Chemistry Y11 paper 2 - Lord Williams's School
Transcript of Chemistry Y11 paper 2 - Lord Williams's School
9-1 GCSE Combined ScienceKnowledge Organiser
Chemistry Y11 paper 2Topic 6 – Rate and extent of chemical changes Pg 100-114
Topic 7 – Organic Chemistry pg 115-121
Topic 8 – Chemical Analysis Pg 122-127
Topic 9 – Chemistry of the atmosphere pg 128-134
GCSE Chemistry Revision –Topic 6 – Factors affecting rates of reaction (p100-3)
Reactions can go at different rates.The rate of a reaction is how fast the _________ are changed into _____________
Reactants Products
Examples of slow reactions include•
•
Examples of fast reactions include•
Graphs for the rates of reaction
The steeper the line on the graph, the
_________ the rate of reaction.Over time the line becomes less steep because
____________________________________
Graph 4 shows that the reaction is ________
than the original reaction and that _______ products are made.
Factors affecting Rates of ReactionIn a nutshell, in order to react, particles must __________ with enough __________ for the reaction to happen.Any change which increases either of these things will increase the rate of reaction. There are FOUR things you can change:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Increasing the Temperature increases the rate because it makes the particles move _________This means they will _____________ more frequently and will have more ____________ .
Increasing Concentration or Pressure increases the rate because there are more ___________ in the same volume.This means they will collide more ___________
Increasing the Surface Area increases the rate because breaking up a solid increases its _________ ________ to ___________ ratio.
Because there is more area, there will be collisions ______ _____________
Using a Catalyst increases the rate without being _______ ____, so it is not part of the overall equation.
Different reactions need different catalyst.
An ______________ is an example of a biological catalyst.
The Rate of Reaction is worked out by using:
Amount of reactant used/product formedRate =
Time taken
If the chemical is a gas, measure amount in ____
If the chemical is solid, measure amount in ____
Time is measured in ___
Hence Rate is measured in _______ or _______
GCSE Chemistry Revision – Topic 6 Rates: Rates Experiments (p103-106)
Following (and measuring) Chemical reactions
1. Precipitation and Colour Change
If the solution is _____________ and the
product is a _______________ , we can look at a mark through the solution and time ________
____________________________________
This method is subjective
because ______________
_____________________
____________________________________
2. Change in Mass (because ____ is given off)
The cotton wool here because…
Taking measurements at regular intervals means we can…
This method is the most accurate because…
The quicker the reading on the balance drops…
3. The volume of gas given off (e.g Mg in acid)
Magnesium and dilute _____________ ______
react to produce ___________ gas
_______________ ________________
_______________
Investigating the effect of using differentacid concentrations – using Method 3
Method…
Conclusion…
Investigating the effect of using differentacid concentrations – using Method 1
Method
Results
Conclusion
Drawing a tangent…
1. Put the ruler on the graph at the pointyou want to know the rate.2. Adjust the ruler until ___________
_______________________________
_______________________________
3. Draw a line across the ruler to
make the _____________ . Extendthe line right across the graph.4. Pick two points that are easy toread.
change in yGradient =
Find the gradient of this tangent,
Answers 0.031 cm3/s (and graph C)
GCSE Chemistry Revision – Topic 6: Finding Reaction Rates from Graphs (p107)
Calculating the mean reaction rate from a graph
The mean reaction rate means the average rate for whole reaction to finish.
The reaction is finished when the line _______ _________ .
You can also find the mean rate between twotimes.
change in _____________Mean rate =
change in _____________
=
= _______ cm3/s
-
Draw a Tangent to find the Reaction Rate at a particular point
Reversible reactions can be Endothermic and Exothermic
If a reversible reaction is Exothermic in one
direction, it is ______________ in the other direction
Endothermic means that heat is transferred ___ the surroundings.Exothermic means that heat is transferred ___ the surroundings.
