Chesapeake Bay Program Model Update Rich Batiuk Associate Director for Science U.S. EPA Chesapeake...
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Transcript of Chesapeake Bay Program Model Update Rich Batiuk Associate Director for Science U.S. EPA Chesapeake...
Chesapeake Bay Program
Model Update
Rich BatiukAssociate Director for Science
U.S. EPA Chesapeake Bay Program
Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about
Chesapeake Bay Program Modeling But Were Afraid to Ask a
Modeler
Role of Models
Modeling
Research Monitoring
Management
Power
ClarityWhat is the concentration?What are the filtering rates?Where are the streams?
What is the environmentaleffect of any particularmanagement scheme?
How do we balance manydifferent interests?
CBP Modeling Structure
Watershed Model
Chesapeake Bay Estuary Model Package
Regional Acid Deposition Model
Purpose of Watershed Model
Results help direct tributary strategy development What’s the impact of BMP implementation on
Nitrogen/Phosphorus/Sediment loads? What yields the biggest bang and the biggest
bang for the buck?
Load allocations Equitably account for all load sources.
Measure of cap maintenance
Purpose of Watershed Model
Provide loads to the Estuarine Model
What’s the impact of BMP implementation on living resources water quality?
What yields the biggest bang and the biggest bang for the buck?
Remove impairments by 2010
Watershed Model Inputs
Nutrient Applications to Agricultural Land
Landuses Non-Point Source BMP Implementation Point Sources Septic Loads Atmospheric Deposition
Watershed Model Inputs
Nutrient Applications to Agricultural Land
Landuses Non-Point Source BMP Implementation Point SourcesPoint Sources Septic LoadsSeptic Loads Atmospheric DepositionAtmospheric Deposition
Watershed Model Simulation
Input Data
Land Simulation
River Simulation
Output
Opportunities for BMPs
Watershed Model Nonpoint Source BMPs
Agricultural BMPs How Credited TN Efficiency TP Efficiency SED Efficiency
Conservation Tillage Landuse Conversion N/A N/A N/A
Riparian Forest Buffers (Agriculture)
Landuse Conversion + Efficiency
25-85% depending on hydrogeomorphic region
50-75% depending on hydrogeomorphic region
50-75% depending on hydrogeomorphic region
Riparian Grass Buffers (Agriculture)
Landuse Conversion + Efficiency
17-58%depending on hydrogeomorphic region
50-75%depending on hydrogeomorphic region
50-75%depending on hydrogeomorphic region
Wetland Restoration (Agriculture)
Currently Solely Landuse Conversion
Same as riparian forest buffers
Same as riparian forest buffers
Same as riparian forest buffers
Land Retirement (Agriculture)
Landuse Conversion N/A N/A N/A
Tree Planting (Row Crop) Landuse Conversion N/A N/A N/A
Nutrient Management Plan Implementation (Crop)
Built into Simulation Under Review Under Review N/A
Conservation Plans (Excluding Conservation-Tillage and Nutrient Management) Total OR Reported by the Following Landuses:
Conservation Planson Conventional-Till
Efficiency 8% 15% 25%
Conservation Planson Conservation-Till
Efficiency 3% 5% 8%
Conservation Plans on Hay Efficiency 3% 5% 8%Conservation Plans on
PastureEfficiency 5% 10% 14%
Agricultural BMPs How Credited TN Efficiency TP Efficiency SED Efficiency
Cover Crops
Cover Crops on Conventional-Till
Efficiency30-45%
depending on planting date
7-15%
depending on planting date 10-20%
depending on planting date
Cover Crops on Conservation-Till
Efficiency30-45%
depending on planting date 0% 0%
Commodity Cereal Cover Crops
Efficiency17-25%
depending on planting date 0% 0%
Animal Waste Management Systems:
Livestock Systems – Designate types of
systems with associations to the number of Animal
Units and types of animals each system is handling
Efficiency 75% 75% N/A
Poultry Systems – Designate types of
systems with associations to the number of Animal
Units and types of animals each system is handling
Efficiency 20% 20% N/A
Barnyard Runoff Control / Loafing Lot Management - Designate types of runoff controls with associations to the number of Animal
Units and types of animals
Efficiency
20%
(10% Supplemental)
20%
(10% Supplemental)
40%
Watershed Model Nonpoint Source BMPs
Agricultural BMPs How Credited TN Efficiency TP Efficiency SED Efficiency
Alternative Uses of Manure / Manure Transport
