Chemistry In Anatomy. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds.
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Transcript of Chemistry In Anatomy. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds.
Matter All living things are made of matter
Matter has mass and takes up space
Atoms are the building blocks of matter
What do we call different types of atoms?
A substance that can’t be broken down into simpler chemical substances
Elements
The Nucleus The Atomic Number of an atom = the
number of protons
The Atomic Mass =The number of protons + the number of neutrons
The major element’s of living organisms
Page 31 in your book
C, H, O, N make up 90% of the human body.
How are atoms structured? Nucleus = protons and neutrons. Orbitals/electron cloud = electrons The number of protons = the atomic
number The number or electrons = the atomic
number.
Compounds
Elements can combine to form compounds A pure substance made of 2 or more
different elements combined
Examples:
Water = H2O
Carbon dioxide = CO2
Glucose = C6H12O6
Acids, Bases, and pH acid—a substance that donates hydrogen
ions, H+, to form hydronium ions, H3O+, when dissolved in water.
-taste sour
-turn blue litmus paper red
-corrode metal
-conduct electricity when dissolved in water
Bases a substance that either contains hydroxide
ions, OH-, or reacts with water to formhydroxide ions.
-bitter taste-slippery-conduct electricity-turns red litmus paper blue-very dangerous if not dilute
Measuring acids and bases pH—a measure of the hydronium ion
concentration in a solution
enzymes in your body work in a narrow pH range
an abnormal pH is a sign of health problems
Basic Biochemistry TerminologyBasic Biochemistry Terminology
Monomer = single unit which makes Monomer = single unit which makes up a larger moleculeup a larger molecule
Polymer = Long chain of repeating Polymer = Long chain of repeating monomersmonomers
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Monomer = Monomer =
monosaccharide monosaccharide (glucose)(glucose)
Polymer = polysaccharidePolymer = polysaccharide Quick energy source for Quick energy source for
production of ATPproduction of ATP Source = breads, pasta, Source = breads, pasta,
sweets.sweets. Complex or SimpleComplex or Simple
Carbohydrates Carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen 1:2:1 ratio of elements Carbohydrates are
sugars Used for Energy Cellulose – Plant walls Chitin – Insect shells,
fungus bodies
1. Monosaccharide – fructose & glucose
2. Disaccharide – two monosaccahrides bonded – sucrose
3. Polysaccharide – many monosaccahrides bonded – starch, glycogen, cellulose
LipidsLipids Monomer = triglycerideMonomer = triglyceride Polymer = steroid, Polymer = steroid,
phospholipidphospholipid Lipids used for long term Lipids used for long term
energy storageenergy storage Steroids = chemical Steroids = chemical
messengermessenger Phospholipid =cell Phospholipid =cell
membranemembrane
Lipids Composed of Carbon and hydrogen Waxes, Fats and oils Nonpolar - Insoluble in water Used for energy storage, insulation, and
protective coverings Major component of membranes
surrounding cells called a phospholipid Steroids – cholesterol and hormones
Nucleic Acids Complex macromolecule that stores cellular
information in the form of a code. Composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, and hydrogen Polymer made of smaller units called
nucleotides Nucleotides contain a nitrogen base, a sugar, and
a phosphate group 2 types
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
ProteinsProteins
Monomer = amino Monomer = amino acidsacids
Polymer = polypeptidePolymer = polypeptide Main component of Main component of
most tissues and cells most tissues and cells in the bodyin the body
Source = meats, dairy, Source = meats, dairy, peanuts, soypeanuts, soy
Proteins Essential to all life – the primary building
block of life Large complex polymer composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur
Amino Acids are the building blocks 20 common amino acids
2nd major component of cell membranes
Reactions between biomoleculesReactions between biomolecules
Synthesis reaction – Synthesis reaction – formation of bond formation of bond between monomers between monomers stores energy (ie. stores energy (ie. Dehydration synthesis)Dehydration synthesis)
Decomposition reaction – Decomposition reaction – breaking of bond releases breaking of bond releases stored energy (ie. stored energy (ie. Hydrolysis)Hydrolysis)
Types of energyTypes of energy Kinetic – energy of motionKinetic – energy of motion
Potential – energy which is stored/has not yet Potential – energy which is stored/has not yet been appliedbeen applied
In the body, potential energy is stored as glucose In the body, potential energy is stored as glucose moleculemolecule
Kinetic energy is when that glucose molecule is Kinetic energy is when that glucose molecule is used to form ATP, and perform work in the cellused to form ATP, and perform work in the cell
Calories/KilocaloriesCalories/Kilocalories
Measure of the amount Measure of the amount of energy in a foodof energy in a food
Can be used by the Can be used by the body to perform workbody to perform work
If not used, is stored by If not used, is stored by the body as glycogen, the body as glycogen, or eventually fator eventually fat
Enzymes – Special Proteins Chemical reactions require specific
temperature and environmental requirements that are often not found in the human body
An enzyme enables molecules called substrates, to undergo a chemical change to form a new substance
Enzymes Features Enzymes speed up chemical reactions but
do not take place in the reaction and are not changed by the reaction.
Do not make a reaction occur that would not occur on its own
Enzymes are reusable Enzymes are specific to their substrate
Energy of Reactions Activation Energy – the minimum amount of
energy needed to cause a reaction to happen
Enzymes lower the activation energy of many reactions that take place in the body
Types of Enzymes Amylase – Breaks down sugars Catalase – breaks down hydrogen peroxide
in the blood and in cells DNA polymerase – helps to make copies of
DNA Lactase – Breaks down lactose (milk
sugars) in the digestive tract
Carbohydrates What: Sugars Elements: C, H, O 3 classes: Monosaccharides
Ex.) Glucose, fructose Disaccharides
Ex.) Sucrose Polysaccharides
Ex.) Cellulose, starch Function: Energy
Nucleic Acids What they do: Store and transmit
genetic information. Elements: C, N, O, P, H Subunit: Nucleotide
Nitrogen base Sugar Phosphate group
Ex.) DNA & RNA
Lipids What: Waxes, Fats, Oils Elements: C, H Function: Stores energy, protective
layers, insulation 1st major component of cell membranes Examples: Hormones, cholesterol.
Proteins
Essential to all life. Made up of amino acids. Elements: C, H, O, N and sometimes S Function: Building block of life 2nd major component of cell
membranes Example: enzymes
Diffusion random movement of particles from an area
of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration resulting in an even distribution.