wel

com

e to

ch

emis

try

Peri

od

ic T

able

of

the

Elem

ents

20

11

ww

w.c

hem

istr

yad

ven

ture

.co

m

+1

Alk

ali

meta

ls

Alk

alin

eea

rth

met

als

+2

Tra

nsit

ion

meta

ls: 2

val

enc

e e

lect

rons

+3

+4,

-4-3

-2

-1

Nob

lega

ses

hal

ogen

s

1H

hyd

roge

n1.

01

11N

aso

diu

m

22

.99

12M

gm

agne

sium

24

.31

3Li

lith

ium

6.9

4

4B

eb

eryl

lium

9.0

1

19

K pota

ssiu

m

39

.10

20

Ca

calc

ium

40

.08

37

Rb

rub

idiu

m

85

.47

21S

csc

andiu

m4

4.9

6

22T

iti

tani

um4

7.9

0

23V

vana

diu

m5

0.9

4

24

Cr

chro

miu

m5

2.0

0

25

Mn

man

gane

se5

4.9

4

26

Fe

iron

55

.85

38

Sr

stro

ntiu

m

87

.62

39

Yyt

triu

m

88

.91

40

Zr

zirc

oniu

m

91.

22

41 ni

obiu

m

92

.91

42

Mo

mol

ybden

um

95

.94

43T

cte

chne

tium

96

.91

44R

uru

then

ium

101.

07

55

Cs

cesi

um

132

.91

56

Ba

bar

ium

137

.33

71

Lu

Lut

etiu

m

174

.97

72

Hf

haf

nium

178

.49

73

Ta

tant

alum

180

.95

74

Wtu

ngst

en

183

.85

75R

erh

eniu

m

186

.21

76

Os

osm

ium

190

.20

87

Fr

fran

cium

22

3.0

2

88

Ra

radiu

m

22

6.0

2

103

Lr

law

renc

ium

26

2.1

1

104R

fru

ther

ford

ium

26

1.11

105D

bdub

nium

26

2.1

1

106

Sg

seab

orgi

um

26

3.1

2

107

Bh

boh

rium

26

4.1

2

108H

shas

sium

26

5.1

3

27

Co

cob

alt

58

.93

28

Ni

nick

el5

8.7

1

29C

uco

pper

63

.55

30

Zn

zinc

65

.37

31G

aga

lliu

m

69

.72

32G

ege

rman

ium

72

.59

13A

lal

umin

um

26

.98

45

Rh

rhod

ium

102

.91

46

Pdpa

llad

ium

106

.40

47

Ag

silv

er

107

.87

48

Cd

cadm

ium

112

.40

49

In

indiu

m

114

.82

50

Sn

tin

118

.69

33

As

arse

nic

74

.92

14S

isi

lico

n

28

.09

15P

phos

phor

us

30

.97

51

Sb

Ant

imon

y)

121.

75

77

Ir

irid

ium

192

.22

78

Ptpl

atin

um

195

.09

79A

ugo

ld19

6.9

7

80H

gm

ercu

ry2

00

.59

81

Tl

thal

lium

20

4.3

7

82

Pb lead

20

7.1

9

83

Bi

bis

mut

h

20

8.9

8

109

Mt

Mei

tner

ium

(26

8)

110D

sDarm

stadtium

(28

1)

111R

gro

entg

eniu

m

(27

2)

112U

ubU

nunb

ium

(28

5)

113U

utun

untr

ium

(28

4)

114U

uqun

unqu

adiu

m

(28

9)

115U

upun

unpe

ntiu

m

(28

8)

5B

bor

on

10.8

1

6C

carb

on

12.0

1

7N

nitr

ogen

14.0

1

8O

oxyg

en

16.0

0

9F

fluo

rine

19.0

0

2

He

hel

ium

4.0

0

10N

ene

on

20

.18

16S

sulf

ur

32

.07

17C

lch

lori

ne

35

.45

18A

rar

gon

39

.95

34

Se

sele

nium

78

.96

35

Br

79

.91

36

Kr

kryp

ton

83

.80

52

Te

tellur

ium

127

.60

53

I iodin

e12

6.9

0

54

Xe

xen

on

131.

30

84

Popo

loni

um

(210

)

85

At

asta

tine

(210

)

86R

nra

don

(22

0)

116U

uhun

unhex

ium

(28

9)

117 U

usun

unse

ptiu

m

(29

5)

118U

uoun

unoc

tium

(29

3)

57

La

lant

han

um

138

.91

58

Ce

ceri

um

140

.12

59

Prpr

aseo

dym

ium

140

.91

60

Nd

neod

ymiu

m

144

.24

61

Pmpr

omet

hiu

m

144

.91

62S

msa

mar

ium

150

.41

63

Eu

euro

pium

151.

96

65

Tb

terb

ium

158

.92

89A

cac

tini

um

22

7.0

3

90

Th

thor

ium

23

2.0

4

91

Papr

otac

tini

um

23

1.0

4

92

Uur

aniu

m

23

8.0

3

93

Np

nept

uniu

m

23

7.0

5

94

Pupl

uton

ium

24

4.0

6

95

Am

amer

iciu

m

24

3.0

6

96C

mcu

rium

(24

7)

66

Dy

dys

pros

ium

162

.50

67

Ho

Hol

miu

m

164

.93

68

Er

erb

ium

167

.26

69

Tm

thul

ium

168

.93

70

Yb

ytte

rbiu

m

173

.04

97

Bk

ber

kelium

(24

9)

98

Cf

califo

rniu

m

(25

1)

99E

sei

nste

iniu

m

(25

4)

100F

mfe

rmiu

m

25

7.1

0

101M

dm

endel

eviu

m

(25

6)

102N

o

(25

4)

Nb

Ace

tate

CH

3C

O2

-B

isul

fite

HS

O3

-C

hlo

rite

ClO

2-

Hyd

roxid

e O

H-

Nit

rite

NO

2-

Phos

phid

e P3

-

Am

mon

ium

NH

4+

Bro

mid

e B

r-C

hro

mat

e C

rO4

2-

Hyp

ochlo

rite

ClO

-O

xid

e O

2-

Sul

fide

S2

-

Bro

mid

e B

r-C

arbon

ate

CO

32

-C

yani

de

CN

-Io

did

e I

-Pe

rchlo

rate

ClO

4-

Sul

fate

SO

42

-

Bic

arbon

ate

HC

O3

-C

hlo

rate

ClO

3-

Dic

hro

mat

e C

r 2O

72

-N

itra

te N

O3

-Pe

rman

gana

te M

nO4

-T

hio

sulf

ate

S2O

32

-

Bis

ulfa

te H

SO

4-

Chlo

ride

Cl-

Flu

orid

e F

-N

itri

de

N3

-Ph

osph

ate

PO4

3-

com

mon

ani

ons

Mon

oval

ent

ca

tion

s:G

roup

1, A

g: +

1G

roup

2, Z

n: +

2G

roup

3, A

l: +

3

Gd

gadol

iniu

m

157

.25

64

nob

eliu

m

0

1s 2s

3s

4s

5s

6s

7s

3d

4d

5d

6d

4p

5p

6p

7p

3p

2p

4f

5f

Sym

bol

:S

olid

Liqu

idG

asM

anm

ade

nam

e

Ato

mic

mas

s

Ato

mic

nu

mber Sc

scan

diu

m

44

.96

21

Act

iniu

mA

c 22

7.08

Alu

min

um

Al 2

6.98

Am

eric

ium

Am

243

.06

An

tim

on

ySb

121

.75

Arg

on

Ar

39.9

6A

rse

nic

As

74.9

2A

stat

ine

At

(210

)B

ariu

mB

a 13

7.33

Ber

keliu

mB

k (2

49)

Ber

ylliu

mB

e 9.