Built into PreprocessorReduction in nutrient
mass applied to cropland
Reduction in nutrient mass applied to
croplandN/A
Off-stream Watering with Stream Fencing (Pasture)
Efficiency 60% 60% 75%
Off-stream Watering without Fencing (Pasture)
Efficiency 30% 30% 38%
Off-stream Watering with Stream Fencing and Rotational Grazing
(Pasture)
Efficiency 20% 20% 40%
Watershed Model Nonpoint Source BMPs
Urban and Mixed Open BMPs
How Credited TN Efficiency TP Efficiency SED Efficiency
Stormwater Management Reported by the Following
Categories:
Wet Ponds and Wetlands Efficiency 30% 50% 80%Dry Detention Ponds and Hydrodynamic Structures
Efficiency 5% 10% 10%
Dry Extended Detention Ponds
Efficiency 30% 20% 60%
Infiltration Practices Efficiency 50% 70% 90%
Filtering Practices Efficiency 40% 60% 85%Roadway Systems TBD Under Review Under Review Under Review
Impervious Surface Reduction / Non-Structural
PracticesLanduse Conversion N/A N/A N/A
Street Sweeping and Catch Basin Inserts
TBD Under Review Under Review Under Review
Stream Restoration Load Reduction 0.02 lbs/ft 0.0035 lbs/ft 2.55 lbs/ft
Watershed Model Nonpoint Source BMPs
Urban and Mixed Open BMPs
How Credited TN Efficiency TP Efficiency SED Efficiency
Erosion and Sediment Control
Efficiency 33% 50% 50%
Nutrient Management (Urban)
Efficiency 17% 22% N/A
Forest Conservation (Urban)
Landuse Conversion N/A N/A N/A
Riparian Forest Buffers (Urban)
Landuse Conversion + Efficiency 25% 50% 50%
Riparian Grass Buffers (Urban)
Landuse Conversion N/A N/A N/A
Tree Planting (Urban) Landuse Conversion N/A N/A N/A
Abandoned Mine Reclamation
Landuse Conversion N/A N/A N/A
Riparian Forest Buffers / Tree Planting (Mixed
Open)Landuse Conversion N/A N/A N/A
Nutrient Management (Mixed Open)
Efficiency 17% 22% N/A
Watershed Model Nonpoint Source BMPs
Resource BMPs How Credited TN Efficiency TP Efficiency SED Efficiency
Forest Harvesting Practices
Efficiency 50% 50% 50%
Structural Tidal Shoreline Erosion Control
Water Quality Model N/A N/A N/A
Non-Structural Tidal Shoreline Erosion Control
Water Quality Model N/A N/A N/A
Septic BMPs How Credited TN Efficiency TP Efficiency SED Efficiency
Septic Connections/Hookups
Removal of Systems N/A N/A N/A
Septic Denitrification Efficiency 50% N/A N/A
Septic Pumping Efficiency 5% N/A N/A
Watershed Model Nonpoint Source BMPs
Animal Feed Additives Yield Reserve Manure Additives Horse Pasture Management Carbon Sequesteration Mortality Composters Ammonia Emissions Controls in Animal Agriculture Voluntary Air Emission Controls within the Jurisdicitons
(Utility, Industrial and Mobile) Street Sweeping Alternative Uses of Manure Alternative Cropping Systems/Ag Operations SAV Planting/Restoration; Oyster Reef Restoration
NPS BMPs Efforts Not Currently Credited in the Model…But on the List
Adding to the “Approved”BMP List
Review/approval through the Bay Program’s Tributary Strategy Workgroup
BMP definition Recommended efficiency with technical
literature documentation How the BMP will be handled by the
watershed model How the BMP will be tracked (units,
acres, etc.)
Opportunities for BMPs
BMPs that revise inputs Alternative uses of manure Nutrient applications to croplandNutrient applications to cropland BMPs involving landuse conversionsBMPs involving landuse conversions
BMPs with nutrient and sediment BMPs with nutrient and sediment reduction efficienciesreduction efficiencies
BMPs with both BMPs with both landuse conversions landuse conversions and reduction efficienciesand reduction efficiencies
Manure Applications to Cropland
Pasture
Beef
Uncollected
Collected
Spring/FallApplications
Monthly Applications
Crop
Enclosure
Barnyard
Volatilization
Volatilization
Monthly Applications
Storage
VolatilizationVolatilization
Volatilization
RunoffRunoff Runoff
DairySwineLayers
BroilersTurkeys
Alternative Uses of Manure
9.548 3.8020
2
4
6
8
10
12
Nitrogen Phosphorus
(mill
ion
lbs/
year
)
Pre-BMP Nutrients Available for Crop Applications in DelawarePost-BMP Nutrients Applied to Cropland in Delaware
•Alternative uses of manure encompasses removing from the Chesapeake Bay watershed nutrients available for crop applications. •Jurisdictions need to track where the nutrients are removed from, how much, and manure/litter nutrient content.