GCSE Chemistry Revision – Topic 6: Rates – Reversible Reactions (p110-112)
There are two types of equilibrium:
Static Equilibrium Dynamic EquilibriumWhere NOTHING is Where two things are
actually moving moving in opposite directions
Reversible Reactions will reach an Equilibrium
A + B ⇌ C + D
The “⇌” sign shows that ___ ________ _____
_____ _____
If we start with A and B, they will react
together to make C and D. The concentration of
A and B will ______ and the concentration of C
and D will ______ .
Therefore the rate at which A and B react
together will get _______ and the rate at which
C and D will react together will get _______ ….
At this point BOTH reactions are still happening,
but at the SAME _________
Another example of a Dynamic Equilibrium
If the RATE at which waterenters the tank is the SAMEas the RATE at which the water leaves the tank, thewater LEVEL will stay thesame.This is the POSITION ofEQUILIBRIUM
If you heat blue ____________ copper sulfate it drives the water off and leaves white
_____________ copper sulfate.N
o bea
rd
Henry Louis Le Chatelier
Inventor of the Principle which bears his name, he had insufficient facial hair to be classed as a proper Chemist, and spent his life being rejected by Chemistry Clubs
Le Chatelier’s Principle is used to predict what effect on the position of equilibrium will be caused by changing the CONDITIONS. The position will move to try to COUNTERACT the change…
Changing the TemperatureN2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
Here, the forward reaction is exothermic, so increasing the temp causes the position to move to counteract this and reduce the temp.The position will move in the endothermic temperature.
Hence the equilibrium moves to
the _______ and the amount
of NH3 in the final reaction
mixture _____________
Changing the PressureN2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
Here there are 4 moles of gas on the left and two on the right. Moving the position of equilibrium to the right will decrease the pressure.
Hence, if the pressure is
decreased, the equilibrium
moves to the ________ and
the amount of of NH3 in the
final reaction mixture
_____________
Changing the ConcentrationN2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
If you increase the concentration of N2 and H2
the position of equilibrium will move to decrease the concentration of N2 and H2
Hence, if the concentration
of N2 and H2 is increased, the
equilibrium moves to the
________ and the amount of
of NH3 in the final reaction
mixture _____________
KEY WORDS:
hydrocarbonalkane
homologous seriesgeneral formula
combustionoxidationdistillation
ASSESSMENT:
Hydrocarbons contain only two elements, which are
…………………………… and
………………………………………….
The general formula of an alkane is
C H Alkanes form a …………………………..………….. series, ie a …………………… of compounds that will ………………… the same way.
Chemistry Topic 7 – Organic Chemistry p 115 - 117
Draw the displayed formula
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Make a spider diagram to summarise how short hydrocarbons are different to long ones:
short hydrocarbons
.…
less
v…………………. ,
More
v……………
…….
More
f……………………
Lower
b……………
………
p……………
……
More useful
as
f………………
…..
Complete combustion happens when…
The carbon is o……………………………… to form
c……………………….. d………………………………. and
the h.............................. is oxidised to form
w………………………….. .
CH4 + …….. O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
C3H8 + ……… O2 …….. CO2 + …….. H2O
Fractional distillation is used to
s………………………………………………. hydrocarbon
f………………………… from the mixture in c…………………..
o…………….. . The oil is h………………………….. so that it
v…………………………. .The g…………………….. rise up the
c………………………………… , cooling down as they go. They
c…………………………………… back to l…………………………. when
they reach their b……………………… p ………………… .
C5H12 + …….. O2 …….. CO2 + …… H2O
fraction use no of
carbons
tar for road building >40
KEY WORDS:crackingfeedstockcatalyst
thermal decompositiondecolourised
molecular formuladisplayed formula
ASSESSMENT:
Chemistry Topic 7 – Uses of oil, cracking and alkenes p118
Long carbon chains can be broken up by a form of thermal d……………………………………………. called c…………………………….
Catalytic cracking involves h……………………………. the hydrocarbons to v………………………………………. them, then passing the vapour over the c…………………………………………. .
Steam cracking involves simply heating to a very h…………….. t……………………………………………….. .
The point of cracking is to make shorter hydrocarbons out of long ones. This is useful because…
Cracking always makes a shorter alkane and an alkene.