01B

ism

uth

Bi 2

08.9

8B

oh

riu

mB

h 2

64.1

2B

oro

nB

Bro

min

eB

r 79

.91

Cad

miu

mC

d 1

12.4

0C

alci

um

Ca

40.0

8C

alif

orn

ium

Cf

(261

)C

arb

on

C 1

2.01

Cer

ium

Ce

140.

12

Ces

ium

Cs

132.

91C

hlo

rin

eC

l 35.

45C

hro

miu

mC

r 52

.00

Co

bal

tC

o 5

8.93

Co

pp

erC

u 6

3.55

C

uri

um

Cm

Dar

mst

adti

um

Ds

(281

)D

ub

niu

mD

b 2

62.1

1D

ysp

rosi

um

Dy

162.

50Ei

nst

ein

ium

Es 2

52.0

8Er

biu

mEr

167

.26

Euro

piu

mEu

151

.96

Ferm

ium

Fm 2

57.1

0Fl

uo

rin

eF

Fran

ciu

mFr

Gad

olin

ium

Gd

Gal

lium

Ga

Ge

rman

ium

Ge

19.0

0G

old

Au

196

.97

Haf

niu

mH

f 17

8.49

Has

siu

mH

s 26

5.13

H

eliu

mH

e 4.

00H

olm

ium

Ho

164

.93

Hyd

roge

nH

1.0

1In

diu

mIn

114

.82

Iod

ine

I 126

.90

Irid

ium

Ir 1

92.2

2Ir

on

Fe 5

5.85

Kry

pto

nK

r 83

.80

Lan

than

um

La 1

38.9

1La

wre

nci

um

Lr 2

62.1

1Le

adP

b 2

07.1

9Li

thiu

mLi

6.9

4Lu

teti

um

Lu 1

75.0

0M

agn

esiu

mM

g 24

.31

Man

gan

ese

Mn

54.

94

Mei

tner

ium

Mt

268.

14M

end

elev

ium

Md

258

.10

Mer

cury

Hg

200.

59M

oly

bd

enu

mM

o 9

5.94

Ne

od

ymiu

mN

d 1

44.2

4N

eo

nN

e 2

0.18

Ne

ptu

niu

mN

p 2

37.0

5N

icke

lNi 5

8.69

Nio

biu

mN

b 9

2.91

Nit

roge

nN

14.

01N

ob

eliu

mN

o 2

59.1

0O

smiu

mO

s 19

0.23

Oxy

gen

O 1

6.00

Pal

lad

ium

Pd

106

.42

Ph

osp

ho

rus

P 3

0.97

Pla

tin

um

Pt

195.

08P

luto

niu

mP

u 2

44.0

6P

olo

niu

mP

o 2

08.9

8P

ota

ssiu

mK

39.

10P

rase

od

ymiu

mP

r 14

0.91

Pro

met

hiu

mP

m 1

44.9

1P

rota

ctin

ium

Pa

231.

04

Rad

ium

Ra

226.

03R

ado

nR

n 2

22.0

2R

hen

ium

Re

186.

21R

ho

diu

mR

h 1

02.9

1R

ub

idiu

mR

b 8

5.47

Ru

then

ium

Ru

101

.07

Ru

ther

ford

ium

Rf

261.

11Sa

mar

ium

Sm 1

50.3

6Sc

and

ium

Sc 4

4.96

Seab

org

ium

Sg 2

66.1

2Se

len

ium

Se 7

8.96

Silic

on

Si 2

8.09

Silv

erA

g 10

7.87

Sod

ium

Na

22.9

9St

ron

tiu

mSr

87.

62Su

lfu

rS

32.0

7Ta

nta

lum

Ta 1

80.9

5Te

chn

etiu

mTc

97.

91Te

lluri

um

T6 1

27.6

0Te

rbiu

mTb

158

.93

Thal

lium

Tl 2

04.3

8Th

ori

um

Th 2

32.0

4Th

uliu

mTm

168

.93

Tin

Sn 1

18.7

1Ti

tan

ium

Ti 4

7.87

Tun

gste

nW

183

.84

Ura

niu

mU

238

.03

Van

adiu

mV

50.

94X

eno

nX

e 13

1.29

Ytt

erb

ium

Yb

173

.04

Ytt

riu

mY

88.

91Zi

nc

Zn 6

5.41

Zirc

on

ium

Zr 9

1.22

(and

NH

4+ )

met

alno

nmet

alm

etal

loid

metal

nonmetal

1 va

lenc

eele

ctro

n2

val

enc

eele

ctro

ns

Val

ence

ele

ctro

ns:

8

45

67

3

(H is

a no

nmet

al)

