Experiment Observation

Preliminary Tests

Colour and appearance

ColourlessBlue, bluish green or greenPale greenPinkBrown or yellow

Solubility in water

Soluble

Insoluble

Brisk effervescence

Brown fumes evolved

Action of heat

Brown fumes with irritating smell

Flame test Blue or bluish green colour

Brick red colour

CrimsonLight green colourLiliac (violet)

Water soluble and no precipitate with Na2CO3 solution

Water soluble and precipitate with Na2CO3 solution

Solubility in/action of dil. HCl

If insoluble in water the salt is treated with dil. HCl

Colourless gas with the smell of rotten eggs is evolvedwhich turned lead acetate paper black

Colourless, suffocating smelling gas which turned acidified potassium dichromate paper green is evolved

Heat strongly a little of the salt in a dry test tube

Colourless, odourless gas turning lime water milky

Residue yellow when hot and white when cold

Pleasant smell of inflammable vapours are evolved

A colourless gas with smell of burnt sulphur evolved which turned acidified potassium dichromate paper green

Smell of burnt sulphur and yellow sublimate

Paste of salt and conc. HCl is introduced into

Bunsen flame

Analysis of Acid Radicals

Refer to row no. 10

Vinegar smell is obtained

No characteristic reaction

A deep red colouration is obtained

Chloride:

Sulphate:

Soln + lead acetate soln

Soln + lead nitrate soln

Phosphate: magnesia White crystalline ppt

Identification Tests

Action of dil. HCl (about 1mL)

Action of dil. Sulphuric acid (watch glass)

Action of conc. Sulphuric acid (heating in a dry test tube)

A colourless fuming gas is evolved which gave white dense fumes when a glass rod dipped in ammonium hydroxide is shown

Action with conc. Sulphuric acid and paper ball

Plenty of reddish brown gas is evolved

Action with barium chloride solution (salt solution)

A white ppt insoluble in HCl acid is obtained

action with ammonium molybdate solution (nitric acid + excess of ammonium molybdate + soln)

A deep yellow colour or precipitate is formed

Confirmatory Tests

Carbonate: Soln + Barium chloride soln

A white precipitate is obtained which dissolved in dil. HCl with brisk effervescence

Acetate: soln + neutral ferric chloride soln

Soln + dil. Nitric acid + silver nitrate soln

A white curdy precipitate is formed which dissolved in excess of ammonium hydroxide soln

salt + conc. Sulphuric acid + manganese dioxide + heat

A greenish yellow gas with irritating smell is evolved which turned starch paper blue

Nitrate: soln + freshly prepared ferrous sulphate soln + conc. Sulphuric acid along the sides of the test tube without shaking

A brown ring is formed at the junction

A thick white precipitate is formed which dissolved in ammonium acetate soln

A white precipitate insoluble in hot water and soluble in ammonium acetate

Analysis of Basic Radicals (Group Analysis)

A brown ppt

Preparation of solution for the analysis of basic radical - stock soln

Grpup 1

Dil. HCl + dil. Nitric acid

Potassium iodide soln

Group 2

Black ppt

Yellow ppt Colour of soln Blue

Brown colour or ppt

Group 3

Reddish brown ppt

White gelatinus ppt

Blue tinted ash

Group 4

A white or greenish white ppt

A flesh coloured ppt

NaOHWhite ppt turns brown on keeping

Identification Tests

Action with sodium carbonate soln

Soluble in water and and no precipitate is formed on adding sodium carbonate solution

Confirmatory Tests

Soluble in water and a precipitate is formed on adding sodium carbonate soln

Soln + sodium hydroxide + heat

A colourless, punjent smelling gas giving dense white fumes when a glass rod dipped in conc. HCl is shown

Nessler's reagent (about 2mL)

White precipitate that dissolved on boiling and reappeared on cooling

A golden yellow precipitate that dissolved on boiling with water and reappered in golden spangles on cooling

Dil. HCl + hydrogen sulphide

Ammonium hydroxide soln

A greenish blue precipitate is formed which dissolved in excess of ammonium hydroxide

Acetic acid + potassium ferrocyanide

Ammonium chloride + ammonium hydroxide

(drops - excess)

Sodium hydroxide (drops - excess)

A white gelatinus ppt soluble in excess of NaOH

Note: If a white ppt is obtained in group 3, the test may be repeated using a dil. Soln of the salt since there is a chance of zinc getting pptd as zinc hydroxide on the addition of ammonium hydroxide, if the soln is too concentrated.

