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General facts

History

Fauna

Flora

Recreation

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Environment

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The Chesapeake BayThe Chesapeake Bay

A small part of the UniverseA small part of the Universe

A Big part of our LivesA Big part of our Lives

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How Big Is the How Big Is the Chesapeake Bay?Chesapeake Bay?

• 180-200180-200 miles North to South miles North to South• Shoreline is Shoreline is 4,6004,600 miles long miles long • Average depth is Average depth is 3030 feet feet• The Chesapeake bay is the nations The Chesapeake bay is the nations largestlargest estuary estuary• 8080 % water from % water from SusquehannaSusquehanna, , PotomacPotomac, , JamesJames rivers rivers • The Chesapeake bay runs from The Chesapeake bay runs from MarylandMaryland to to VirginiaVirginia• Bordering states are VA and MDBordering states are VA and MD• Watershed is Watershed is VAVA, , MDMD, , DEDE, , PAPA, and , and WVWV• Western shore has the Western shore has the largestlargest rivers rivers• 498,000498,000 acres of wetlands acres of wetlands

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SALINITYSALINITY

• Salinity is measured in Salinity is measured in parts per thousand parts per thousand 0/000/00• This means how much This means how much saltsalt (particles) there are in (particles) there are in

a thousand parts of watera thousand parts of water• Varies from Varies from freshfresh in the in the NorthNorth to to saltysalty in the in the

SouthSouth• Salinity is greater at Salinity is greater at bottombottom due to due to gravitygravity• EuryhalineEuryhaline is an is an organismorganism that is that is toleranttolerant to to

salinity changessalinity changes• Has tides Has tides twicetwice a month called a month called Semi-diurnalSemi-diurnal

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WETLANDSWETLANDS

• Has Has 2,7002,700 species of plants and animals species of plants and animals

• 1010 tons of tons of organicorganic matter is grown acre/year such matter is grown acre/year such as spartina , asters, hibiscus, and cordgrassas spartina , asters, hibiscus, and cordgrass

• OysterOyster barbar communitiescommunities are the base for many are the base for many other organisms such are other organisms such are crabs, whelk,& eelscrabs, whelk,& eels

• HalfHalf of blue crabs in nation live here of blue crabs in nation live here

• Many Many juvenilejuvenile marine organisms use wetlands as marine organisms use wetlands as a a nurserynursery ground ground

• Includes essential Includes essential nutrients, detritus, and nutrients, detritus, and mineralsminerals

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Shipping artery forShipping artery for

Norfolk & BaltimoreNorfolk & Baltimore

Largest estuary inLargest estuary in

the U.S.the U.S.One of the mostOne of the most

diverse estuariesdiverse estuaries

Stretches to the mouthStretches to the mouth

of the Susquehanna of the Susquehanna

River River

Threatened by environmentalThreatened by environmental

degradation caused by mandegradation caused by man

induced pollutioninduced pollution

Highly valued for itsHighly valued for its

sea life, waterfowl, sportsea life, waterfowl, sport

fishing & rec boatingfishing & rec boating

CHESAPEAKE BAYCHESAPEAKE BAY

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CHESAPEAKE BAYCHESAPEAKE BAY

Average depth is 30 feetAverage depth is 30 feet

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Channel DepthChannel Depth

Thimble Shoal Channel ~ Thimble Shoal Channel ~ 15-2515-25m deepm deep Chesapeake Channel ~ Chesapeake Channel ~ 15-2515-25m deepm deep

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• At the end of the last glacial epoch, sea level rose relatively rapidly as continental glaciers melted.

•10,000 years ago, the main channel of the ancient Susquehanna River valley was flooded and became a narrow estuary.

•Sea level at that time stood approx 9 meters lower than the present level.

•Islands once populated in colonial time & during the past century have disappeared due to submergence and related shore erosion.

SEA LEVEL RISESEA LEVEL RISE

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• Submerged & eroded Sharps Island, formerly at the mouth of the Choptank estuary, is recalled only by a prominent lighthouse erected in 1882 and is now covered by 3- to 4-meter water depths.