Opportunities for BMPs
BMPs that revise inputs Alternative uses of manureAlternative uses of manure Nutrient applications to cropland BMPs involving landuse conversionsBMPs involving landuse conversions
BMPs with nutrient and sediment BMPs with nutrient and sediment reduction efficienciesreduction efficiencies
BMPs with both BMPs with both landuse conversions landuse conversions and reduction efficienciesand reduction efficiencies
Nutrient Applications to Cropland
2.8840
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Nutrient Management Plan Implementation
(mill
ion
acre
s)
2001 Implementation Level 2001 Theoretical Maximum Implementation
•BMP implementation levels tracked by state agencies and submitted to CBPO.•Nutrient Management Plan Implementation is a separate module in the Watershed Model where crops receive only 130% of need/uptake for both nitrogen and phosphorus. •Yellow areas represent “windows of opportunity” for traditional or tracked practices.
Mineral
CropNeed
AtDep
Fertilizer
Manure
30% CropNeed
Mineral
CropNeed
AtDep
Fertilizer
Manure
30% CropNeed
Nutrient Management Plan Implementation
•Watershed Model accounts for both N- and P-based nutrient management.•Fertilizer application data from state agricultural agencies.
Mineral
CropNeedAtDep
Fertilizer
Manure30% Crop
Need Manure
Mineral
AtDepCropNeed
30% CropNeed Manure
Mineral
AtDepCropNeed
30% CropNeed
Move
Nutrient Management Plan Implementation
Watershed Model accounts for both N- and P-based nutrient management.
Opportunities for BMPs
BMPs that revise inputs Alternative uses of manureAlternative uses of manure Nutrient applications to croplandNutrient applications to cropland BMPs involving landuse conversions
BMPs with nutrient and sediment BMPs with nutrient and sediment reduction efficienciesreduction efficiencies
BMPs with both BMPs with both landuse conversions landuse conversions and reduction efficienciesand reduction efficiencies
•Light orange generally represents agricultural land in 1990 EPA EMAP / LANSAT-derived imagery. •Source of agricultural land categories and area in the model is U.S. Department of Agriculture “Census of Agriculture” - Published 1982/1987/1992/1997.•County Census information is distributed to model segments.•Agricultural land area projections directed by states.•In 2001, agricultural land covered about 9.4 million acres or 23% of the total Bay watershed area.•The watershed model estimates that agriculture accounts for 40% of the TN load, 47% of the TP load, and 62% of the land-based sediment load to the Bay in 2001.
Agricultural BMPs Involving Landuse Conversions
1.934 0.045 0.076 0.008 0.005 0.0000.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
ConservationTillage
Land Retirement Conventional Tillto Pasture
Tree Planting WetlandRestoration
Pasture to MixedOpen
(mill
ion
acre
s)
2001 Implementation Level 2001 Theoretical Maximum Implementation
•BMP implementation levels tracked by state agencies and submitted to CBPO.•Load reductions attributed to movement to a lower-exporting landuse. •Yellow areas represent “windows of opportunity” for traditional or tracked practices.
Opportunities for BMPs
BMPs that revise inputsBMPs that revise inputs Alternative uses of manureAlternative uses of manure Nutrient applications to croplandNutrient applications to cropland BMPs involving landuse conversionsBMPs involving landuse conversions
BMPs with nutrient and sediment reduction efficiencies
BMPs with both BMPs with both landuse conversions landuse conversions and reduction efficienciesand reduction efficiencies
Agricultural BMPs with Reduction Efficiencies
3.476 0.118 0.107 0.047 0.028 0.005
N = 3-8%P = 5-15%
SED = 8-25%
N = 20%P = 20%
SED = 40%
N = 30-45%P = 0-15%
SED = 0-20%N = 60%P = 60%
SED = 75%
N = 30%P = 30%
SED = 38%
N = 20-75%P = 20-75%
SED = 0-40%
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
Farm Plans Grazing LandProtection
Cover Crops Stream ProtectionWith Fencing
Stream ProtectionWithout Fencing
Animal WasteManagement
(Manure Acres)
(mill
ion
acre
s)
2001 Implementation Level 2001 Theoretical Maximum Implementation
•BMP implementation levels tracked by state agencies and submitted to CBPO.•BMP efficiencies for removing N, P, and SED are collaboration of TSWG participants after review of literature or agency/extension service recommendations.•Yellow areas represent “windows of opportunity” for traditional or tracked practices.
