Chesapeake Bay Program Monitoring Activities and Monitoring Network Design
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Chesapeake Bay ProgramMonitoring Activities
and Monitoring Network Design
Chesapeake Bay ProgramMonitoring Activities
and Monitoring Network Design
Stephen D. Preston U.S. Geological Survey / Chesapeake Bay Program Office
Annapolis, Maryland
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0 20 40 60 80 100 Miles
AgricultureBarenForestUrbanWater
Chesapeake BayWatershed
Land Use
Chesapeake Bay GeographyChesapeake Bay Geography
Watershed Characteristics
* 64,000 square miles in area
* includes parts of six States & DC
* 9 major drainages
Bay Characteristics
* 4,500 square miles in area
* encompassed by two States MD and VA
* most drainage comes from PA, MD and VA
PA
NY
MDDE
WV
VA
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Chesapeake Bay ImpairmentsChesapeake Bay Impairments
Variety of Ecological Impacts - Eutrophication • Anoxia • Seasonal Algal Blooms• Loss of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation• Loss of Economically Important Species
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Tidal Water-Quality MonitoringTidal Water-Quality Monitoring
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Objectives of Tidal MonitoringObjectives of Tidal Monitoring
A. Characterization, Status- Water-Quality Criteria- Nutrient Reduction Goals- Biological and Ecological Indicators
B. Temporal Changes - Long-Term Trends
C. Tidal Water-Quality Modeling
D. Understanding of Processes Related to the Attainment of Water-Quality Criteria and Other Restoration Goals
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A. Cross Section of Chesapeake Bay or Tidal Tributary
B. Oblique View of the “Chesapeake Bay” and its Tidal Tributaries
Shallow Water
Open WaterDeep Water
Deep Channel
Open WaterHabitatShallow Water
Habitat
Deep Water
Deep Channel
Migratory FinfishSpawning andNursery Habitat
Designated Uses for Chesapeake BayDesignated Uses for Chesapeake Bay
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DissolvedOxygen
Chlorophylla
WaterClarity
MigratorySpawning and
NurseryX X
Shallow Water X X X
Open Water X X
Deep Water X
Deep Channel X
Application of Water-Quality CriteriaApplication of Water-Quality Criteria
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Spatial Extent of Tidal MonitoringSpatial Extent of Tidal Monitoring
CBP Monitoring
Segmentation
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Potential Approaches for Tidal MonitoringPotential Approaches for Tidal Monitoring
A. Buoy Systems* Potential Need - Dissolved Oxygen Criteria
B. Probability-Based Monitoring * Potential Need - Shallow-Water Monitoring
C. Fixed-Station Monitoring * Potential Need - All Objectives, Some Designated Uses
D. Continuous Underway Monitoring Systems * Potential Need - Detailed Spatial Assessment
E. Remote Sensing (Aerial Over-flights, Satellite Imagery)
* Potential Need - Chlorophyll Criteria Attainment
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Fixed-Station
Water-Quality Monitoring
Network
in Relation to the
Open Water, Deep Water
and Deep Channel
Designated Uses
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Interpretation Of Fixed-Station DataInterpretation Of Fixed-Station Data
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Continuous Underway MonitoringContinuous Underway Monitoring
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Continuous Underway MonitoringContinuous Underway Monitoring
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Non-Tidal Water-Quality Monitoring Network Design
Non-Tidal Water-Quality Monitoring Network Design
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Objectives of Non-Tidal MonitoringObjectives of Non-Tidal Monitoring
A. Flux from the Watershed - Load Estimation
B. Temporal Changes - Long-Term Trends
C. Effectiveness of BMP’s - Watershed Modeling
D. Research / Education
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Objectives – Load EstimationObjectives – Load Estimation
WRIR 99-4238, Belval and Sprague
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WRIR 98-4192, Langland
Objectives – Trend AnalysisObjectives – Trend Analysis
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Factors Affecting Nutrient Trends In Major Rivers of the
Chesapeake Bay Watershed
Sprague and others (2000)
WRIR 00-4218
CO
NC
EN
TR
AT
ION
, IN
MIL
LIG
RA
MS
PE
R L
ITE
R
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
0
2
4
6
8
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 DIS
CH
AR
GE
, IN
CU
BIC
FE
ET
PE
R S
EC
ON
D
TOTAL NITROGEN
DAILY MEAN DISCHARGE
CONCENTRATION
EXPLANATION
Patuxent RiverPatuxent River
NITROGENSOURCES
1985
1998
POINT SOURCE
URBANFOREST
AGRICULTURESEPTIC
ATMOSPHERIC
DELI
VER
ED
LO
AD
, IN
10
5 K
ILO
GR
AM
S P
ER
YEA
R
0-0.1
0.1-0.2
0.9-162.
No
data
0.8-0.9
0.7-0.8
0.6-0.7
0.5-0.6
0.4-0.5
0.3-0.4
0.2-0.3
gm / m2-yr
Total NitrogenDelivered Yield
Patuxent River Basin
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Time Period - 1987
Time Period - 1992
Chesapeake Bay
Stream-Load
Data Base
Chesapeake Bay
Stream-Load
Data Base
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“Non-tidal”data base
• Constructed in mid-1990’s (NSC/USGS)
• Contains nutrient and sediment data collected by State, Federal, and NGO’s.
• 3 years minimum• Updated through 2002• Linked to GIS so
allows for analysis
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• 703 Stream Gages
• 176 QW Associated with Stream Gages
• 313 Active Stream Gages 389 Active Water-Quality
• 118 Sites Meet Frequency and/or Parameter Criteria for trends
• >1700 Water Quality
Initial Network Design
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Nontidal Water-Quality
Monitoring
• Implementation of strategies to meet water-quality criteria
• Nontidal network will provide first measure of water-quality improvements
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Areas of different loadings
• Enhance network to target nutrient sources and loads– Assess reductions
– Using SPARROW late 1990s version
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Initial Network Design
• Evaluate current sites• Propose new locations
– Tributary Basin boundaries
– High load areas
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