bro

min

e

Gro

up 1

Gro

up 2

Gro

up 3

Gro

up 4

Gro

up 5

Gro

up 6

Gro

up 7

Gro

up 8

Gro

up 9

Gro

up 1

0G

roup

11

Gro

up 1

2

Gro

up 1

3G

roup

14

Gro

up 1

5G

roup

16

Gro

up 1

7

Gro

up 1

8

to 71 to 10

3

error x 100accepted value

D

D D

D D D

D

D

D

D

D

D D

D D

° °

° °

seating chart period 2

normal

labs

tests

Craig A

Ben B

Elizabeth B

Matt B

Annalese D

Ambur-Lynn D Jake H

Anne KAnna K

Gabriella L

Joe F

Courtney O

Colton S

Sydney S Ashleigh WMariana TShaun S

Chris M

Craig A

Ben B

Elizabeth B Matt BAn

nalese

D

Am

bu

r-Lynn

DJake H

An

ne K

An

na K

Gabriella L

Joe F

Courtney O

Colton S

Sydney S Ashleigh WMariana TShaun S

Chris M

Craig A

Ben B

Elizabeth B Matt BAn

nalese

D

Am

bu

r-Lynn

D

An

ne K

An

na K

Gabriella L

Jpe F

Courtney O

Colton S

Sydney S Ashleigh WMariana TShaun S

Chris M

seating chart period 3

normal

labs

tests

Halle A

Brittany B

William B

Cath

erine D

Alyssa D

Margerite

D

Ku

leH

Peyto

n J

Jessica M

Brian

na M

Elizabet

D

Joshua O

Jenna P

Alexandra P Deanna VLacey TMckenzie S

Varun N

Halle A

Brittany B

William B Catherine D

Alyssa D

Margerite

D

Peyto

n J

Jessica M

Brianna M

Elizabet D

Joshua O

Jenna P

Alexandra P Deanna VLacey TMckenzie S

Varun N

Hal

le A

Brittany B

William B Catherine D

Alyssa DMargerite D Peyton J Jessica M

Brianna M

Elizabet D

Josh

ua O

Jenna P

Alexandra P Deanna VLacey TMckenzie S

Varun N

seating chart period 4

normalTed A

Luciano A

Alexa B

Ryan

C

Ke

vin C

Dian

a D

Emm

a G

Aaro

n G

Qu

inn

G

Joe GSara D

Roland L

Chris M

Garrett M Ben SSteven SJessica R

Mark L

Andrew T

Megan T

Mikayla V

Joe W

Amanda W

labsTed A

Luciano A

Alexa B

Ryan C

Ke

vin C

Dian

a D

Emm

a G

Aaro

n G

Qu

inn

G

Joe G

Sara D

Roland L

Chris M

Garrett M Ben SSteven SJessica R

Mark L

Andrew T

Megan T

Mikayla V

Joe W

Amanda W

testsTed A

Luciano A Alexa B

Ryan

C

Kevin C

Dian

a D

Emm

a G

Aaro

n G

Qu

inn

G

Joe G

Sara D

Roland L

Chris M

Garrett M Ben SSteven SJessica R

Mar

k L

Andrew T

Megan T

Mikayla V

Joe W

Amanda W

seating chart period 5

normalKayleigh C

Aaron C

Lucas D

Ben

E

Dan

F

Seth G

Mich

ael I

Grace I

Ch

ris M

Am

and

a M

Evan H

Kathryn M

Alissa R

Bronwyn R David SGabrielle SOlivia S

Julia M

Trevor V

Sam W

Ashley Z

Mary W

labsKayleigh C

Aaron C

Lucas D

Ben

E

Dan

F

Seth G

Mich

ael I

Grace I

Ch

ris M

Am

and

a M

Evan H

Kathryn M

Alissa R

Bronwyn R David SGabrielle SOlivia S

Julia M

Trevor V

Sam W

Ashley Z

Mary W

testsKayleigh C

Aaron C

Ben

E Dan F

Seth G

Michael I

Grace I

Ch

ris M

Amanda M

Evan H

Kath

ryn M

Alissa R

Bronwyn R David SGabrielle SOlivia S

Julia M

Trevor V

Sam W

Ashley Z

Mary W

seating chart period 7

normalNicole B

Zoe B

Klaire C

Kath

leen C

Brian

D

Reb

ecca E

Shan

e G

Dan

G

Mike G

Steph

anie M

Jack F

Megan O

Clara P

Lindsey U Paul WClaire WJames W

Lauren M

Ian W

Xiao X

Anny Y

Alexandra Z

labsNicole B

Zoe B

Klaire C

Kath

leen C

Brian

D

Reb

ecca E

Shan

e G

Dan

G

Mike G

Steph

anie M

Jack F

Megan O

Clara P

Lindsey U Paul WClaire WJames W

Lauren M

Ian W

Xiao X

Anny Y

Alexandra Z

testsNicole B

Zoe B

Kath

leen C

Brian D

Reb

ecca E

Shan

e G

Dan G

Mike G

Stephanie MJack F

Megan

O

Clara P

Lindsey U Paul WClaire WJames W

Lauren M

Ian W

Xiao X

Anny Y

Alexandra Z

1

4

Oh heck I know that

Controls:

StandardsFor comparison

O

HE

C

The 4-letter mnemonic for this simplified scientific method

all experiments need these: What is a positive control? Example:

What is a positive control? Example:

5

O OH

NH2

O O

O

O

NH

O

OH

O

alkenealkanealkyne ether alcohol

amine amide carboxylic acidaldehyde ketone ester

CC C

H

H

H

H

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

O

O OH

C

O

C

H

H

H

H

H

HH

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

NH

O

1. What is chemistry?

2. What is matter?

3. What is not matter? Give examples.

4. What do chemists do?

5. Where does chemistry fit in with the other branches of science?

6. Name a branch of science more basic than chemistry.

7. List the branches of science from basic to applies.

8. What is our simple scientific method?

9. Give an example of a positive and negative control

10. What is a synonym for a negative control

11. Why are negative controls important for most drug studies?

12. Provide a positive control for an experiment designed to

produce bubble gum that blows big bubbles

13. How many bonds to the atoms C, N , H, and O form?

14. What is a useful mnemonic device for the bonding pattern of

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon?

15. Who wrote The Skeptical Chymist?

16. What constitutes a reliable reference when writing a scientific

paper, and why?

17. Why is chemistry awesome?

18. Compare and explain the flammability of liquids to gases.

19. True or false: most combustion reactions produce water

20. What is the difference between a physical and a chemical

change?

21. Provide an example of a physical and a chemical change.

22. How could you identify methanol?

23. Provide a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of

isopropanol, C3H8O.

24. Provide two isomers of C3H8O by drawing their structural and

skeletal formulas

25. Draw an ether with the formula C3H8O.

26. Draw an amine, an alcohol, a carboxylic acid, an ester, and an

amide.

27. Provide the molecular formula, skeletal formula, and functional

groups present in leucine shown at right.

28. What organic functional groups are present in sodium chloride,

NaCl?

29. Explain what is implied by the wedges and hatches used in the

drawing of leucine. Does contain straight chains, branched

chains, or rings?

30. What happens to molecular formulas when double bonds and

rings are used?

31. Describe what you know about aristolochic acid, palytoxin, and

the kahalalides.

32. In the rock candy lab, sugar crystallizes, meaning it change from

being dissolved in a liquid to becoming a solid. Is crystallization

a physical or a chemical process?

33. Define density, viscosity, and solubility. What role, if any, do

these play when solutions are mixed?

34. Draw a molecule that has an aldehyde, an ether, and a amide in

it. Provide the molecular formula as well.

35. Be prepared to answer the essential question for this unit: what

is chemistry all about?

I’m sure you would all like to ace your first chemistry test. Here’s how:

1. Test yourself on the topics below to see what you know and don’t know.

2. Review this packet in its entirety. Be familiar with each of the topics that were covered in the powerpoint presentation.

3. Write down what you don’t know yet. If you don’t know something, ask a friend or ask me.

4. If you are missing anything it may be available on the class website: http://www.chemistryadventure.com

data

table of contentsunit 2 data

1

m

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3. Complete the tableUnit of measurement We usually use But SI units require

LengthMass

Temperaturedensity

6. Complete the table.Prefix Symbol Factor Scientific

notationexample

Gigamega

1,000centi

10-3

micro microgram n

SI Units Unit Prefixesmeasurement unit symbol size Prefix Scientific

notationmass kilogram kg nano (n) billionth 10-9

volume liter L micro (m) millionth 10-6

distance meter m milli (m) thousandth 10-3

amount mole mol centi (c) hundredth 10-2

brightness candela cd kilo (k) thousand 103

current ampere A mega (M) million 106

time Second s giga (G) billion 109

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

sand

sand

sugar

salt

Method

pebbles

Iron filings

sugar

salt

pebbles

Iron filings Method

Methodsugar

salt

pebbles

Iron filings

sugar

salt

Iron filings

Iron filings salt

Method

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

The 1989 IBM Atomic Image By Your Name Here

Abstract: In 1989 Don Eigler from IBM ushered in the nanotechnology revolution

by moving individual Xenon atoms to create the image shown above.

Source: http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/22260.wss

Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/456735511/in/set-30000/

Source: http://www.tainano.com/chin/Eigler.htmSource: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/06/13/don_eigler_valley/

Eigler with his STM

Don Eigler (2006)

Eiglers Lab Notebook

35 Xenon Atoms

Don Eigler and the 1989 IBM Atomic Image

The question “What is everything made out of” is one of the most fundamental questions of mankind, right up there with “Why are we here?”,

and “Will that be on the test?”. Recorded ideas date back over 6000 years,1first popularized in the west by the work of Democritus.

Arguably the most compelling evidence for the atom being the fundamental particle of nature involves the human senses- smell, touch, sight,

etc. Because of the small size of the atom, none of these are directly possible, so perhaps the next best thing is to observe it with the help of

an instrument. This may have first occurred as early as 1981,2

but the image that popularized it was taken by Dr. Don Eigler in 1989.3

Don Eigler is a ponytailed, well educated physicist and surfer. In 1989, he designed his own scanning tunneling microscope. An image of him with

his instrument was taken during a 2006 interview.4

While studying the surfaces of solids, he came up with the idea of limiting the movement

of atoms by performing his experiments at a few degrees Kelvin- close to absolute zero. In his own words from the 2006 interview, he found

that

“Through a combination of hard work, some horse sense and good, old fashioned blind luck, I happened to be positioned to discover that I could

manipulate individual atoms with a scanning tunneling microscope.”