BMP Implementation
How “Efficiency” BMPs Are Credited In The Model
Reduction = acres treated by BMP * BMP efficiency
total segment acres
By Landuse and Model Segment
BMP Implementation How “Efficiency” BMPs Are Credited In The Model
BMPs that cannot be applied to same landuse• Mutually exclusive – Additive in nutrient reduction
capabilities• i.e., streambank protection with and without
protection
Several BMPs on same landuse Consecutive• One BMP reduces the nutrients available for
subsequent BMPs Multiplicative in nutrient reduction
• i.e., forest buffers downhill from cover crops
Opportunities for BMPs
BMPs that revise inputsBMPs that revise inputs Alternative uses of manureAlternative uses of manure Nutrient applications to croplandNutrient applications to cropland BMPs involving landuse conversionsBMPs involving landuse conversions
BMPs with nutrient and sediment BMPs with nutrient and sediment reduction efficienciesreduction efficiencies
BMPs with both landuse conversions and reduction efficiencies
BMPs with Landuse Conversions and Reduction Efficiencies
16.8 4.6
N = 17-58%P = 50-75%
SED = 50-75%
N = 25-85%P = 50-75%
SED = 50-75%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Riparian Forest Buffers Riparian Grass Buffers
(tho
usan
d ac
res)
2001 Implementation Level 2001 Theoretical Maximum Implementation
•Riparian buffer efficiencies are being revised so that they will vary according to hydro-geomorphic region. •Yellow areas represent “windows of opportunity” and assume 100-ft. buffer widths on all un-buffered stream-miles associated with agricultural land.
Model BMP Simulation
Input Data
Land Simulation
River Simulation
Output
Opportunities for BMPs
Chesapeake Bay Program
Phase 4.3 Watershed Model
Simulation
Watershed Model
64,000 square miles 9 Landuses 94 Segments 133 State-segment 464 County-segments 9 Major Tributaries 20 State-Basins 31 Tributary Strategy Basins
Lumped Parameter Physically-Based Model
Loading Sources in Watershed Model
Pasture Hay
ImperviousUrban
ConservationTill
PerviousUrbanForest
ConventionalTill Manure
RIVER REACH
AtmosphericDeposition
Point SourceSeptic
Atmospheric Deposition, Manure,
Chemical Fertilizer
DenitrificationVolatilization
Export to Streams
Uptake byCrops
Ground Water
SurfaceInterflow
Lower ZoneGround Water
SurfaceInterflow
Lower Zone
Land Simulation – 1 Acre
Water Simulation - Physically BasedPrecipitation (time series)
Percolation - f(soil properties, slope, temp)
Evapotranspiration - f(time series, land properties)
Runoff - f(soil properties, slope, temp)
Nutrient and Sediment Simulation
Meteorology Precipitation
Runoff andGroundwater
LandMorphology
NitrogenCycle
SedimentExport
PhosphorusCycle
Nutrient Inputs
Nutrient Simulation
NitrogenCycle
Watershed Model Forest Nitrogen Cycle
Trees
Roots Leaves
ParticulateRefractoryOrganic N
ParticulateLabile
Organic N
SolutionAmmonia
Nitrate
SolutionLabile
Organic N
AdsorbedAmmonia
SolutionRefractoryOrganic N
Atm
osp
heric
Deposition
Denitrification
ExportExport
ExportExport ExportExport ExportExportExportExport ExportExport ExportExport
Agriculture Nutrient BalanceAtmospheric Deposition,
Manure, Chemical Fertilizer
DenitrificationVolatilization
Export to Streams
Uptake byCrops
Forest Nutrient BalanceAtmosphericDeposition
DenitrificationVolatilization
Export to Streams
Urban Nutrient BalanceAtmosphericDeposition,Other sources
DenitrificationVolatilization
Export to Streams
Uptake bygrasses
Land-Water Connection
X 3000 acres
X 400 acres
X 100 acres
X 200 acres
X 900 acres X 1500 acresX 300 acres
Forest
PerviousUrban
ImperviousUrban
ConventionalTill
ConservationTill
Hay Pasture
Land-Water Connection
X 3000 acres
X 400 acres
X 100 acres
X 200 acres
X 900 acres X 1500 acresX 300 acres
Forest
PerviousUrban
ImperviousUrban
ConventionalTill
ConservationTill
Hay Pasture
Deposition, Point Source,
Septic
Precipitation or percolation
Percolation
Evapotranspiration
RO
(time series)
f(soil properties, slope, temp)
f(time series,land properties)
f(soil properties, slope, temp)
Water Simulation - Physically Based
River Simulation - Nitrogen
Algae
ORGN
NO3
}
Sediment
NH3 River 1
River 2 River
3
Two Points of Calibration
Land Surface
RainRiver Reach
Chesapeake Bay Program
Atmospheric Deposition Model And Impacts of Deposition on Loads
Atmospheric Deposition Model
Atmospheric Deposition Model
P4ms5 - 66 - 77 - 88 - 99 - 1010 - 1111 - 1212 - 1313 - 14
•Deposition to the watershed is calculated from monitoring data – NADP nutrient concentrations / precipitation. •The Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM) changes deposition to the watershed based on changes in emissions throughout the airshed from utility, mobile, and industrial sources.