Ash test: Conc nitric acid + cobalt nitrate +

heat >>> Dip filter paper and burn

Hydrogen sulphide + ammonium chloride +

excess ammonium hydroxide

White ppt dissolves in excess of NaOH

Group 4

Green tinted ash

Group 5

White ppt

Yellow ppt (BaCrO4)

Flame testPale green colourationCrimsonBrick red

Scanty white ppt (slowly)

Group 6

A white crystalline ppt

Pink ash

Blue ppt

Ash test: Conc nitric acid + cobalt nitrate +

heat >>> Dip filter paper and burn

Conc. Nitric acid + lead dioxide + heat. The soln

is cooled

The supernatent liquid got purple colour

Ammonium chloride + ammonium hydroxide + ammonium carbonate

(excess)

Above ppt + acetic acid + potassium chromate

Ammonium chloride + ammonium hydroxide +

ammonium oxalate

White crystalline ppt insoluble in acetic acid

Acetic acid + calcium sulphate + heat

Ammonium chloride + ammonium hydroxide + disodium hydrogen phosphate

Ash test: Conc nitric acid + cobalt nitrate +

heat >>> Dip filter paper and burn

Ammonium hydroxide soln

A white ppt dissolves in excess ammonium OH

Magneson reagent + excess NaOH

Inference Experiment

Fe, Mn, Cu, Co and Ni salts are absent Flame testMay be Cu, Ni or Cr salt

Confirmatory Anions

May be ferrous saltMay be Mn saltMay be ferric salt

Group analysis

Absence of Pb

Presence of Pb

Presence of carbonate

Presence of sulphide

Presence of sulphite

Presence of nitrite

Confirmatory Cations

Presence of carbonate

Presence of nitrates of heavy metals

Presence of zinc salts

Presence of acetate

Presence of sulphide or sulphite

Presence of thiosulphates

Copper Quantitative Analysis

Calcium Acid

Strontium StrongBarium StrongPotassium Weak

Weak

NH4, K or Na present

NH4, K or Na absent

Analysis of Acid Radicals

DRY TESTS Double Titration

Presence of acetate is identified Standardisation

Absence of acetate

EstimationPresence of chloride is identified

Presence of nitrate Single Titration

Presence of sulphate Titration table

Presence of phosphate

Procedure - 2 marks

Presence of carbonate is confirmed Pipette

Presence of acetate is confirmed Burette

Chloride: Indicator

Presence of chloride is confirmed

End point

Presence of nitrate is confirmed

Sulphate:

Presence of sulphate

Presence of phosphate is confirmed

Substance whose normality has to be found out

(Group Analysis)

Presence of ammonium confirmed

Preparation of solution for the analysis of basic radical - stock soln

Presence of lead

Presence of copper or mercury identified

Presence of cadmium or arsenic

Presence of copper

Ferric ion

Presence of aluminium ion

Presence of aluminium is confirmed

Presence of zinc

Presence of Mn ion

Presence of zinc

Presence of Mn ion

Presence of zeroth group - ammonium - alkali group metal

Absence of ammonium. Presence of non-alkali group metal

If a white ppt is obtained in group 3, the test may be repeated using a dil. Soln of the salt since there is a chance of zinc getting pptd as zinc hydroxide on the addition of ammonium hydroxide, if

Presence of Zinc

Presence of Mn ion

Group 5

Presence of Ba

Presence of Sr

Presence of Ca

Presence of Sr

Presence of Mg

Presence of Mg is confirmed

Reagent Ion

Conc. HClBarium chloride soln + dil. HCl CarbonateNeutral ferric chloride soln AcetateDil. nitric acid + silver nitrate soln ChlorideFreshly prepared ferrous sulphate soln + conc. Sulphuric acid Nitrate

Sulphate

Sodium carbonate 0 - ammonium

Dil. HCl 1 - lead

Through above soln pass hydrogen sulphide 2 - copper

Ammonium chloride + excess ammonium hydroxide 3 - aluminium

Through the above solution pass hydrogen sulphide 4 - zinc/manganese

Through the col 11 solution pass ammonium carbonate soln 5 - barium/calcium

Through the col 11 solution pass disodium hydrogen phosphate soln 6 - magnesium

Nessler's reagent Ammonium

Acetic acid + potassium chromate OR KI LeadAcetic acid + potassium ferrocyanide soln Copper

Ash test: cobalt nitrate + conc. Nitric acid Aluminium

do Zinc

Sodium hydroxide Manganese

Acetic acid + potassium chromate

Barium

Calcium

Magneson reagent Magnesium

Quantitative Analysis

Base Indicator

Strong HPhWeak MeOHStrong HPhWeak HPh / MeOH

Lead acetate soln / lead nitrate soln + ammonium acetate

Double Titration

Supplied soln v/s link soln Normality of link soln

Supplied soln v/s estimation soln

Normality of estimation soln

Single Titration

Supplied soln v/s est. soln

Mass of est. soln = Neq; Mass in the whole of the given soln = mass/10

Normality of est. soln; Strength of est. soln = Neq

Ash Test

Aluminium Blue tinted ashZinc GreenMagnesium Pink

Eqiuvalent Mass Molecular Mass

NaOH 40.0 40.0

KOH 56.0 56.0

53.0 106.0

63.0 126.0

63.0 63.0

49.0 98.0

69.1 138.2

HCl 36.5 36.5

49.0 294.0

Na2CO3

H2C2O4.2H2O

HNO3

H2SO4

K2CO3

K2Cr2O7