Having discovered the ability to move individual atoms, Eigler decided to create a work of art to document his discovery. What he created is an

image of the letters I B M using the noble gas Xenon, a dense and unreactive colorless gas. Was he forced at gunpoint to do the bidding of his

IBM bosses?? According to Eigler:

“I made that decision on my own. Management never said anything to me beforehand, and I did it with a very clear purpose in my mind. IBM

gave me a job, gave me the opportunity when I needed one, gave me the opportunity to excel at doing the things that I love in life, and it

was payback time. I pull no punches on that. It was my way of giving back to the corporation some of what the corporation gave to me.”

Does Eigler get bored recounting the discovery, now that two decades have passed?

“I don't mind talking to people when they're curious, for instance, about what I was thinking about or why did I do this or something like that.

The thing is that I always get introduced to people as the guy who wrote I-B-M in atoms. After you have heard that enough times, you don't really

need to hear it five more times.”

Eiglers current interests are in the field of Spintronics,5 a speculative field where future computers will be based not electricity (the translational

movement of electrons) but on their spin…a sort of electricity where the electrons stay where they are.

Sources:

1. Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti (1981). Indian Atomism: History and Sources. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press. ISBN 0-391-02177.

2. G. Binnig, H. Rohrer “Scanning tunneling microscopy” IBM Journal of Research and Development 30,4 (1986) reprinted 44,½ Jan/Mar

(2000). Available on the web at http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/journal/rd/441/binnig.pdf

3. Imaging Xe with a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. DM Eigler, PS Weiss, EK Schweizer, ND Lang - Physical Review

Letters, 1991 1189-1192.

4. A man and his microscope: IBM's quest to make atom-sized chips. The silver surfer speaks. Ashlee Vance, The Register, June 13, 2006.

Available on the web at http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/06/13/don_eigler_valley/

5 Spintronics: A Spin-Based Electronics Vision for the Future. S. A. Wolf et al., Science 2001, Vol. 294. no. 5546, pp. 1488 - 1495

The 1989 IBM Atomic Image By Your Name Here

Abstract: In 1989 Don Eigler from IBM ushered in the nanotechnology revolution

by moving individual Xenon atoms to create the image shown above.

Source: http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/22260.wss

Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/456735511/in/set-30000/

Source: http://www.tainano.com/chin/Eigler.htmSource: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/06/13/don_eigler_valley/

Eigler with his STM

Don Eigler (2006)

Eiglers Lab Notebook

35 Xenon Atoms

Don Eigler and the 1989 IBM Atomic Image

The question “What is everything made out of” is one of the most fundamental questions of mankind, right up there with “Why are we here?”,

and “Will that be on the test?”. Recorded ideas date back over 6000 years,1first popularized in the west by the work of Democritus.

Arguably the most compelling evidence for the atom being the fundamental particle of nature involves the human senses- smell, touch, sight,

etc. Because of the small size of the atom, none of these are directly possible, so perhaps the next best thing is to observe it with the help of

an instrument. This may have first occurred as early as 1981,2

but the image that popularized it was taken by Dr. Don Eigler in 1989.3

Don Eigler is a ponytailed, well educated physicist and surfer. In 1989, he designed his own scanning tunneling microscope. An image of him with

his instrument was taken during a 2006 interview.4

While studying the surfaces of solids, he came up with the idea of limiting the movement

of atoms by performing his experiments at a few degrees Kelvin- close to absolute zero. In his own words from the 2006 interview, he found

that

“Through a combination of hard work, some horse sense and good, old fashioned blind luck, I happened to be positioned to discover that I could

manipulate individual atoms with a scanning tunneling microscope.”

Having discovered the ability to move individual atoms, Eigler decided to create a work of art to document his discovery. What he created is an

image of the letters I B M using the noble gas Xenon, a dense and unreactive colorless gas. Was he forced at gunpoint to do the bidding of his

IBM bosses?? According to Eigler:

“I made that decision on my own. Management never said anything to me beforehand, and I did it with a very clear purpose in my mind. IBM

gave me a job, gave me the opportunity when I needed one, gave me the opportunity to excel at doing the things that I love in life, and it

was payback time. I pull no punches on that. It was my way of giving back to the corporation some of what the corporation gave to me.”

Does Eigler get bored recounting the discovery, now that two decades have passed?

“I don't mind talking to people when they're curious, for instance, about what I was thinking about or why did I do this or something like that.

The thing is that I always get introduced to people as the guy who wrote I-B-M in atoms. After you have heard that enough times, you don't really

need to hear it five more times.”

Eiglers current interests are in the field of Spintronics,5 a speculative field where future computers will be based not electricity (the translational

movement of electrons) but on their spin…a sort of electricity where the electrons stay where they are.

Sources:

1. Gangopadhyaya, Mrinalkanti (1981). Indian Atomism: History and Sources. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press. ISBN 0-391-02177.

2. G. Binnig, H. Rohrer “Scanning tunneling microscopy” IBM Journal of Research and Development 30,4 (1986) reprinted 44,½ Jan/Mar

(2000). Available on the web at http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/journal/rd/441/binnig.pdf

3. Imaging Xe with a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. DM Eigler, PS Weiss, EK Schweizer, ND Lang - Physical Review

Letters, 1991 1189-1192.

4. A man and his microscope: IBM's quest to make atom-sized chips. The silver surfer speaks. Ashlee Vance, The Register, June 13, 2006.

Available on the web at http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/06/13/don_eigler_valley/

5 Spintronics: A Spin-Based Electronics Vision for the Future. S. A. Wolf et al., Science 2001, Vol. 294. no. 5546, pp. 1488 - 1495

F-9

19

Ca20

41 2+

U92

235

9 protons

10 neutrons

10 electrons

20 protons

21 neutrons

18 electrons

92 protons

143 neutrons

92 electrons

22 n

1

2

101097.0

1w

+1Alkalimetals

Alkalineearthmetals

+2

Transition metals: 2 valence electrons

+3+4, -4 -3 -2

-1

Noblegases

halogens

1 Hhydrogen

1.01

11Na

sodium

22.99

12 Mgmagnesium

24.31

3 Lilithium

6.94

4 Beberyllium

9.01

19

Kpotassium

39.10

20 Cacalcium

40.08

37 Rbrubidium

85.47

21 Scscandium44.96

22 Tititanium47.90

23 Vvanadium50.94

24 Crchromium52.00

25 Mnmanganese

54.94

26 Feiron

55.85

38 Srstrontium

87.62

39Y

yttrium

88.91

40 Zrzirconium

91.22

41

niobium

92.91

42 Momolybdenum

95.94

43 Tctechnetium

96.91

44 Ruruthenium

101.07

55 Cscesium

132.91

56Ba

barium137.33

71 LuLutetium

174.97

72 Hfhafnium

178.49

73 Tatantalum

180.95

74 Wtungsten

183.85

75 Rerhenium

186.21

76 Ososmium

190.20

87 Frfrancium

223.02

88 Raradium

226.02

103Lr

lawrencium

262.11

104 Rfrutherfordium

261.11

105 Dbdubnium

262.11

106Sg

seaborgium

263.12

107 Bhbohrium

264.12

108 Hshassium

265.13

27 Cocobalt

58.93

28 Ninickel

58.71

29 Cucopper

63.55

30 Znzinc

65.37

31 Gagallium

69.72

32 Gegermanium

72.59

13 Alaluminum

26.98

45 Rhrhodium

102.91

46 Pdpalladium

106.40

47 Agsilver

107.87

48 Cdcadmium

112.40

49 Inindium

114.82

50 Sntin

118.69

33 Asarsenic

74.92

14 Sisilicon

28.09

15 Pphosphorus

30.97

51 SbAntimony)

121.75

77 Iriridium

192.22

78 Ptplatinum

195.09

79 Augold196.97

80 Hgmercury

200.59

81 Tlthallium

204.37

82 Pblead

207.19

83 Bibismuth

208.98

109Mt

Meitnerium

(268)

110DsDarmstadtium

(281)