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• Expanding wetlands are claiming low-lying communities on Smith Island & Tangier Island.

• Settlements begun in the 18th & 19th centuries, together with their churches & cemeteries, are often surrounded by the rising water of the bay during periods of extreme high tides -- a prologue to the rising sea level.

• Extreme high tide at Hoopers Island, Eastern Shore (1998)

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INDIANSINDIANS

• IN IN 90009000 B.C. THE NATIVE B.C. THE NATIVE AMERICANS ARRIVE IN THE AMERICANS ARRIVE IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAYCHESAPEAKE BAY

• THE NATIVE AMERICANS THE NATIVE AMERICANS FISHFISH IN IN THE BAY WITH THE BAY WITH SPEARSSPEARS, TRAPS , TRAPS AND AND HOOKSHOOKS

• THE SUSQUEHANNOCK OF THE THE SUSQUEHANNOCK OF THE IROQUOIS NATION LIVED IROQUOIS NATION LIVED NORTHNORTH OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAYOF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY

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SETTLERSSETTLERS

• IN IN 16071607, JOHN SMITH BEGIN HIS EXPLORATION OF THE , JOHN SMITH BEGIN HIS EXPLORATION OF THE BAY.BAY.

• ALSO IN 1607 THE FIRST PERMAENT NEW WORLD ALSO IN 1607 THE FIRST PERMAENT NEW WORLD ENGLISHENGLISH SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT ESTABLISHEDESTABLISHED IN IN JAMESTOWNJAMESTOWN..

• IN IN 18351835, THE CHESAPEAKE REGION , THE CHESAPEAKE REGION FORESTSFORESTS IS IS CLEAREDCLEARED FOR AGRICULTURE, TIMBER AND FUEL FOR FOR AGRICULTURE, TIMBER AND FUEL FOR HOMES AND INDUSTRY.HOMES AND INDUSTRY.

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AFRICAN AMERICANSAFRICAN AMERICANS

IN IN 16191619, AFRICANS WERE BROUGHT , AFRICANS WERE BROUGHT

OVER BY THE DUTCHOVER BY THE DUTCH

FREDERICK DOUGLASS USED THE FREDERICK DOUGLASS USED THE

CHESAPEAKE BAY TO CHESAPEAKE BAY TO ESCAPE ESCAPE

SLAVERYSLAVERY..

BETWEEN BETWEEN 17001700 AND AND 17701770, SLAVE , SLAVE POPULATIONPOPULATION GREW IN GREW IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY to THE CHESAPEAKE BAY to 250,000250,000..

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FAMOUS BATTLESFAMOUS BATTLES

• BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL IN JUNE 17, 1775BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL IN JUNE 17, 1775• DURING THE MID-DURING THE MID-18001800’’S THE CHESAPEAKE BAY S THE CHESAPEAKE BAY

REGION WAS AT THE REGION WAS AT THE CENTERCENTER OF THE OF THE CIVILCIVIL WARWAR

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1862 - Battle of Hampton Roads

• CSSCSS VirginiaVirginia• Confederate Confederate • (Ironclad warship)(Ironclad warship)

• USS USS MonitorMonitor• UnionUnion• (Ironclad warship)(Ironclad warship)

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Loggerhead Sea TurtleLoggerhead Sea Turtle

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Invertebrates Invertebrates

The blue crab goes through many The blue crab goes through many transformations in its transformations in its 33 years. years.

It takes It takes 1212 to to 1818 months for a blue crab months for a blue crab to mature. Males and females are to mature. Males and females are easy to distinguish.easy to distinguish.

Jellyfish, horseshoe crabs, hermit Jellyfish, horseshoe crabs, hermit crabs, moon snails, and whelks crabs, moon snails, and whelks are are also common also common invertebratesinvertebrates in the in the bay.bay.

Moon JellyMoon Jelly

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•Blue Crab

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AmphibiansAmphibians

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Reptiles Reptiles

TurtlesTurtles are the only reptiles with hard are the only reptiles with hard carapaces that do not have teeth.carapaces that do not have teeth.