Complete the equations – colour code alkanes and alkenes
C10H22 C8H18 +
C18 H38 C10H22 +
C14H30 C9H20 +
C12H26 C8H18 +
C22H46 C10H22 +
gas used as a ………………
p…………………….. for cars
f……………………… for use in industry
k…………………………. for fuel
d………………………….. fuel
tar for road building
Feedstock for the petrochemical industry is used to
make:
p……………………………………. (plastics and fabrics)
s………………………………. (for dissolving things)
l…………………………………….. (for making
machinery run smoothly)
d………………………………… (for removing grease.
To test whether something is an alkane
or an alkene you add
b………………………….
w…………………….. and shake it. If it is
an a…………………………. then it
d…………………………………… the
bromine water. If it is an
a……………………… then the bromine
water stays bright o…………………….. .
Alkenes have C=C bonds. For example
ethene molecular formula displayed
formula
C H
FOUR Tests for Common Gases
1. Chlorine
Chlorine ________ damp
_________ ________ ,
turning it white.
2. Oxygen
Oxygen gas will
_______________
a ____________
splint
3. Hydrogen
If you hold a
___________
splint at the open
end of a test tube
containing Hydrogen gas, you’ll get a
___________ _____
GCSE Chemistry Revision –Topic 8: Chemical Analysis part 1 (p122-3)
The definition of PURE depends on where you are coming from….
CHEMISTS EVERYONE ELSE
Formulations
Formulation is a POSH WORD for RECIPE, except that the recipe is very precise, so that the STUFF has specific properties for a precise job!
Formulations are used to make:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Could it be true that I hold here, in my mortal hand, a nugget of purest
“green”?
Pure STUFF melts and boils at SPECIFIC
TEMPERATURES. So you can TELL if something
is a ______ _____________ by measuring the
mp or bp and looking it up in a ______ ______ .
Impurities _________ the mp and _________
the bp
4. Carbon Dioxide
Bubbling Carbon Dioxide through an aqueous
solution of ___________ ______________
(known as limewater), causes the solution to turn
________ .
The FORMULATION of Coca-Cola has changed over the years, but it is still an INDUSTRIAL SECRET!
Originally the formulation contained cocaine (which was derived from the coca leaf) and caffeine (which came from the kola nut), leading to the name “Coca-Cola” – the K was replaced cos it looks better!
The Secret Recipe for Coco-Cola’s “Natural Flavourings”Oil Orange 80 ml Oil Lemon 120 mlOil Nutmeg 40 mlOil Cinnamon 40 mlOil Coriander 20 mlOil Neroli 40 mlAlcohol 2 litres (let stand for 24 hours)
Working out what the chemical is
You can calculate a number based on the experiment. It is called the __________ for each chemical
Measure the distance moved by the solvent (A)
Measure the distance moved by the spot (B)
The Rf value is the ratio of these two values
Since (B) must be less than (A), Rf values are ALWAYS less than ONE!
The further the substance moves through the stationary phase, the _________ the Rf value.
GCSE Chemistry Revision –Topic 8: Part 2 – Paper Chromatography (p124-5)
Chromatography uses Two Phases
Chromatography is an analytical method used to
___________ out the substances in a mixture.
Information can be used to __________the
substances.
The two phases are:
A ________ phase, where the molecules CAN
move. It is always a __________ or _______
A ____________ phase, where the molecules
CAN’T move. It can be a ________ or a really
thick ________ .
How it works…..
1. During the experiment the substances in the
sample move between the stationary and mobile
phases, forming an __________ between them.
2. The Mobile phase moves THROUGH the
stationary phase and anything ___________ in
the mobile phase moves with it.
3.The speed at which a chemical moves depends
on the amount of time it spends in the mobile
phase.
4. The more time in the mobile phase, the
__________ it moves.
5. The substance will separate to form _____ .
6. A _______ substance only forms ONE spot
because there is only one substance in it!
Ans
wer
s 1.
D, 2
A, 3
C, 4
0.7
5
KEY WORDS:AlgaeOceansNitrogen
Carbon DioxideOxygen
Atmosphere
Phase 1
The Earth formed ____________ billion years ago.
Initially the first crust formed, which was covered in _________, which gave out a lot of gases, and formed the early ____________.