111 Rgroentgenium

(272)

112 UubUnunbium

(285)

113Uutununtrium

(284)

114Uuqununquadium

(289)

115Uupununpentium

(288)

5 Bboron10.81

6 Ccarbon

12.01

7 Nnitrogen

14.01

8O

oxygen

16.00

9F

fluorine

19.00

2He

helium4.00

10 Neneon

20.18

16 Ssulfur

32.07

17 Clchlorine

35.45

18 Arargon

39.95

34 Seselenium

78.96

35 Br79.91

36 Krkrypton

83.80

52 Tetellurium

127.60

53 Iiodine126.90

54 Xexenon

131.30

84 Popolonium

(210)

85 Atastatine

(210)

86 Rnradon

(220)

116Uuhununhexium

(289)

117Uusununseptium

(295)

118Uuoununoctium

(293)

57La

lanthanum

138.91

58 Cecerium

140.12

59Pr

praseodymium

140.91

60Nd

neodymium

144.24

61 Pmpromethium

144.91

62 Smsamarium

150.41

63Eu

europium

151.96

65Tb

terbium

158.92

89 Acactinium

227.03

90 Ththorium

232.04

91 Paprotactinium

231.04

92 Uuranium

238.03

93 Npneptunium

237.05

94Pu

plutonium

244.06

95 Amamericium

243.06

96 Cmcurium(247)

66

Dydysprosium

162.50

67 HoHolmium

164.93

68 Ererbium

167.26

69 Tm

thulium

168.93

70 Ybytterbium

173.04

97 Bkberkelium

(249)

98 Cfcalifornium

(251)

99 Eseinsteinium

(254)

100 Fmfermium

257.10

101 Mdmendelevium

(256)

102 No

(254)

Nb

common anions

Monovalentcations:

Group 1, Ag: +1Group 2, Zn: +2Group 3, Al: +3

Gdgadolinium

157.25

64

nobelium

0

1s

2s

3s

4s

5s

6s

7s

3d

4d

5d

6d

4p

5p

6p

7p

3p

2p

4f

5f

Symbol:SolidLiquidGasManmade

name

Atomic mass

Atomic number

Scscandium

44.96

21

(and NH4+)

metal nonmetalmetalloi

dm

eta

l

nonm

etal

1 valenceelectron

2 valenceelectrons

Valence electrons: 8

4 5 6 73

(H is a nonmetal)

bromine

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Group 9 Group 10 Group 11 Group 12

Group 13 Group 14 Group 15 Group 16 Group 17

Group 18

to71

to103

:solution

1s2 2s2 2p2 3s2 3p4

16S:

Unit 5 electrons Dr. B.’s ChemAdventure

Principles and rules of electron configuration

Pauli

(opp. spins)

Hund’s Rule

(spread out)

1s22s11s22p1Aufbau

(build up)

Heisenberg(e-position uncertain)

GoodBadPrinciple or rule

1s22s22p2 1s22s22p2

1s2 1s2

1s1

our essential question:

OO

OOH

O OH

OO

O

O

O

O

OH

NHO H

1. taxol (paclitaxel)

I

I

W

W

investment x price original

price new estock valu

dollars 1150 dollars 1000 x dollars 485

dollars 560

O

investment x price original

price new estock valu

$525,000 $500,000 x $20

$21

I

OO

OOH

O OH

OO

O

O

O

O

OH

NHO H

1. taxol (paclitaxel)

O

OOH

H

OO

OH

H

H

O

O

OOO

O

O

O

O

OH

H

H

azadirachtin

Co3+

N

N

N

N

N

R

N

O

NO

NO

N

O

O

N O

N O

N

O

N O

O

O

PO

O

O

3. Vitamin B12

O

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

O

OH

H

H

H

H

O

O

O

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

4. ginsenoside rb2

OH

OOH

OH

OH

S

O

OO

O

O

O

O

O

O

OH

OHOH

OH

OHOH

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O S

O

OO

OH

OH

OH

OHO

O

O

O

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

O O

OO

O

O

O

OH

OH

O

O

O

OO

O

O

O

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

H

H

HH

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

HH

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H H

H

H

H

H

Na

Na

I

F F FF

H

HH

H H

H

HH

CC

C

OH

HH

H

HH

CC H

HH

H H

OHC

C

OOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

H H

C

C C

Lithium Beryllium Boron fluoride permanganate oxide

Sodium MagnesiumAluminum bromide bicarbonate sulfide

Potassium Calcium Chloride hypochlorite chromate

Rubidium Strontium iodide chlorite dichromate

Cesium Barium chlorate

Francium Radium nitrite perchlorate carbonate

Ammonium Zinc nitrate bromate sulfite nitride

silver bisulfateiodate

sulfate phosphide

hydroxide acetate

cyanidephosphate

M

C

NSi

O

ONa

O

H

Br

F Li

W

N

+2 +3 -3 -2 -1

polyvalent

+1 0

F

O

G

NH

H H

H

H

H

H

N H

H

H

H H

H H

C C and CC

D

U

O OO+

-

I

W

C

r

r

r

r

Our Essential Question:

Our Essential Question:

W

S

→

C

Mix 24 g Mg with 32 g S. Makes 56 g MgS.

I

16S

sulfur

32.07

12 Mgmagnesium

24.31

I

1. Ice melts. What are the COOL signs of a chemical reaction you observed?

Is it a chemical reaction? _____

How could you prove it?

2. Wood burns. What are the COOL signs of a chemical reaction you observed?

3. Iron rusts. What are the COOL signs of a chemical reaction?

Is it a chemical reaction? _____

How could you prove it?

Is it a chemical reaction? _____

How could you prove it?

I

I

H

H

H

O H

O H

H

H

O

O

Na H OH

C C+ C C +

baking soda acetic acidethyl acetate water

_____ g _____ g _____ g _____ g

NaHCO3 + CO2

_____ mol _____ mol _____ mol _____ mol

carbondioxide

_____ g

_____ mol

E

C

NO2

NO2

O2N

H H

HH

H

N

T

A

OH moles 5 H moles 2

OH moles 2 x

H grams 2

H mole x H grams 10 2

2

2

2

22

E

I

A

I

’

º

1

2

M

M

2

Gas Formulas and

conversions

1

2

M

M

3

;2211 VPVP

’

2

2

1

1

V

T

V

T

’

mL 50 140

K 340 ; 2

2

2

1

1 T

mLV

T

V

T

2

2

1

1

P

T

P

T

’

;;x

’

200

’

’

(

’

NaOH g 4 solution liter 0.1 x NaOH mole

NaOH g 40 x

solutionliter

NaOH mole 1

D

D

Greasy: will dissolve in

greasy solvents

watery region

OH

watery: will dissolve in

watery solvents (like

water)

A “brick”: hard to

dissolve in anything.

1 2

1 2

S S

P P

1 2

1 2

S S 3.3 g /L 9.9 g/L (1 atm)(9.9 g/L); ; x = 3 atm

P P 1 atm x (3.3 g/L)

mass solutePercent solution by mass x 100

mass solution

volume solutePercent solution by volume x 100

volume solution

moles of solute

Liters of solution

40 g NaCl0.5 moles NaCl x x 0.08 Liters solution = 1.6 grams NaCl

Liter of solution mole NaCl

mass solutePercent solution by mass x 100

mass solution

volume solutePercent solution by volume x 100

volume solution

moles of solute

Liters of solution

°

°

Chemistry

1. Intro

2. data

3. matter

4. the atom

5. electrons

6. periodic table

7. bonding

8. reactions

9. the mole

10. gases

11. solutions

12. Energy

13. Reaction rates

14. equilibrium

15. Acids and bases

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

Percent error = measured chip calories/actual chip calories x 100

Title

Name, Date

(For example:

Potato Chip Calorimetry

Or Energy Analysis of a common Snack Food)

Schematic drawing

With labels

Of your

calorimeter

caption

Conclusions

Include the Nutritional

Calories calculated for

your chip, the estimated

real nutritional calories for

your chip, and an

explanation for the

difference.