The two most common turtles found in the The two most common turtles found in the Chesapeake bay are the Chesapeake bay are the diamondbackdiamondback terrapinterrapin and the and the snappingsnapping turtle. turtle.

The The loggerheadloggerhead turtle is found in the lower part turtle is found in the lower part of the Chesapeake bay.of the Chesapeake bay.

Both the Both the GreenGreen Sea Turtle and the Sea Turtle and the KempKemp’’ss RidleyRidley Turtle are found off of our coast. Turtle are found off of our coast.

Green TurtleGreen Turtle

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• Snapping Snapping TurtleTurtle

• SkinkSkink

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FishFish

BreedingBreeding waters for many waters for many fish species. Parent fish fish species. Parent fish spawn in the bay to spawn in the bay to protect their offspring protect their offspring from larger predatorsfrom larger predators

MummichogMummichog KillifishKillifish

Sheepshead MinnowSheepshead Minnow

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RESIDENT BIRDSRESIDENT BIRDS• Resident birds are mainly found on the Resident birds are mainly found on the

WesternWestern shore of the Chesapeake Bay in shore of the Chesapeake Bay in urban and suburban areas.urban and suburban areas.

• CanadaCanada geesegeese is one type of Resident is one type of Resident bird.bird.

• Resident bird originated from the Resident bird originated from the release of live decoys during the 1930release of live decoys during the 1930’’s.s.

• Their migration route takes them along Their migration route takes them along the the easterneastern shore of shore of HudsonHudson bay& bay& JamesJames bay across central New York. bay across central New York.

• Many of the geese wintering on the Many of the geese wintering on the Chesapeake bay breed in northern Chesapeake bay breed in northern QuebecQuebec..

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MIGRATORY BIRDSMIGRATORY BIRDS

OSPREYOSPREY

• Great Blue Great Blue HeronHeron

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BIRD REFUGESBIRD REFUGES

• Refuge provides Refuge provides habitathabitat for for migratingmigrating and wintering and wintering waterfowl.waterfowl.

• During the fall and winter months, During the fall and winter months, large flocks of waterfowl use the large flocks of waterfowl use the Bay and freshwater Bay and freshwater impoundmentsimpoundments. .

• Snow and Canada geese, tundra Snow and Canada geese, tundra swans, and many duck species are swans, and many duck species are abundant.abundant.

• Migrating songbirds and shorebirds Migrating songbirds and shorebirds arrive at the Refuge each spring. arrive at the Refuge each spring.

• The refuge provides habitat for a The refuge provides habitat for a wide assortment of other wildlife, wide assortment of other wildlife, including threatened and including threatened and endangeredendangered species fall migration. species fall migration.

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GEESEGEESE

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MammalsMammals

•Deer ,raccoons, fox, squirrels, rabbits, and opossum are the most plentiful mammal residents of the Chesapeake Bay area.

•Noted aquatic mammals living here are otters, dolphins, porpoises, and whales.

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AlgaeAlgae

PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton grow in the grow in the photicphotic zone zone or the or the depth to which depth to which sunlightsunlight penetrates the water. penetrates the water.

They undergo They undergo aalgaelgae bloomsblooms or rapid population or rapid population growth caused by excess nutrients.growth caused by excess nutrients.

Major groups of phytoplankton areMajor groups of phytoplankton are Diatoms, Green Diatoms, Green algae, Dinoflagellates.algae, Dinoflagellates.

They are used as They are used as indicatorsindicators for environmental for environmental conditions within the bay.conditions within the bay.

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AlgaeAlgae

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Bald CypressBald Cypress

Grow to be Grow to be 100100 to to 120120 feet tall and 6 feet in feet tall and 6 feet in diameter.diameter.

Usually abundant in muck, clay or fine sand Usually abundant in muck, clay or fine sand where its very where its very highhigh amount of amount of waterwater..