Nitrogen Deposition Versus Delivered Load
462.7
305.2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2000 Progress
(million lb
s/ye
ar)
Atmospheric Deposition Delivered Load
Atmospheric Inputs:Of the total NOx deposition to the Chesapeake Bay watershed land area, about 50% originates from emissions in Bay-watershed states:__________________PA = 17%, VA = 10%, MD = 9%, WV = 7%, NY = 5%, DE = 1%OH, NC, NY, KY, IN, TN, MI = 27%Other States in 37-State Area = 24% Delivered Loads From All Sources:Of the total nitrogen load delivered to the Chesapeake Bay watershed, about 32% is attributable to atmospheric deposition, based on the proportion of anthropogenic inputs.
Nitrogen Deposition Versus Delivered Load
462.7
386.9
344.0
310.1284.6
305.2 294.2 286.5 279.4 274.8
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2000 Progress 2010 emissions w/ozone-season NOx SIP
call
2020 emissions w/seasonal NOx SIP call +
all-year "Tier II" &heavy duty diesel
regulations
2020 emissions w/annual CAA +
aggressive utilitycontrols
2020 emissions w/annual CAA +
aggressive utility,mobile, & industrial
controls
(million lb
s/ye
ar)
Atmospheric Deposition Delivered Load
For all air scenarios, landuses, fertilizer applications, point sources, septic, and BMP implementation are held constant at 2000 levels - Only atmospheric deposition varies
Model BMP Simulation
Input Data
Land Simulation
River Simulation
Output
Opportunities for BMPs
1985 Versus 2001 and Cap Load Allocations
Nutrient and Sediment Loads Delivered to the Chesapeake
BayBy Major Tributary
Nitrogen Loads Delivered to the Chesapeake Bay
135.34
30.20 28.25
5.02
70.80
9.73 9.13
46.71
2.35
120.98
22.75
15.78
4.08
58.43
7.73 7.70
35.68
2.05
76.25
13.6811.10
2.38
34.32
5.05 5.51
25.74
1.11
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Susquehanna Eastern ShoreMD
Western ShoreMD
Patuxent Potomac Rappahannock York James Eastern ShoreVA
(million p
ounds
TN
per
yea
r)
1985 2001 Progress Cap Load Allocation
Phosphorus Loads Delivered to the Chesapeake Bay
5.11
3.09
1.96
0.51
5.30
1.27 1.18
8.48
0.22
4.00
1.89
0.93
0.28
4.22
0.920.77
5.55
0.21
2.52
1.140.84
0.21
3.48
0.620.48
3.42
0.08
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Susquehanna Eastern ShoreMD
Western ShoreMD
Patuxent Potomac Rappahannock York James Eastern ShoreVA
(million p
ounds
TP p
er y
ear)
1985 2001 Progress Cap Load Allocation
Land-Based Sediment Loads Delivered to the Chesapeake Bay
1.178
0.382
0.164 0.201
2.033
0.418
0.158
1.278
0.021
1.027
0.299
0.129 0.129
1.721
0.331
0.125
1.193
0.018
0.962
0.1630.100 0.095
1.494
0.288
0.103
0.935
0.0080.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Susquehanna Eastern ShoreMD
Western ShoreMD
Patuxent Potomac Rappahannock York James Eastern ShoreVA
(million t
ons
SED
per
yea
r)
1985 2001 Progress Land-Based Sediment Cap Load Allocation
Phase 5 Calibration
Phase 4.3 – 26 calibration stations
Phase 5.0 – 236 hydrology and 100+ water quality calibration stations
Old vs. New Segments
Phase 5 Improvements
Segmentation Calibration Land cover/land use (2000, year by
year) Rainfall Atmospheric Deposition Urban BMPs (seasonality, extreme weather
events, design life considerations) Lots more…so stay tuned!
Send Donuts to:
Rich Batiuk
U.S. EPA Chesapeake Bay Program Office
410-267-5731
www.chesapeakebay.net