Data

Q = mcDT

Q=

M=

C=

DT =

= ( ) ( ) ( )

= ___ J

= ___Nutritional

Calories

Pick a topic:

1. What is calorimetry?

2. Sources of Error

in our calorimeter design

3. A better design for

the next experiment

10 points:

1. Effort: 5 points

-does this represent

45 minutes of effort?

2. Calculations: 3 Points

-are they accurate?

3. Analysis: 2 points:

Why are the results so

bad (or so good).

D

D

D

D D

D

D

D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D D D

D

D

D

D

D D D

D D D

DD

D

D

D

° °

° °

°

° °

D

° ° °

° °

° °

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

° ° ° °

°

D

DG = DH –TDS

Where

DG = Gibbs Free Energy

DH = Enthalpy in Joules

T = Temperature (K)

And DS = Entropy in Joules/K

D D D

D D D

D

D

D D

D

D . D

D

D D

D D

D D D

D

D

D

D

D D D

D D D

D

D

D

D

D

D

Chemistry

1. Intro

2. data

3. matter

4. the atom

5. electrons

6. periodic table

7. bonding

8. reactions

9. the mole

10. gases

11. solutions

12. Energy

13. Reaction rates

14. equilibrium

15. Acids and bases

Δtime

tionΔconcentrarate reaction

Δtime

tionΔconcentraratereaction

ss

LmolLmol

04

/22.0/100.0

sec03.0

liter

mol

collision theory

•

•

•

•

•

Unit 14

The problem with chemical reactions is that the reverse reaction can, and usually does occur. To put

it another way, for the reaction AB, while A ⇌ is being converted to B, B is often being converted

back to A. And what good is that?! This is equilibrium, a balance between forward and reverse

reactions. In a sense, this means that a chemical reaction is never “done”; it never stops; it simply

gets to a point where the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse

reaction. Fortunately it is usually an easy matter to destroy this reversibility, this equilibrium. For

example a reaction can be irreversibly driven to completion by removing the products as they are

formed.

Note that this doesn’t necessarily mean the reaction will now happen quickly: equilibrium and rate are

two separate aspects of a chemical reaction…and just what is the relationship between equilibrium

and rate? What does it mean to have something that can go forwards and backwards at the same

time, at different speeds? Will the product ever form? Will the product ever stay formed?

In practice, reversible reactions can give lousy yields of product, and chemists are always trying to

come up with a way to drive the reaction to completion.

The graph below shows the typical result of a reversible chemical reaction. Dinitrogen tetroxide is

decomposing into nitrogen dioxide, but since the reaction is reversible, the reaction never goes to

completion.

In this unit we will learn how to

calculate the concentrations of

reactants and products at equilibrium,

and we will use several methods to

adjust the equilibrium in the direction

we prefer. ∏

How do I recognize and deal with a reversible chemical reaction?

Name: __________________________ Period: _____ equilibrium lab 1

Paper Clip Equilibrium Activity

To demonstrate the characteristics of a reversible chemical reaction, imagine the reaction

A + B C below:

This is an example of a _______________ reaction. The reverse reaction is an example of a

_________ reaction. At your instructors prompts, make as many C molecules as you can in 15

seconds. Then see how many you can take apart in 15 seconds. Record your answers in the box.

6. Before returning the materials to the front of the classroom, be certain the composition of the

paper clips in the pile are the same as when your received them.

Summary Question:

You have just simulated a reversible chemical reaction. In actual practice, the rate of a chemical

reaction at constant temperature and pressure slows down over time until there is no change in the

ratio of product to reactants. Explain this using collision theory.

A B C

Summary:

C molecules made in 15 seconds (forward reaction): __________

C molecules decomposed in 15 seconds (reverse reaction): ________

At this rate, it would take ____ minutes for this reversible reaction to go to completion.

↔

D

D

↔ D

Name: _______________________ Period: _____ equilibrium lab 2

Perfume Lab

Introduction:

Esters may be prepared through the reaction of a carboxylic acid RCO2H with an Alcohol (R’OH),

using a small amount of sulfuric acid as a catalyst.

RCO2H + R’OH + H2SO4 RCO2R’ + H2O + H2SO4

carboxylic acid alcohol sulfuric acid ester water sulfuric acid

Esters often have strong pleasant aromas. Carefully guarded mixtures of esters create expensive

perfumes including Chanel #5, Aramis (for men) and others, some of which sell for hundreds of

dollars per bottle. In this lab each student will create his own ester, and we will then share them to

make perfumes.

For this chemical reaction, all of these reactants and products remain in solution. Therefore this

reaction is reversible, and yields for this reaction can be low. In this experiment we will investigate

the equilibrium mixture for this mixture after 24 hours.

Materials:

Carboxylic acids listed on board

Alcohols listed on board

Sulfuric Acid (to be distributed by instructor) as a catalyst

.

Chemical Reaction Procedure:

Mix 0.1 moles of your carboxylic acid, 0.1 moles of ethanol, and 5 drops of sulfuric acid. The

calculations below will help make sure you are using the right amounts. Heat but do not boil on

a hot plate for 20 minutes then store covered overnight.

Calculations:

My carboxylic acid has a formula of _____, therefore one mole has a mass of ______g, and

0.1 mole has a mass of ______g.

My alcohol has a formula of ______, therefore one mole has a mass of ______g, and 0.1 mole

has a mass of ______g.

Workup

The following day, carefully neutralize the mixture with a measured amount of baking soda (NaHCO3).

This reaction required ____g of baking soda for neutralization.

Calculation: Sodium bicarbonate has a molecular formula of NaHCO3. Therefore one mole of NaHCO3

has a mass of ____g and 0.1 mole has a mass of ____g. Since ____ g of sodium bicarbonate reacted,

this is ____moles of sodium bicarbonate. Therefore it reacted with ____moles of my carboxylic

acid. Based on this we estimate that the reaction is ____% complete.

All of the substances in the mixture are water soluble, except the fragrant ester you have produced.

Bottle and artistically label the ester you have created.

If time permits, combine small amounts of your perfume with those made by others to create your

own perfume.

Results:

1. Based on our workup, our reaction created ___ g of ester after ____ hours for a ____ %

yield.

I would describe the odor of our ester produced as __________

I would describe the odor of our perfume as _______..

Questions

1. Show a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of acetic acid with baking soda.

3. Based on chemical equilibrium, indicate three ways the yield of this reaction could be improved.

1

Name: _____________________________________ Date: ______ Period: _____

Science and Technology Posters

100 Points

Introduction:

Choose a poster on a topic of your choice.

Topic:

Each group of two will present a poster on any approved topic that is titled:

The Chemistry of ____________________

Choose something that you are personally interested in. Possible topics include

The Chemistry of :

1. A rose

2. Explosives

3. DNA

4. skin cream

5. chocolate

6. dirt

7. car tires

8. the space shuttle

rocket engine

9. A battery

10. Hybrid vehicles

11. nuclear power

12. Nuclear warheads

13. The Connecticut

river

14. The ozone layer

15. Liquid crystals

16. A baseball

17. carbon

18. Coca-cola

19. Scopolamine

20. Mouthwash

21. flavonoids

22. Cellular phones

23. Reverse osmosis

24. artificial blood

25. hydrofluoric acid

26. chemical warfare

agents

27. organ transplants

28. the bliss molecule

29. pain

30. anabolic steroids

31. mucous

32. energy drinks

33. really smelly gases

34. combinatorial

chemistry

35. dynamite

Scoring Rubric

1. These posters are purely informational, not research-based. The goal is to instruct the

reader in a logical, succinct, and interesting way. No experiments are necessary.