Has horizontal roots which extend out Has horizontal roots which extend out 2020 to to 5050 feet before extending down, and knees which feet before extending down, and knees which tower over the water.tower over the water.

Major groups are Major groups are southern cypress, white southern cypress, white cypress, gulf cypresscypress, gulf cypress

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Bald CypressBald Cypress

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Loblolly PineLoblolly Pine

This rapidly-growing tree thrives in the This rapidly-growing tree thrives in the maritimemaritime forest, at the bay forest, at the bay’’s s edgeedge..

It prefers the Bay's relatively long, It prefers the Bay's relatively long, hot and hot and humidhumid summers. summers.

The trees provide important The trees provide important nestingnesting habitat habitat for for bald eagles and ospreybald eagles and osprey..

Loblolly pines are frequently used for soil Loblolly pines are frequently used for soil stabilizationstabilization in areas that are subject to in areas that are subject to severe erosion .severe erosion .

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Loblolly Pine

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American HollyAmerican Holly

The American Holly, The American Holly, Ilex opacaIlex opaca, is , is used a popular used a popular holidayholiday decoration. decoration.

Bluebirds, songbirds, and thrashers Bluebirds, songbirds, and thrashers useuse holly for holly for sheltershelter, and raising their , and raising their young.young.

Native Americans used the wood for Native Americans used the wood for many purposes, and the berries were many purposes, and the berries were used for used for barteringbartering and decorating. and decorating.

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American Holly

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Bay GrassesBay Grasses

In the shallow waters of the bay, many underwater In the shallow waters of the bay, many underwater grasses thrive.grasses thrive.

These grasses—also known as These grasses—also known as submerged submerged aquatic vegetationaquatic vegetation, or , or SAVSAV—are vascular plants —are vascular plants that grow completely underwater.that grow completely underwater.

SAV contain several adaptations that give them SAV contain several adaptations that give them additional support and allow for easier additional support and allow for easier exchange of gasses.exchange of gasses.

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Bay GrassesBay Grasses

SAV play an important role in bay ecology by SAV play an important role in bay ecology by performing many functions.performing many functions.

Some of these include providing food and Some of these include providing food and habitat, filtering sediment, producing habitat, filtering sediment, producing oxygen, and protecting the shoreline from oxygen, and protecting the shoreline from erosion.erosion.

They also remove excess nutrients from the They also remove excess nutrients from the water which prevents overgrowth of algae.water which prevents overgrowth of algae.

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Bay Grasses

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Bay Grasses

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Fishing on the BayFishing on the Bay

The Chesapeake bay is home The Chesapeake bay is home to 295 species of fish which to 295 species of fish which only comprises 10 % of bay only comprises 10 % of bay life. Only 32 fish are yearly life. Only 32 fish are yearly residents.residents.

The favorite Chesapeake bay The favorite Chesapeake bay fish species include fish species include rockfish, bluefish, drum, rockfish, bluefish, drum, speckled trout, flounder, speckled trout, flounder, spot, and croaker.  spot, and croaker. 

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Sailing on the BaySailing on the Bay

The recreational use of the Bay bring millions of The recreational use of the Bay bring millions of dollars to the local economy annuallydollars to the local economy annually

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SurfingSurfing

DonDon’’t you wish we had waves like this locally.t you wish we had waves like this locally.

Average wave height at Virginia Beach, VA is about 3 feet.Average wave height at Virginia Beach, VA is about 3 feet.

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HUNTINGHUNTING

The Chesapeake bay is the famous hunting ground.The Chesapeake bay is the famous hunting ground.

Market and waterfowl hunting is a thing of the past.Market and waterfowl hunting is a thing of the past.

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• Most Most biologicallybiologically productiveproductive estuary in N. America.estuary in N. America.

• More More seafoodseafood is harvested is harvested from Chesapeake Bay than any from Chesapeake Bay than any of the other of the other 840840 U.S. estuaries. U.S. estuaries.

• Blue crab harvest is Blue crab harvest is >> 1/2 1/2 of of U.S. total harvest.U.S. total harvest.

