Chemistry of Trace Elements in Fly Ash

Chemistry of Trace Elements in Fly Ash

Edited by

Kenneth S. Sajwan Savannah State University Savannah, Georgia

Ashok K. Alva USDA-ARS-PWA Prosser, Washington

and

Robert F. Keefer Formerly ofWest Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Chemistry of trace elements in fly ash/edited by Kenneth S. Sajwan, Ashok K. Alva, and Robert F. Keefer.

p. em. Papers presented as a part of the Sixth International Conference on Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, held at the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, from July 29-August

2, 2001. Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Fly ash-Environmental aspects-Congresses. 2. Fly ash-Analysis-Congresses. 3. Trace elements-Analysis-Congresses. I. Sajwan, Kenneth S. ll. Alva, Ashok K. Ill. Keefer, Robert F. IV. International Conference on Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements (6th: 2001: University of Guelph, Ontario)

TD884.5.C46 2003 621.31'2132'0287 -dc21

2003044719

Proceedings of the symposium Chemistry of Trace Elements in Fly Ash, which took place at the 6th International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, held July 29-August 2, 2001, at the University of Guelph, Canada

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York in 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003

http://www.wkap.nl/

10987654321

A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission

from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

ISBN 978-1-4419-3401-7 ISBN 978-1-4757-4757-7 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-4757-7

IN GRATITUDE TO

My family, Maria, Mia, and Joseph Who 've been through it all before,

and

Dr. Les Evans University of Guelph

For his major contribution in organizing the Sixth International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, of which the present work is a part.

v

CONTRIBUTORS

S.A. Aburime, Department of Engineering, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Dr., Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.

Domy C. Adriano, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Drawer E, Aiken SC 29802, USA.

A.K. Alva, USDA-ARS, Pacific West Area, Vegetable and Forage Crops Research Unit, 24106 N. BunnRd. Prosser, WA 99350, USA.

Christopher Barton, USDA Forest Service, Center for Forested Wetlands Research, c/o Savannah River ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA.

D.K. Bhumbla, Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, USA.

Herbert Bryan, Tropical Research and Education Center, IF AS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA.

D. Chaudhuri, Department of Geology & Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India 721302.

C.S. Chetty, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Savannah Stte University, Savannah, GA 32404, USA.

Don Cowthon, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station and Tarlton State University, Stephenville, TX, 76402, USA.

R.M Dankar, Advanced Analytical Center for Environmental Sciences, The University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA.

S.S. Dhaliwal, Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505-6108, USA.

Stanislaw Dudka, University of Georgia, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Athens, GA 30602-7272, USA.

Gian S. Ghuman, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.

B.R. Hart, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada, N6A 5B7.

MR. Hajarnavis, National Environmental Engineering Institute, Nagpur, MS 440020, India.

vii

Zhenli He, Indian River Research and Education Center, IF AS, University of Florida, Ft. Piears, FL 34954, USA.

M Hope-Simpson, Agrosystem Atlantic, P.O. Box 1674, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada B2N 5Z5.

William Hopkins, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken SC 29802, USA.

K.H. Hostler, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA.

Brian P. Jackson, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA.

Ursa/a Kaantee, Finnsementti Oy, FIN-21600 Parainen, Finland.

A.D. Karathanasis, Agronomy Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40546, USA.

Bon-Jun Koo, Advanced Analytical Center for Environmental Sciences, The University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA.

Anna S. Knox, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Drawer E, Aiken SC 29802, USA.

Joanna Kyziol, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 34 M. Sklodowska-Curie St., 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland.

Yuncong Li, Tropical Research and Education Center, IF AS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA.

Shas V. Mattigod, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, WA 99352, USA.

William P. Miller, University of Georgia, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Athens, GA 30602-7272, USA.

G.L. Mills, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC 29802, USA.

Arun B. Mukherjee, Department of Limnology and Environmental Protection, P.O. Box 62, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.

Linda Paddock, University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA.

S. Paramasivam, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404 USA.

M.A. Powell, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada, N6A 5B7.

viii

Tracy. Punshon, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Drawer E, Aiken SC 29802, USA/Rutgers University, Division of Life Sciences, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.

Thomas R. Quinn, Pacific North West National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.

G.R. Reddy, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.

