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Transcript of Cherie Levy Dianne A Vella-Brodrick School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine,...
Cherie Levy Dianne A Vella-Brodrick
School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Monash
University
SAVOURING (BRYANT, 2003)
MINDFULNESS (BUDDHISM)
The capacity to enjoy moments in
life
Enhance the quality of consciousness through directed attention and
awareness on the present moment
SWB •Involves a cognitive (SWLS) component and an affective (PANAS) component (Diener, 1984)•“Architecture of Sustainable Change”: 40% of the variance of happiness is attributable to intentional activity (Lyubomirsky, Sheldon & Schkade, 2005)
Savouring vs. Coping Not inherent in the experience, it may need to
be harvested Reminiscent, In the Moment and Anticipatory
Savouring Savouring could be related to SWB through
Fredrickson’s Broaden-and-Build Theory (Isen 1987; Fredrickson, 1998)
Savouring and SWB (Bryant, 2003) Positively correlated with present happiness, intensity
& frequency of happiness and affect intensity Negatively correlated with frequency of unhappy and
neutral affect and social anhedoniaNB: highest correlations for these findings always
reflected the In the Moment savouring subscale
2,500 year old Buddhist teaching of freeing oneself from distracting thoughts by focussing on the present moment
Two key elements: Awareness and an attitude of acceptance (Bishop et al, 2004)
Mindfulness as a therapeutic tool (Bar; 2003; Kabat-Zinn, 1990; 2003)
Mindfulness and SWB (Brown & Ryan, 2003) Positively correlated with positive affect and life
satisfaction Inversely correlated with negative affect
CONCEPTUAL SIMILARITY INTERACTIVE RELATIONSHIP?
BOTH CONCENTRATE ON THE PRESENT MOMENT BASE LEVEL OF MINDFULNESS ALLOWS FOR
GREATER SAVOURING GREATER SWB
Savouring Focus on positive
feelings (PA)
Mindfulness Focus on acceptance of all
feelings (good and bad) Focus on decreased
emotional reactivity (Decrease NA)
Extend on previous research Explore predictive relationships of savouring and mindfulness
on SWB Broader population sample (adults + students) and meditators
and non-meditators Explore whether levels of mindfulness enhance the ability to
savour Explore how each construct predicts each dimension of SWB.
HypothesesHypothesesHypothesesHypotheses• Savouring and mindfulness will be
significant predictors of SWB• In the Moment savouring will be the best
predictor of SWB in comparison to anticipatory and reminiscent savouring
147 participants completed either web-based or hardcopy questionnaire kits
Recruited from public offices, health centres, 1st year participant pool at Monash and Buddhist centres and online groups
Sociodemographic (e.g. age, gender, marital status, income) and control variables (e.g. meditation frequency, duration and experience)
Measure Number of Items
Responses (Likert scales)
Reliability(α)
Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS)Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin (1985)
5 1 - “strongly disagree”7 - “strongly agree”
.87
Positive And Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)Watson, Clark & Tellegen (1988)
Positive Affect & Negative Affect
20 1 - “very slightly”5 – “extremely”
.88/ .86
Savouring Beliefs Inventory (SBI)Bryant (2003)
Anticipating, In the Moment, Reminiscing
24 1 - “strongly disagree”7 - “strongly agree
.89
Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS)Cardaciotto, Herbert, Forman, Moitra & Farrow (2008)
Acceptance & Awareness
20 1 - “never5 - ”very often”
.75/.82
Outcome Variables
Subjective Well-Being Dimensions (PANAS &
SWLS)
Positive Affect Negative Affect Satisfaction with Life
Step 1 Sociodemographic and control
variables
Age Income Marital Status Meditation Experience & Frequency
Step 2 Mindfulness (PHLMS)
Acceptance Present-moment Awareness
Step 3 Savouring (SBI) Anticipating In the momentReminiscing
Note.
Predictors (Model 1): Marital Status (SWL, PA), Meditation Frequency (SWL, NA), Meditation Experience (SWL), Age (PA, NA), Income (PA, NA)
Predictors (Model 2): Acceptance, Awareness
Predictors (Model 3): Anticipating, In the Moment, Reminiscinga Satisfaction with Life (Model 3): F(8,66) = 4.08, p < .001b Positive Affect (Model 3): F(8, 85) = 6.27, p < .001c Negative Affect (Model 2): F (5, 88) = 6.47, p < .001
Dependent Variable Predictor R2 Adj R2 R2 Change p
Satisfaction with Lifea Model 1 .10 .06 .10 .06Model 2 .19 .13 .09 .03Model 3 .33 .25 .15 .00
Positive Affectb Model 1 .10 .07 .10 .02Model 2 .21 .16 .10 .00Model 3 .37 .31 .16 .00
Negative Affectc Model 1 .08 .05 .08 .05Model 2 .27 .23 .19 .00Model 3 .33 .26 .06 .07
Variable B SE B β T P
Satisfaction with LifeMarital Status .99 1.21 .09 .81 .42Medit’n Frequency .50 .82 .08 .60 .55Medit’n Experience .06 .09 .08 .72 .48PHMLS Acceptance .14 .10 .16 1.39 .17PHLMS Awareness .05 .14 .05 .40 .69SBI Anticipating -.07 .12 -.08 -.60 .55
SBI In the Moment .32 .14 .37 2.35 .02SBI Reminiscing .09 .13 .12 .71 .48
Positive AffectAge .00 .06 .01 .07 .94Marital Status .83 1.13 .08 .73 .47Income .00 .00 .19 1.79 .08PHLMS Acceptance .12 .08 .15 1.44 .16PHLMS Awareness .15 .10 .14 1.55 .13SBI Anticipating -.11 .09 -.14 -1.17 .25
SBI In the Moment .25 .11 .31 2.29 .03SBI Reminiscing .17 .10 .24 1.77 .08
Negative AffectAge .03 .06 .07 .66 .51Meditation Frequency -.24 .63 -.04 -.38 .70Income .00 .00 .05 .45 .66
PHLMS Acceptance .40 .09 .48 4.65 .00PHLMS Awareness .17 .12 .14 1.44 .15
Mindfulness significantly predicted all dimensions of SWB, but particularly NA
Savouring significantly predicted SWL and PA, but not NA
ITM savouring was the best predictor of SWB compared to anticipatory and reminiscent savouring It was the single best predictor of both SWL
(37%) and PA (31%)
Mindfulness was not a precondition for savouring
Mindfulness is more instructive in NA than SWB generally Explore the predictive ability of mindfulness
for psychological well-being (PWB) Evidence for the usefulness of Acceptance &
Commitment Therapy (Eifert & Forsyth, 2005) in anxiety and pain disorders
Savouring is more useful as an intervention to enhance happiness
Use ESM for variables that are susceptible to change based on mood and recent experiences
Adopt a more present-moment focus Savouring and mindfulness function
independently and influence different dimensions of SWB
Happiness is best sought through savouring techniques
Mindfulness aids to decrease emotional reactivity
Need to explore the efficacy of mindfulness in predicting PWB