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BusinessesBusinesses• TourismTourism is a major factor in the businesses is a major factor in the businesses

around the Chesapeake Bay.around the Chesapeake Bay.• Restaurants, hotels, bait shops, water sport Restaurants, hotels, bait shops, water sport

rentals, and marinas rentals, and marinas are most commonly found are most commonly found on the Bay.on the Bay.

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Businesses Cont…Businesses Cont…

• Businesses for the Bay (B4B) Businesses for the Bay (B4B) is a is a voluntary team of forward-looking voluntary team of forward-looking businesses, industries, government businesses, industries, government facilities, and other organizations facilities, and other organizations within the Chesapeake Bay watershed. within the Chesapeake Bay watershed.

• More and more businesses are forming More and more businesses are forming in order to in order to preventprevent pollutionpollution..

• Pollution Prevention is sweeping the nation, Pollution Prevention is sweeping the nation, sweeping up pollution by avoiding producing sweeping up pollution by avoiding producing it in the first place. it in the first place.

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Bay-side BusinessesBay-side Businesses

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FactoriesFactories

• SmithfieldSmithfield Factories is one of Factories is one of the largest industries the largest industries responsible for the responsible for the pollutionpollution of the Chesapeake Bayof the Chesapeake Bay

• In August 1997, a federal In August 1997, a federal judge in Virginia fined the judge in Virginia fined the Smithfield pig processing Smithfield pig processing plant $12.6 million for the plant $12.6 million for the plant's chronic dumping of plant's chronic dumping of slaughterhouseslaughterhouse wasteswastes into into the Pagan River, a tributary the Pagan River, a tributary of the of the JamesJames RiverRiver and and Chesapeake Bay.Chesapeake Bay.

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F a c t o r i e s…F a c t o r i e s…

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Early Chesapeake Bay ShippingEarly Chesapeake Bay Shipping

• Steamboat (1813)Steamboat (1813) • Colonial Colonial American American

fighting shipsfighting ships

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Commercial Shipping

• ContainerContainer ships leave and enter ports in Hampton, ships leave and enter ports in Hampton, Portsmouth, Newport News and Norfolk daily. Portsmouth, Newport News and Norfolk daily. • Hampton Roads ranks Hampton Roads ranks 2nd2nd in U.S. for metric tons in U.S. for metric tons of exports.of exports.

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Fishing BoatsFishing Boats

Fishing and the Fishing and the harvesting of harvesting of marine marine crustaceans is a crustaceans is a majormajor source of source of food and food and revenuerevenue for the local for the local economyeconomy..

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Oysters

• The Chesapeake Bay harvests an annual production of millions of bushels of oysters, crabs, clams, eels, striped bass, and flounder.

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Blue Crab

• Growing commercial, industrial, recreational, and urban activities continue to threaten the Chesapeake Bay and its living resources.

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• CONSTANT CONSTANT WEATHERWEATHER SURVEILLANCESURVEILLANCE

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Home Port for the US NavyHome Port for the US Navy

•The The headquartersheadquarters for the US for the US AtlanticAtlantic fleet is at fleet is at NavalNaval StationStation Norfolk, VA Norfolk, VA

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Home Port for the US NavyHome Port for the US Navy

• ThousandsThousands of military of military personnel call Hampton personnel call Hampton Roads on the Chesapeake Roads on the Chesapeake Bay their Bay their ““Home Port.Home Port.””

• The military The military increasesincreases the the economyeconomy of Hampton of Hampton Roads by Roads by billionsbillions of of dollars each year.dollars each year.

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Hover Craft Hover Craft

• Hover Craft are extensively used in Hover Craft are extensively used in EuropeEurope, but , but are are notnot widely used by the widely used by the USUS military. military.

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US Coast GuardUS Coast Guard• The US Coast Guard The US Coast Guard protectsprotects our our coastalcoastal

and and inlandinland waterswaters from smugglers and drug from smugglers and drug dealers.dealers.

