

It is difficult to find the data for how many miles each person drives in Dubai. But they have one of the highest rates of car use in the world and on average there are 2.3 cars per family. Only 13% of people ever use public transport. The government are trying to encourage people to use public transport and even offered prizes of gold bars to people who bought public transport tickets.

Dubai’s population density is 2,650 people per square kilometre. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the world, and huge building projects are taking place all around the city. Dubai has even gone as far as building Jumeirah Island, the world’s first ever man-made island. A huge new building project, called ‘Dubai Waterfront’ is going to be bigger than Manhattan (the main central part of New York).

Over 50% of all energy in Dubai is used to ‘desalinate’ water.

Six Questions, Six Cities: London Fact Sheet On average in London, each person uses enough energy (electricity, petrol etc) to give off 5.9 tonnes of carbon dioxide per person per head. They call this its ‘per capita CO2 Emissions’. This is lower than the average for the rest of the UK and is mainly because Londoners take buses and tubes more than those in other towns and cities. Over 70% of our energy comes from gas and coal, both of which give off a lot of carbon dioxide emissions. We use very little renewable energy such as wind or solar power. This is less than 10% of all the energy we use.

A coal fired power station, which is where most of London’s electricity comes from.

In London, people use an average of 167 litres of water per head per day. Most of that comes from rivers or reservoirs. London is in the driest part of the UK and regularly has hose pipe bans if there is a shortage of water. London has a big problem with water leaks. Cracked pipes mean that enough water leaks out onto roads to fill Wembley Stadium every 36 hours.

Each Londoner produces an average of 2.2kg of waste per day. This is quite high compared with the rest of the world. We are very bad at recycling it. Currently only 34% of our waste is recycled, which is lower than the UK average of 43%. Our landfill sites are also full up and we have to ship some of our waste to China.

Although London has many traffic problems and air pollution issues linked to traffic, the number of miles driven per person has fallen by 37% in the past 10 years. This is partly because of the improvements in public transport and policies such as the Congestion Charge that aim to reduce traffic. Also, more and more young Londoners are choosing not to drive or own cars. Londoners drive an average of under 6000 miles per head and walk further than people in the rest of the UK.

The population density in London is 1,510 people per square kilometre. This is quite low, meaning people have a large amount of land per person. It is partly because a large part of London is parks such as Wandsworth Common or Hyde Park. A ‘greenbelt’ is a line drawn around the edge of the city to stop if growing further out into the countryside. Some people think this line will be moved further out as London’s population continues to grow.

People in the richest 10 percent of people in London earn 4 times more than people in the poorest 10 percent. Many people find it very hard to afford to buy a house in London because the house prices are so very high.

Six Questions, Six Cities: Los Angeles Fact Sheet On average in Los Angeles, each person uses enough energy (electricity, petrol etc) to give off 12.8 tonnes of carbon dioxide per person per head. They call this its ‘per capita CO2 Emissions’. This is quite high. It is mainly because people in Los Angeles use a lot of energy driving from place to place in the sprawling city, in air conditioning for their homes and electricity for their electronic devices. Over half of its electricity is made by natural gas, this produces carbon dioxide. It also gets lots of energy from renewable sources such as hydroelectric power, geothermal power and solar power. There are very few coal fired power stations (which produce a lot of carbon dioxide).

A huge field of solar panels outside Los Angeles.

In Los Angeles, people use an average of 422 litres of water per head per day. But in some rich areas this goes as high as 1300 litres (Los Angeles). Poorer areas only use 295. Water is used in homes, swimming pools and sprinkers and hose pipes for gardens. The hot climate mean more water is needed than other parts of America to keep gardens growing. California (the American state that Los Angeles is in) is in the middle of the most serious drought on record and people are facing lots of water shortages.

Each Los Angeles resident produces an average of 3kg of waste per day. This is quite high compared with the rest of the world. They are quite good at recycling it though. Currently 67% of their waste is recycled and they have recently added recycling points into half a million flats and houses in the city.

