Unit 2 Part 4

Organization of the Modern Organization of the Modern Periodic TablePeriodic Table

Metals, Nonmetals, and Metaloids

metals- those elements on the left side of metals- those elements on the left side of the chart.the chart. high luster, electrically conductivehigh luster, electrically conductive MalleableMalleable

nonmetals- those elements on the right nonmetals- those elements on the right side of the chart.side of the chart. no lusterno luster brittle, nonmalleablebrittle, nonmalleable non conductivenon conductive

metaloids- elements with properties of metaloids- elements with properties of both metals and nonmetals.both metals and nonmetals.

The Representative Elements

The Transition Metals

Inner Transition Metals

Hydrogen

Although in Group 1A, hydrogen shares Although in Group 1A, hydrogen shares few properties with other elements in the few properties with other elements in the group.group.

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. Over 90% of the mass in the the universe. Over 90% of the mass in the universe is hydrogen.universe is hydrogen.

Hydrogen can behave like a metal or a non- Hydrogen can behave like a metal or a non- metal.metal.

The Alkali Metals

Alkali (arabic al-qili – meaning “ashes of a Alkali (arabic al-qili – meaning “ashes of a saltwort plant”) saltwort plant”)

These Group 1A elements react with water These Group 1A elements react with water to form alkaline (basic) solutions.to form alkaline (basic) solutions.

Most are soft enough to cut with a knifeMost are soft enough to cut with a knife

LithiumLithium Least reactive in group.Least reactive in group. Similar to Magnesium Similar to Magnesium Common Compounds:Common Compounds:

Lithium Hydride – BatteriesLithium Hydride – BatteriesLithium Carbonate – treat bipolar Lithium Carbonate – treat bipolar

disorder.disorder.

Sodium and PotassiumSodium and Potassium Most abundant of the Group 1A elementsMost abundant of the Group 1A elements Both react “vigorously” with water.Both react “vigorously” with water. Common CompoundsCommon Compounds

Sodium chloride – table saltSodium chloride – table saltPotassium chloride – “salt” substitute.Potassium chloride – “salt” substitute.Potassium Nitrate – explosive.Potassium Nitrate – explosive.

The Alkali Earth Metals

Alchemy used the word “earth” to describe Alchemy used the word “earth” to describe elements that did not melt in fire.elements that did not melt in fire.

Most compounds of this group do not Most compounds of this group do not dissolve in water.dissolve in water.

BerylliumBeryllium Used to control nuclear reactionsUsed to control nuclear reactions Used to make tools for the petroleum Used to make tools for the petroleum

industryindustry

CalciumCalcium Essential in humans for bones and teeth.Essential in humans for bones and teeth. Calcium Carbonate – antacid, major component of Calcium Carbonate – antacid, major component of

limestone, chalk, and marble.limestone, chalk, and marble. Lime – calcium oxide.Lime – calcium oxide.

MagnesiumMagnesium Useful in the construction of strong and lightweight Useful in the construction of strong and lightweight

alloys.alloys. Magnesium oxide – high melting pointMagnesium oxide – high melting point

StrontiumStrontium Fireworks “red” colorFireworks “red” color

BariumBarium Used to color glass.Used to color glass. Some compounds used for medical diagnostics.Some compounds used for medical diagnostics.

RadiumRadium Highly radioactive – once used to paint the Highly radioactive – once used to paint the

hands on watches to glow in the dark.hands on watches to glow in the dark.

The Boron Group

These elements are always found These elements are always found combined with other elements in nature.combined with other elements in nature.

BoronBoron Least representative.Least representative. Borax – Borax – Borosilicate glass – withstands high Borosilicate glass – withstands high

temperature differences.temperature differences.

AluminumAluminum Most abundant metal in the earth’s crust.Most abundant metal in the earth’s crust. Bauxite – ore of aluminum oxide. It is used as Bauxite – ore of aluminum oxide. It is used as

an abrasive.an abrasive. GalliumGallium

Gallium Arsenide – converts solar energy from Gallium Arsenide – converts solar energy from electricity.electricity.

Gallium based laser – “blue-ray” DVD players. Gallium based laser – “blue-ray” DVD players.

The Carbon Group

Wide range of properties within one Wide range of properties within one group.group.

CarbonCarbon Organic and biological chemistry.Organic and biological chemistry. Inorganic compounds.Inorganic compounds.

Compounds of itself.Compounds of itself.Graphite, Coal, Diamond.Graphite, Coal, Diamond.Allotropes – same elements in the same state Allotropes – same elements in the same state

with different structures and properties.with different structures and properties.

SiliconSilicon Used in computer chips and solar cells. Used in computer chips and solar cells. Silca – silicon dioxide. Major component of Silca – silicon dioxide. Major component of

sand.sand. LeadLead

Lead was one of the first metals separated Lead was one of the first metals separated from ore. Once used for plumbing, now known from ore. Once used for plumbing, now known to cause brain damage.to cause brain damage.