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AVIATION FORECASTINGAVIATION FORECASTING 115,698 Aviation Weather Briefs (Annually)115,698 Aviation Weather Briefs (Annually)

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Military BasesMilitary Bases

• Naval Amphibious Base Naval Amphibious Base (Little Creek) is the major (Little Creek) is the major operating base for the US Atlantic Fleet, and the operating base for the US Atlantic Fleet, and the largest of itlargest of it’’s kind in the world.s kind in the world.

• Fort Story Fort Story is where the Cape Henry lighthouse is is where the Cape Henry lighthouse is and where settlers first landed.and where settlers first landed.

• Langley Air Force Base Langley Air Force Base is the oldest Air force is the oldest Air force base that has remained continuously active.base that has remained continuously active.

• Oceana Naval Air Station Oceana Naval Air Station was carved out of was carved out of swampland and has grown 16 times larger.swampland and has grown 16 times larger.

• Dam Neck Base Dam Neck Base is directly on the beach and has is directly on the beach and has the most military beach access.the most military beach access.

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Keep the beaches clean!Keep the beaches clean!

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Waste From FactoriesWaste From Factories

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POLLUTIONPOLLUTION

• The The biggestbiggest problem is problem is nutrientnutrient pollution. pollution.• Nutrient pollution is caused by Nutrient pollution is caused by excessexcess nutrientsnutrients, ,

nitrogennitrogen, and , and phosphorusphosphorus within the plants and within the plants and bay. SAVbay. SAV’’s are destroyed.s are destroyed.

• Other causes consist of Other causes consist of toxictoxic chemicals, chemicals, airair pollutionpollution, landscape changes, , landscape changes, sedimentationsedimentation, , and the over-harvesting of living resources.and the over-harvesting of living resources.

• As the use of the land has changed and the As the use of the land has changed and the watershed's population has grown, the amount watershed's population has grown, the amount of nutrients entering the Bay's water has of nutrients entering the Bay's water has increasedincreased tremendously. tremendously.

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Massive Fish KillsMassive Fish Kills

• ToxicToxic chemicals are the chemical chemicals are the chemical poisons that harm poisons that harm plants, plants, animals, fish and humans.animals, fish and humans.

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RESTORATIONRESTORATION

• The Chesapeake Bay Program is a partnership The Chesapeake Bay Program is a partnership that is working to restore as well as that is working to restore as well as protectprotect the the Bay and resources.Bay and resources.

• Sound Land Use Sound Land Use is enhancing, or even is enhancing, or even maintaining, the quality of the Bay while maintaining, the quality of the Bay while helping growth. helping growth.

• Different group efforts are working to Different group efforts are working to restorerestore water quality and habitats.water quality and habitats.

• Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Chesapeake Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Chesapeake Alliance, and the Virginia Aquarium.Alliance, and the Virginia Aquarium.

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WATER QUALITY ACTSWATER QUALITY ACTS

• IN THE MID-20IN THE MID-20THTH CENTURY, THE CENTURY, THE CHESAPEAKE BAYCHESAPEAKE BAY’’S WATER S WATER QUALITYQUALITY STARTED STARTED DECLINING DECLINING

• ALSO, DISEASES WERE KILLING OYSTERS IN ALSO, DISEASES WERE KILLING OYSTERS IN THE BAYTHE BAY

• IN THE 1970IN THE 1970’’S, CONGRESS PASSED THE S, CONGRESS PASSED THE CLEANCLEAN AIRAIR ACTACT AND THE CLEAN WATER AND THE CLEAN WATER ACTACT

• CITIZENS FORMED WATERSHED GROUPS CITIZENS FORMED WATERSHED GROUPS AND OFFICIALS BANNED PESTICIDES AND AND OFFICIALS BANNED PESTICIDES AND TOXIC CHEMICALSTOXIC CHEMICALS

• IN IN 19831983, THE BAY RESTORATION ACT , THE BAY RESTORATION ACT REPLACED THE REPLACED THE CHESAPEAKE BAY CHESAPEAKE BAY AGREEMENTAGREEMENT . .

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