In Los Angeles, each person drives an average of 13,000 miles every year. The city is VERY spread out (they call it ‘sprawling’) and so people have to drive very long distances from place to place.

The population density in Los Angeles is 2,750 people per square kilometre. The city is huge in area and is spreading far out into the countryside. On the edge of the city (called the suburbs) people own large houses with big gardens, each of which takes up land from the countryside.

People in the richest 5 percent of people in Los Angeles earn 12 times more than people in the poorest 20 percent. But overall, the city is getting richer and lots of people are moving here in search of jobs.

Six Questions, Six Cities: Shanghai Fact Sheet On average in Shanghai, each person uses enough energy (electricity, petrol etc) to give off 11.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide per person per head. They call this its ‘per capita CO2 Emissions’. This is quite high. It is mainly because Shanghai’s economy is growing very quickly and lots of new factories use a lot of electricity. With China getting richer and richer, Shanghai’s carbon emissions are expected to rise even further. Worryingly, two thirds of Shanghai’s electricity is made in coal fired power stations which give off very high levels of carbon dioxide. China is trying to change this and is now making more electricity from renewable sources. It is aiming for this to be 20% of all electricity by 2020.

Two thirds of Shanghai’s electricity is made in coal fired power stations.

In Shanghai, people use an average of 165 litres of water per head per day. This is relatively low in comparison to many other cities in the world. As many people live in flats and apartments rather than houses, they don’t have big gardens that need watering.

Each Shanghai resident produces an average of 3kg of waste per day. This is quite low compared with the rest of the world but is growing year on year as the city gets richer and people are able to buy more things (which they end up throwing away). They don’t have a very good system for recycling it though. It is hard to find separate recycling bins and most waste is sorted by hand by ‘pickers’ (a bit like in Cairo). About 28% of its waste is currently recycled.

In Shanghai, over half of all journeys are made on foot or bicycle (this is very high compared to many other cities). On average, people in Shanghai drive up to 5000 km per year. It is expected that this will increase a lot as more and more Shanghai residents become rich enough to buy their own cars.

The population density in Shanghai is 3,809 people per square kilometer. The city is twice the size and has begun to spread into the surrounding countryside at a very rapid rate. Since 2001, nine new towns (called satellite towns) have been built in the countryside on the edge of Shanghai to house the people who are moving from the rural areas to work in Shanghai’s new factories and offices.

Inequality is starkly visible in Shanghai, where Lamborghinis and Porsches are a regular sight outside expensive restaurants, while beggars sit on the pavement with plastic cups looking for change. In the shadow of looming skyscrapers lie cramped dormitories for migrant laborers who work on some of the world’s most expensive properties. However, it is clear that China’s economic growth means that lots of Shanghai residents are much better off than they ever were before.

Six Questions, Six Cities: Cairo Fact Sheet On average in Cairo, each person uses enough energy (electricity, petrol etc) to give off 2.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide per person per head. They call this its ‘per capita CO2 Emissions’. This is very low. This is mainly because many of Cairo’s residents are very poor, living in slum conditions, and so can’t afford to drive cars or use a lot of electricity. Cairo mainly gets is electricity from fossil fuels: 70% comes from gas fired power stations and 10% comes from oil fired power stations. These contribute greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. It gets 10% of its energy from renewable hydroelectric power on the River Nile (at the Aswan Dam) and could make a lot more from solar power in the Sahara Desert.

10 percent of Cairo’s energy comes from electricity generated at the Aswan Dam on the River Nile.

In Cairo, people use an average of 330 litres of water per head per day. This is quite high for such a poor country. You would expect it to be much lower as people don’t have large gardens. It is high because a lot of water is needed for the crops that grow on the farmland on the edge of the city. Using water from rivers to put onto crops is called ‘irrigation’. Many people are worried that Cairo will face water shortages in the future as it gets almost all of its water from the River Nile. As its population grows there will be less and less water per person.