Car batteries.Car batteries.

The Nitrogen Group

Nitrogen- colorless, odorless gas; makes up Nitrogen- colorless, odorless gas; makes up 78% of Earth’s atmosphere. Common 78% of Earth’s atmosphere. Common element in explosives.element in explosives.

Phosphorus – essential for plant growth.Phosphorus – essential for plant growth. Antimony, Arsenic, and bismuth Antimony, Arsenic, and bismuth

Arsenic sulfide – toxic but used at one Arsenic sulfide – toxic but used at one time to treat illnesstime to treat illness

Antimony sulfide – makeup to darken Antimony sulfide – makeup to darken eybrows.eybrows.

Bismuth- “Pepto-bismol” and in Wood’s Bismuth- “Pepto-bismol” and in Wood’s alloy (fire sprinklers)alloy (fire sprinklers)

The Oxygen Group (Chalcogens)

OxygenOxygen Two common allotropesTwo common allotropes

OO22 – 21% of the earth’s atmosphere – 21% of the earth’s atmosphere

OO33 – unstable gas that decomposes – unstable gas that decomposes

under heat and UV radiationunder heat and UV radiation The most abundant element in earth’s The most abundant element in earth’s

crust.crust.

SulfurSulfur Yellow with multiple allotropesYellow with multiple allotropes Sulfur dioxide – emission responsible for Sulfur dioxide – emission responsible for

acid rainacid rain Hydrogen sulfide – “rotten egg” smell.Hydrogen sulfide – “rotten egg” smell. Silver sulfide – silver tarnishSilver sulfide – silver tarnish

SeleniumSelenium Sodium Selenate - found in Sodium Selenate - found in

multivitamins. Works with Vitamin E to multivitamins. Works with Vitamin E to prevent cell damage.prevent cell damage.

Locoweed – contains toxic concentrations Locoweed – contains toxic concentrations of selenium.of selenium.

Used in solar panels, photocopiers, and Used in solar panels, photocopiers, and microprocessorsmicroprocessors

PoloniumPolonium RareRare RadioactiveRadioactive Extremely ToxicExtremely Toxic Discovered by Marie and Piere Curie Discovered by Marie and Piere Curie

(1898). Named for her homeland (1898). Named for her homeland (Poland)(Poland)

The Halogens

FlourineFlourine The most reactive nonmetal.The most reactive nonmetal. Added to toothpaste and drinking water Added to toothpaste and drinking water

to prevent decay.to prevent decay. ChlorineChlorine

Although a toxic gas, is used to disinfect Although a toxic gas, is used to disinfect sewage and drinking water.sewage and drinking water.

Bromine and IodineBromine and Iodine Sodium Bromide, and Sodium Iodine Sodium Bromide, and Sodium Iodine

coat photographic film.coat photographic film. Goiter – condition where body is Goiter – condition where body is

deprived of iodine. Ex: Iodized salt.deprived of iodine. Ex: Iodized salt. Water purification tablets.Water purification tablets.

The Noble Gases

Colorless and non reactiveColorless and non reactive HeliumHelium

Used by divers to prevent the bends.Used by divers to prevent the bends. Found on earth in Natural gas wells.Found on earth in Natural gas wells. Texas is a leading supplier of Helium.Texas is a leading supplier of Helium.

Neon, Argon, and KryptonNeon, Argon, and Krypton Light displaysLight displays Argon is used in high temperature Argon is used in high temperature

welding to prevent combustion.welding to prevent combustion.

RadonRadon Radioactive gasRadioactive gas

Transition Metals

““B” GroupsB” Groups Most are solids at room temperature with Most are solids at room temperature with

high melting points.high melting points. The more unpaired electrons the greater The more unpaired electrons the greater

the hardness and higher the melting the hardness and higher the melting point.point.

Can vary in their loss of electronsCan vary in their loss of electrons

Inner Transition Metals

Lanthanide SeriesLanthanide Series ““Silvery” metals with high melting points.Silvery” metals with high melting points. Typically found mixed together in nature and very Typically found mixed together in nature and very

difficult to refine.difficult to refine. Neodymium and Praseodymium – Welder’s Neodymium and Praseodymium – Welder’s

GlassesGlasses Yttrium oxide and europium oxide – TVs and Yttrium oxide and europium oxide – TVs and

CRTsCRTs Lanthanide – used in projectors and sunglassesLanthanide – used in projectors and sunglasses

Actinide SeriesActinide Series RadioactiveRadioactive Only 3 exist in nature Only 3 exist in nature Transuranium element – synthetic elements Transuranium element – synthetic elements

exist beyond Atomic number 92.exist beyond Atomic number 92. Plutonium – nuclear “fuel” for power Plutonium – nuclear “fuel” for power

plants.plants. Americium – smoke detectors.Americium – smoke detectors.