W. Richards, Nova Scotia Power Inc., Generation Services, Point Aconi Generating Station, P.O. Box 1609, Bras d'Or, Nova Scotia, CanadaB1Y 3Y6.

Christopher Romanek, Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.

Kenneth S. Sajwan, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.

Maxim J. Schlossberg, University of Georgia, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Athens, GA 30602-7272, USA.

John C. Seaman, Savannah River ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Drawer E, Aiken SC 29802, USA.

B.S. Sekhon, Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, USA.

Jennifer S. Simmons, West Virginia Water Research Institute, National Mine Land Reclamation Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6064, USA.

Gulab Singh, Central Fuel Research Institute, CSIR-Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhanbad, 828108, India.

John Sloan, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Dallas, TX 75252, USA.

Sesbastian Stefaniak, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 34M. Sklodowska-Curie St., 34,41-819 Zabrze, Poland

Peter Stojfe/la, Indian River Research and Education Center, IF AS, University of Florida, Ft. Piears, FL 34954, USA.

Jadwiga Szczepanska, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Department of Hydrogeology and Water Protection, 30 Mickiewicza Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland.

Prem S.M Tripathi, Central Fuel Research Institute, CSIR-Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhanbad 828108, India.

S. Tripathy, Department of Geology & Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India 721302.

ix

Irena Twardowslw, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 34M. Sklodowska-Curie St., 34,41-819 Zabrze, Poland.

D. van Cliff, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA.

H Veeresh, Department of Geology & Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal. India 721302.

Min Zha~g, Tropical Research and Education Center, IF AS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA.

Ron Zevenhoven, Energy Engineering and Environmental Protection, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 4400, FIN-02015 Espoo, Finland.

Paul F. Ziemkiewicz, West Virginia Water Research Institute, National Mine Land Reclamation Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6064, USA.

X

PREFACE

The accumulation of large amounts of ash from fossil fuel combustion for electric power plant generation is becoming a major environmental concern in the United States. Furthermore, stringent environmental regulations mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency through the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, as well as state and local environmental regulations may result in even more ash production with subsequent contact with the environment. The concentrations of trace elements in coal residues are extremely variable and depend on the composition of the original coal, conditions during combustion, the efficiency of emission control devices, storage and handling ofbyproducts, and climate.

The research papers in this book were presented as a part of the Sixth International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements held at the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, from July 29-August 2, 2001. The purpose of this corit'erence was to present current knowledge on the source, pathways, behavior and effects of trace elements in soils, waters, plants and animals. In addition, the book also includes invited research papers from scientists who have done significant research in the area of coal and coal combustion byproducts. All the research papers presented herein have been subjected to peer review. The editors have arranged the articles systematically by topic, beginning with the introductory chapter entitled "The Production and Use of Coal Combustion Products" followed by the sections on Environmental Impacts of Coal Combustion Residues, Trace Elements in Fly Ashes, Transport and Leachability of Metals from Coal and Coal Ash Piles, and the Use of Coal Ash as Agricultural Soil Amendment.

This book has been published for a variety of readers, including public health and environmental professionals, industrial hygienists, environmental consultants, waste management professionals, and academicians. It may also prove valuable to scientists conducting research on coal and coal combustion byproducts.

The editors wish to thank the contributing authors for their diligence in providing the changes requested by the reviewers and for their patience in waiting so long for those to go into print.

Kenneth S. Sajwan Ashok K. Alva Robert F. Keefer

xi

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1. The Production and Use of Coal Combustion Products ................................. .1 Tracy Punshon, John C. Seaman, and Kenneth S. Sajwan

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF COAL COMBUSTION RESIDUES

2. Occurrence and Mobilization Potential of Trace Elements from Disposed Coal Combustion Fly Ash ............................................................................ 13 Irena Twardowska, Jadwiga Szczepanska, and Sebastian Stefaniak

3. Trace Elements and Their Mobility in Coal Ash/Fly Ash from Indian Power Plants in View oflts Disposal and Bulk Use in Agriculture ............................... 25 Irena Twardowska, Prem S.M. Tripathi, Gulab Singh, and Joanna Kyziol

4. The Effects of Switching from Coal to Alternative Fuels on Heavy Metals Emissions from Cement Manufacturing ................................................................... 45 Arun B. Mukherjee, Ursula Kaantee, and Ron Zevenhoven