Each resident of Cairo produces an average of 1.1kg of waste per day. This is very low compared with the rest of the world. It is so low because people are poor and can’t afford to buy things that they end up throwing away. They have the zebaleen system of recycling, where people from the Mukatan District (a slum) collect waste and sort it into different materials. This system uses child labour and pays people very low wages. However, it is very effective: 80% of all of Cairo’s waste is recycled.

In Cairo, the roads are clogged with cars which causes huge air pollution problems. The air quality in central Cairo is more than 10 to 100 times worse than world standards. It has high levels of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. The amount each person drives, on average, is probably lower than any other of the six cities. However, the roads weren’t built to cope with the number of cars and so long traffic jams cause lots of pollution.

The population density in Cairo is 19,376 people per square kilometre. This means that each person only takes up a very small amount of land. However, as Cairo grows larger and larger, its farmland is being destroyed by urban development faster than any other country in the world. 12,600 hectares of farmland is lost every year. Egypt’s food security is at risk and it can no longer grow enough food to feed its population. It is already the largest wheat importer in the world and only 5.5% of its land is cultivatable. It is very vulnerable to increases in world food prices, which mean the poor find it hard to eat. Food prices rose by 37% between 2008 and 2010.

Six Questions, Six Cities: Curitiba Fact Sheet On average in Curitiba, each person uses enough energy (electricity, petrol etc) to give off 0.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide per person per head. They call this its ‘per capita CO2 Emissions’. This is very low. This is mainly because Curitiba produces 84 percent of its electricity from renewable hydroelectric power which doesn’t give off any carbon dioxide.

In Curitiba, people use an average of 150 litres of water per head per day. This is very low for a city in a rapidly developing country like Brazil. It is very low because of years of campaigns by the government to encourage saving water. People have water metres to ensure they keep track of how much water they are using. There are also separate taps for drinking and non-drinking water so that not all water needs to be as clean (which uses up a lot of energy).

Each resident of Curitiba produces an average of 1.3kg of waste per day. This is very low compared with the rest of the world. It also recycles or composts almost 100% of all of its waste. The city has a very good education project to ensure that all people consider waste as a resource and encourages people to separate waste in their homes.

Curitiba is famous for its excellent public transport system and its lack of traffic congestion. It has six designated high speed bus routes that carry people from the edge of the city into the centre. The buses are long, split into three sections and stop at designated elevated tubes, complete with disabled access. There is only one price, no matter how far you travel, and you pay at the bus stop. It has been a model for other cities trying to achieve more sustainable movement of people and is used by 85% of people living in the city.710,000 commute by bus each day which is very high for a city of its size. The city has been planned and designed to ensure that most new housing is close to a bus route so people don’t need to rely on their cars.

The population density in Curitiba is 4,296 people per square kilometre. This means that each person only takes up a relatively small amount of land. Curitiba is a fairly small city but it has been very good at making sure it doesn’t spread further and further out into the countryside as it grows. It has strict planning laws to stop this happening. Another feature of the city is the large amount of green space per head of population (52 square metres) which is remarkable in a city that has seen its population triple in the last 20 years. There are 28 parks and wooded areas in Curitiba, creating a city landscape which is unlike any other in a developing city.

Curitiba does have slum dwellings and housing shortages but has developed innovative ways of dealing with these urban problems. Farmland within the city limits was purchased in the 1990s and 50,000 homes, which will house 200,000 people, are being built. The houses are being built by the new landowners, sometimes with the aid of mortgages from the city. In the 1990s, the city started a project called FarÓis do Saber (‘Lighthouses of Knowledge’). These ‘lighthouses’ have been set up in each quarter of the city and contain a library, and computers for public use. Job training, social welfare and educational programmes are co-ordinated by the city and Curitiba has the lowest illiteracy rate and highest educational attainment levels of any of the Brazilian cities.