2. These posters should reflect the fact that we are near to completion of a full year high

school level chemistry course. Try to get as deep as you can into your subject.

3. There should be several chemical structures included in your poster (2 minimum).

4. There should be a properly cited reference section for your poster. Include trusted

scientific sources wherever possible. Include enough details in your citation that anyone could

easily retrieve that source.

5. Include numerous images in your poster (2 minimum). Cite the source below the image if it is

not original.

All posters must be typed. Your instructor will provide details.

Name: ____________________________________ Period: _____ equilibrium worksheet 1

Writing Equilibrium Concentration Expressions

Directions: Write the equilibrium constant expression for each of the equations illustrated below.

1. At 1405 K, hydrogen sulfide, also called rotten egg gas because of its bad odor, decomposes to

form hydrogen and a diatomic sulfur molecule, S2.

2H2S(g) ↔ 2H2(g) + S2(g)

Write the equilibrium constant expression for this reversible reaction.

2. Methanol, a formula-1 race car fuel, can be made from carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas:

CO(g) + 2H2 (g) ↔ CH3OH(g)

Write the equilibrium constant for this reversible reaction.

3. Write the balanced reaction for the combustion of hydrogen at 200 OC, and show that this is a

reversible reaction.

These all follow the format:

for aA + bB cC +dD

c d

eq a b

[C] [D]K

[A] [B]

Example: write the equilibrium constant expression for the gas-phase synthesis of ethane (C2H6)

from the elements.

Solution: First, we write the balanced chemical equation:

2C(g) + 3H2 ↔ C2H6 (g)

Then we use the format above to write the equilibrium constant expression:

2 6eq 2 3

2

[C H ]K

[C] [H ]

Write the equilibrium constant for this reversible reaction.

4. Write a balanced reaction for the combustion of methane at room temperature. Be sure to include

the physical states of the reactants and products.

Write the equilibrium constant for this reversible reaction.

Name: _______________________ Date: ______Period: _____ eauilibrium worksheet 2

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

Directions: Write the equilibrium constant expression for each of the equations illustrated below

and solve for the missing value.

1. Lead sulfide may be prepared under high pressure by the reaction of lead with elemental sulfur:

Pb(g) +S(g) ↔ (PbS(g)

What is the value of the equilibrium constant (Keq) if [Pb] = 0.30 mol/L and [S] = 0.184 mol/L,

and [PbS] is 2.00 mol/L?

How far has this reaction progressed?

A. Unfortunately, it is still mostly reactants

B. This reaction is mostly products

These all may be solved using the equilibrium constant expression:

for aA + bB ↔ cC +dD c d

eq a b

[C] [D]K

[A] [B]

And then plugging in the given data and solving for the unknown.

Example: For the reaction of carbon monoxide with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, determine the

equilibrium concentration of carbon dioxide when the concentration of carbon monoxide is 0.8

moles/liter, the concentration of oxygen is 2.1 moles/liter, and the equilibrium constant is 225.

Solution: We begin by writing a balanced chemical, equation for the reaction:

2CO + O2 ↔ 2CO2

We then write the equilibrium constant expression and plug in the numbers given: 2 2

2 2eq 2 2

2

[CO ] [CO ]K ; 225

[CO] [O ] [0.8] [2.1]

Finally, we solve for the concentration of carbon dioxide: 2

2[CO ] 225(0.8) (2.1) 17.4

The concentration of carbon dioxide is 17.4 moles/liter

2. Methanol can be prepared from carbon monoxide and hydrogen:

CO(g) + 2H2 (g) ↔ CH3OH(g)

Calculate these equilibrium constants:

a. Keq when all substances have a concentration of 1 mol/L

b. Keq when all substances have a concentration of 2 mol/L

C. Keq when all substances have a concentration of 3 mol/L

d. For each reaction indicate if the reaction is mostly products, or mostly starting

material.

3. For the combustion of methanol, determine the concentration of methanol given the following

data:

Keq = 0.32

[O2] = 2 mol/liter

[CO2] = 4 mol/liter

[H2O] = 5 mol/liter

Name: ____________________________ Period: _____ equilibrium worksheet 3

Le Chatelier’s Principle

Henri Le Chatelier came up with a cryptic quote for explaining what causes chemical equilibrium, and

what to do about it:

"Placing a stress on an equilibrium causes the equilibrium to shift so as to relieve the stress"

What he was referring to were some common things one can do to modify a chemical reaction and the

net result:

Add reactant: reaction moves forward ()

Add product: Reaction moves backward (reverse;

Add temperature: Moves forward if endothermic (positive DH)

Add pressure: moves toward the fewer number of moles.

Remember, liquids and solids are considered to be outside of the reaction mixture – don’t

count them when adding up moles.

1. For the following reaction

5 CO(g) + I2O5(s) I2(g) + 5 CO2(g) DHo = -1175 kJ/mol

for each change listed, predict the equilibrium shift and the effect on the indicated quantity.

Example: For the aqueous reaction of table salt with magnesium sulfide, the standard enthalpy of

formation is +22.6 kJ/mol. Predict the equilibrium shift if the temperature is increased, if the

pressure is increased, or if sodium sulfide is added to the reaction mixture.

Solution: We begin by writing a balanced chemical equation:

2NaCl (aq) + MgS (aq) ↔ Na2S (aq) + MgCl2 (aq) DHo = +22.6 kJ/mol

Note that in this case 3 moles of reactants form 2 moles of products, and that the standard

enthalpy of formation indicates this reaction is endothermic. Using this information and the tips

at the top of this worksheet, we can conclude

Increasing temperature will shift the equilibrium forward () since this reaction needs

heat

Increasing pressure will shift the equilibrium forward ( ) since the product has fewer

moles

Adding sodium sulfide is like adding water to a fire, and shift the equilibrium backwards

()

Change

Direction

of Shift ( ; ; or no change)

Effect on

Quantity

Effect (increase, decrease,

or no change)

(a) decrease in volume amount of CO (g)

(b) raise temperature amount of CO(g)

(c) addition of I2O5(s) amount of CO(g)

(d) addition of CO2(g) amount of I2O5(s)

(e) removal of I2(g) amount of CO2(g)

2. Consider the following equilibrium system in a closed container:

Ni(s) + 4 CO(g) Ni(CO)4(g) DHo = - 161 kJ

In which direction will the equilibrium shift in response to each change, and what will be the effect on the

indicated quantity?

Change

Direction

of Shift ( ; ; or no change)

Effect on

Quantity

Effect (increase, decrease,

or no change)

(a) add Ni(s) Ni(CO)4(g)

(b) raise temperature Keq

(c) add CO(g) amount of Ni(s)

(d) remove Ni(CO)4(g) CO(g)

(e) decrease in volume Ni(CO)4(g)

(f) lower temperature CO(g)

(g) remove CO(g) Keq

3. For the conversion of oxygen (O2) to ozone (O3), predict the equilibrium shifts from the following

changes:

Change

Direction

of Shift ( ; ; or no change)

(a) add Ni(s)

(b) raise temperature

(c) add CO(g)

(d) remove Ni(CO)4(g)

(e) Apply a vacuum

(f) lower temperature

(g) remove CO(g)

Name__________________________ Period________ equilibrium worksheet 4

Equilibrium Review Worksheet

1. What is the best way to drive a reversible reaction to completion?

If you were watching a chemical reaction, list three observations that would indicate that the

reaction is not subject to equilibrium and can only move forward.

2.

3.

4.

Write the gas equilibrium constant (Kc) for each of the following chemical reactions.