GCSE Chemistry Revision – Topic 9–atmosphere
Phase 2
How did the oceans form?
What happened to the Carbon Dioxide that dissolved in the oceans?
What do the shells of marine animals contain?
What types of organisms evolved to extract Carbon Dioxide for photosynthesis?
The early atmosphere contained…
•mostly __________________
•virtually no _______________
Volcanic activity also released ________ , ______ _________, and small amounts of ________ and __________.
EXTRA INFORMATIONWhere can we find
evidence for what the old atmosphere was like?
Carbon compounds can be trapped in fossil fuels and rocks.
Explain using simple diagrams how fossil fuels are formed.
GCSE Chemistry Revision – Topic 9- atmosphere
Plants and animals die, and are buried
Compression
Gases and oil trapped under impermeable rock
Give three facts about Limestone.
Phase 3
Green plants and algae producing oxygen
Write the photosynthesis equation that shows how green plants and algae produce oxygen.
True or false
Green plants formed before Algae ( T/ F )
Oxygen allowed more complex life forms to evolve (T / F )
The atmosphere we have today is similar to the atmosphere 200 million years ago ( T / F )
Fill in and label the pie chart showing the current composition of the atmosphere.
KEY WORDS:
AbsorbWavelength
Thermal radiationRe-radiate
Greenhouse effectClimate change
Name these molecules
CO2 (g)
CH4 (g)
H2O (g)
These are …………………………………….
gases : they make the
atmosphere
………………………………………
GCSE Chemistry Revision – Topic 9 – climate change and greenhouse effect p 130-131
radiation Comes from the …
Absorbed by atmosphere?
Short wavelength
Long wavelength
Use the diagram to complete this
Another name for long wave radiation is
…………………….. radiation: this ………………
……….. the surface of the earth. This is called the
……………………… effect.
Explain the effect of these examples of human activity
MORE KEY WORDS:
Peer-reviewReliabilityVariables
BiasComputer model
Explain these effects of climate change
The greenhouse effect is useful because…
KEY WORDS:
Carbon footprint Greenhouse gas Renewable energy
Emissions Carbon capture Life cycle
A carbon footprint is a measure of…
GCSE Chemistry Revision – Topic 9–carbon footprint and pollution 132-134
We could reduce carbon footprints by:
• Using….
instead of…
Individuals could reduce their carbon footprint by:
1)
2)
3)
Use more e_________ processes to conserve e________ and reduce w ______.
Governments could put c___ on emissions. Companies pay for a l________ for e_________ up to that limit.
Capture c_____ d______ before it is released into the atmosphere. It would be stored in…
Governments could tax companies or individuals based on…
Examples include…
Making reductions to carbon footprints is difficult because..
New technologies are
not yet well developed
Carbon footprints are difficult to measure because…
You would need to consider the following factors to make a rough calculation of the carbon footprint of a service, p_________ or e________:•
•
•
•
Particulates
Particulates in the air cause lots of problems .
If Inhaled:
For the environment:
Combustion
What is combustion?
What is a hydrocarbon?
Complete combustion is when…
The products of complete combustion are…
Incomplete combustion is when…
The products of complete combustion are…
GCSE Chemistry Revision – Topic 9–carbon footprint and pollution 132-134
Sulfur Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen
Sulfur dioxide is released during the combustion of...
Nitrogen oxides are created from…
When these gases mix with _________ in clouds they form dilute ________ _____ or dilute _________ ______. This falls as ________ _______.
Acid rain is bad because it…
You can test for sulfur impurities in a fuel by bubbling combustion gases through _________ _________ solution. If SO2 is present the indicator will turn _____ in colour indicating an ______ pH.
Complete the diagram above showing formation of acid rain by filling in the blank boxes
KEY WORDS:complete combustion hydrocarbonincomplete combustion particulatesglobal dimming sulfur dioxideacid rain oxides of nitrogen
Carbon monoxide
Why is carbon monoxide so dangerous?
How does it stop your blood from doing it’s job?
What are the effects of carbon monoxide poisoning on humans?
Why is carbon monoxide so hard to detect?