5. Practical and Regulatory Challenges in Controlling Trace Element Inputs to Soils from Land Application of Fluidized Bed Combustion Residues ................... 63 M. Hope-Simpson and W. Richards

6. The Mine Water Leaching Procedure: Evaluating the Environmental Risk of Backfilling Mines with Coal Ash ............................................................. 75 Paul F. Ziemkiewicz, Jennifer S. Simmons, and AnnaS. Knox

7. Moisture Retention and Hydraulic Conductivity of Coarse-Textured Soils Amended with Coal Combustion Fly Ash ................................................... 91 J.C. Seaman, S.A. Aburime, B.P. Jackson, and T Punshon

8. Geochemistry of an Abandoned Landfill Containing Coal Combustion Waste: Implications for Remediation ................................................................ .1 05 Christopher Barton, Linda Paddock, Christopher Romanek, and John Seaman

TRECE ELEMENTS IN FLY ASHES

9. Selenium Content and Oxidation States in Fly Ashes from Western U.S. Coals ... 143 Shas V. Matti god and Thomas R. Quinn

xiii

10. Rare Earth Elements in Fly Ashes as Potential Indicators of Anthropogenic Soil Contamination .................................................................................. 155 Shas V. Mattigod

TRANSPORT AND LEACHABILITY OF METALS FROM COAL AND ASH PILES

11. Mobility and Adsorption ofTrace Elements in a Coal Residues-Affected Swamp ............................................................................................ 165 G.S. Ghuman,K.S. Sajwan, S. Paran1asivam, D.C. Adriano, and G.L. Mills

12. Potential Use of Fly Ash to Remove Cadmium from Aqueous Systems ............ 177 M. Hajarnavis, K.S. Sajwan, S. Paramasivam, C.S. Chetty, and G.R. Reddy

13. Comparative Study of Elemental Transport and Distribution in Soils Amended with Fly Ash and Sewage Sludge Ash .......................................... 189 S. Paramasivam, K.S. Sajwan, A.K. Alva, D. C. Adriano, T. Punshon, D. van Cliff, and K.H. Hostler

14. Arsenic Speciation in a Fly Ash Settling Basin System .............................. 203 Brian P. Jackson, John C. Seaman, and William Hopkins

15. Lead Desorption and Remobilization Potential by Colloid Particles Contaminated Sites .............................................................................. 219 A.D. Karathanasis

16. Selenium and Molybdenum Adsorption on Kaolinite Clay Mineral Coated with Hydrous Oxides of Iron and Aluminum ...................................................... 237 D.K. Bhumbla, S.S. Dhaliwal, K.S. Sajwan, and B.S. Sekhon

USE OF COAL ASH AS AGRICULTURAL SOIL AMENDMENT

17. Influence of Coal Ash/Organic Waste Application on Distribution of Trace Metals in Soil, Plant, and Water .................................................... 251 Yuncong Li, Min Zhang, Peter Stoffella, Zhenli He, and Herbert Bryan

18. The Effect of Flue Gas Desulfurization Residue on Corn (Zea mays L.) Growth and Leachate Salinity: Multiple Season Data from Amended Mesocosms .............. 265 T. Punshon, J.C. Seaman, and D.C. Adriano

19. Use of Coal Combustion By-Products (CCBP) in Horticultural and Turfgrass Industries ......................................................................................... 275 Maxim J. Schlossberg, William P. Miller, and Stanislaw Dudka

xiv

20. Heavy Metal Distribution and Bioavailability in Coal Ash and Sludge Amended Acid Latetritic Soil under Field Conditions ................................... 289 D. Chaudhuri, S. Tripathy, H. Veeresh, M.A. Powell, and B.R. Hart

21. Mine Soil Remediation Using Coal Ash and Compost Mixtures ................... 309 John J. Sloan and Don Cawthon

22. Soil Amendments Promote Vegetation Establishment and Control Acidity in Coal Combustion Waste .................................................................... 319 R. M. Danker, D.C. Adriano, Bon-Jun Koo, C.D. Barton, and T. Punshon

About the Editors .............................................................................. 335

Index ............................................................................................. 339

XV