5) CS2(g) + H2 (g) CH4 (g) + H2 (g)

6) Ni (s) + CO(g) Ni(CO)4 (g)

7) HgO(s) Hg (l) + O2(g)

8) In your own words, paraphrase Le Chatelier's Principle.

9) Balance the following reaction:

___N2 (g) + ___H2 (g) ___NH3 (g) DH= -386 KJ/mole

10. Known as the Born-Haber Process, this is an example of a __________ reaction.

Predict the direction the equilibrium will shift if:

11) N2 is added?

12) H2 is removed?

13) NH3 is added?

14) NH3 is removed?

15) the volume of the container is increased?

16) the pressure is increased by adding Argon gas?

17) the reaction is cooled?

18) equal number of moles of H2 and NH3 are added?

The equilibrium constant for the following reaction is 5.0 at 400 C.

CO (g) + H2O(g) CO2 (g) + H2 (g)

Determine the direction of the reaction if the following amount (in moles) of each compound is placed

in a 1.0 L flask.

CO (g) H2O (g) CO2 (g) H2 (g)

19. 0.50 0.40 0.80 0.90

20. 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

21. 1.22 1.22 2.78 2.78

22. At a particular temperature a 2.0 L flask contains 2.0 mol H2S, 0.40 mol H2, and 0.80 mol S2.

Calculate Keq at this temperature for the reaction:

H2 (g) + S2 (g) H2S (g)

23) Balance the following conversion of methane into the monomer ethylene, used to make the

polymer polyethylene:

___CH4 (g) ___H2C2 (g) + ___H2(g)

The initial concentration of CH4 is 0.0300 M and the equilibrium concentration of H2C2 is 0.01375 M:

24) calculate the equilibrium concentrations of CH4 and H2;

25) Determine the numerical value of Keq.

26) At a particular temperature, 8.0 mol NO2 is placed into a 1.0 L container and the NO2 dissociates

by the reaction (which needs balancing):

___NO2(g) ____NO (g) + ___O2(g)

27. At equilibrium, the concentration of NO is 2.0 M. Calculate Keq for this reaction.

28. At a certain temperature, 4.0 mol NH3 is introduced into a 2.0 L container, and the NH3 partially

dissociates by the reaction (please balance it):

___NH3 (g) ___N2 (g) + ___H2(g)

At equilibrium, 2.0 mol NH3 remains. What is the value of Keq for this reaction?

Howtoaceitunit18

How to Ace the Equilibrium Exam

In our previous unit we investigated the rate of chemical reactions- how fast do they go? In this

equilibrium unit we point out that even if a reaction is going fast, it might not be going very far

overall if the reverse reaction is also occurring. This is the big idea behind chemical equilibrium, the

condition where the rate of a forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.

We can write the equilibrium constant expression and from this we can determine if we are getting

anywhere or whether the reaction is standing still. Generally speaking, if we mix chemicals together

we would like them to go forward, and this will happen if the value of the equilibrium constant (Keq) is

greater than one. Note that Keq is only true at a specific temperature, and it says nothing about the

rate of a reaction- only the direction.

A nice benefit of the equilibrium constant expression is that it can also tell you what the

concentration of a reactant is, given enough information.

Since chemical equilibrium can prevent a reaction from going to completion, it would be nice to know

how we can destroy it, or at least get things moving forward. Simple. To destroy chemical equilibrium,

one must remove the product as it is formed- this makes the reverse reaction impossible. This is

accomplished by having the product precipitate, for example by precipitating as a solid. As a general

rule, this is why we omit liquids and solids from our equilibrium constant expression. In practice, it is

easy to observe a precipitate. Examples include the gaseous precipitate we observe when we mix

baking soda and vinegar, or the solids that crash out of solution during many double replacement

reactions. These reactions can only move forward, since collisions between products to form

reactants are no longer possible.

There are several other ways one can adjust chemical equilibrium. Known as Le Chatelier’s Principle,

the direction of a reaction after a stress is applied may be summarized:

Le Chatelier’s Principle

Adding reactant:

Adding product:

Heating: if endothermic

Pressurizing: if there are fewer moles of product

Each of these may be reversed; for example cooling an endothermic reaction will favor the reverse

reaction.

Imagine going on a trip. It’s nice to know in what direction you are going, and how long it will take.

These last two units have shown us just that for a chemical reaction. In the next unit we can apply

these navigational skills to the study of acids and bases.

To ace this exam you should know:

1. What is chemical equilibrium?

2. What is a synonym for equilibrium?

3. What is the best way to destroy chemical equilibrium?

4. What does it mean if the rate of a forward chemical reaction

a. Is faster than the reverse reaction

b. Is the same as the reverse reaction?

c. Is slower than the reverse reaction?

5. Please balance the reaction below and write the chemical equilibrium expression:

___Fe3O4(s) + ___H2(g) ___Fe(s) + ___H2O (g)

Keq =

6. Please determine the direction of the reaction given the following data:

C2H4(g) + H2 (g) C2H6(g) DH = +32kJ/mol

a. 1M 2M 3M Direction of reaction:______

b. 1.0520M 3.0400M 3.1909M Direction of reaction:______

7. For the reaction below the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse

reaction. Therefore, Keq = ____. Determine the concentration of ethane (C2H6) in the mixture:

C2H4(g) + H2 (g) C2H6(g) DH = +32kJ/mol

2M 4M ?

8. Please determine the direction of the following hypothetical reversible reaction:

4A(g) + 7B(g) + 13C +D (l) 9E (g) + 3F (g)+ 2G (g)

Concentrations (M): 1.06 2.12 1.42 3 2.10 1.44 3.26

9 (L1 only). Please determine the concentration of G in the following reaction if it is at equilibrium.

4A(g) + 7B(g) + 13C +D (l) 9E (g) + 3F (g)+ 2G (g)

Concentrations (M): 1.06 2.12 1.42 3 2.10 1.44 ?

9. List five ways to help the following reaction move forward:

C2H4(g) + H2 (g) C2H6(g) DH = +32kJ/mol

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

10. In our next unit we will be studying acids and bases. Write a balanced chemical equation for the

reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide to form table salt and water:

a. Can you move this reaction forward by pressurizing it?

b. If the standard enthalpy of formation for this reaction is 0.004KJ/Mol, can you move it

forward by heating it?

c. What is the only product that might precipitate from this reaction at room temperature?

d. Why would it be a big deal if that product did precipitate?

e. Would it be a good idea to add water to this reaction?

f. This is a segue into the next unit: If this reaction used 10 grams of sodium hydroxide and

ten grams hydrochloric acid, would it result in a neutral, acidic, or basic solution (assuming a

complete reaction)?

M

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

3

5

10

10

molarity of known x liters of knownMolarity of unknown =

liters of unknown

(NaOH Molarity)(NaOH volume) vinegar Molarity =

vinegar volume

60 grams acetic acid 180 g acetic acid3 moles acetic acid 1 liter solution x x = = 18%

Liter solution 1 mole acetic acid 1000 grams solution 1000 g solution

common name name formula

stomach acid hydrochloric acid HCl

hydrofluoric acid HF

hydrobromic acid HBr

hydrioidic acid HI

nitric acid HNO3

sulfuric acid H2SO4

phosphoric acid H3PO4

vinegar acetic acid CH3CO2H

lye sodium hydroxide NaOH

milk of magnesia magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2

calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2

ammonia NH3

triethylamine (CH3CH2)3N

6.0 x 10-11

[OH-]Acid

Orange juice10.221.66 x 10-43.78

Acid or base?

ExamplepOH[H+]pH

pH + pOH = 14[H+] = 10-pH

pH>7 = basepH<7 = acid

[H+][OH-] = 10-14

Use the change sign (-) button, not the subtract button

Enter 10^-14/1.66E-4

Enter 10^-3.78Enter 14-3.78