Chemistry Full English

7/23/2019 Chemistry Full English

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Green House Gases:

1) Water Vapour2) Carbon dioxide3) Methane

4) Nitrous Oxide5) Ozone6) CFCs

My favourite gases:

1) Methane2) Ethane

3) Propane4) Butane

Name Gases:

1) Laughing gas: N 2O2) Water gas: H 2 + CO3) Coal gas: Mixture of many hydrocarbons4) Tear gas: Chloropicrin, CN, CR, CS, Pepper-spray etc.5) Acid rain: Oxides of Sulfur or Nitrogen + Water = HNO 3 + H2SO4 6) Gobar gas (bio gas): CH 4 + CO + H2 + CO2 + SO2 7) Bhopal Gas Tragedy : Methyl Isocynate

Atomic Structure

Proton: Charge (+ve)Mass

Element

Neutron: Mass

Electron: Charge (-ve)



Isotopes:

C-14 is radioactiveHalf-life = 5730 yearsUsed in radioactive dating (carbon dating)Undergoes Beta decay

AtomicNumber (p)

Mass Number(p+n)

NeutronNumber (n)

C-12 6 12 6C-13 6 13 7C-14 6 14 8N-14 7 14 7

Isotopes Isobars Isotones

Isotopes of Hydrogen1) Protium2) Deuterium3) Tritium

Atomic number Mass numberα radioactivity -2 -4β radioactivity +1 0γ radioactivity 0 0



H2O D

2O T

2O

Light Water Heavy Water Tritiated WaterHeavy water is used in nuclear reactors as moderator and coolant. India is the largestproducer of Heavy Water in the world.

Metals lose electronsNon-metals either gain electrons, or exist as noble gasesEvery atom has tendency to fill its outermost orbit with 8 electronsMetalloids are between metals and non-metals. Examples: Si and Ge

Property Acid Base pH Less than 7.0. Greater than 7.0

Physical nature Taste sour. Bases feel slippery. Taste bitter.

Strength depends on concentration ofH+ ions depends on concentration of OH-

Phenolphthalein remains colorless Makes it pinkOther

PropertiesElectrolytes, conduct

electricity Electrolytes, conduct electricity

Dissociation Acids free hydrogen ions (H+)when mixed with water.

Bases free hydroxide ions (OH-) when mixed withwater.

Made of Oxides of non-metals Oxides of metalsExamples Acetic acid, Sulfuric acid Sodium Hydroxide, Ammonia

Litmus test Acids change litmus paperred. Bases change litmus paper blue.

pH + pOH = 14 Acids + Base = Salt + Water



Oxydation: Loss of electronsReduction: Gain of electrons

Nuclear reactions:1) Fission2) Fusion

Fission (Top)Fusion (Left)



Anderson Positron

Aston and Soddy Isotopes

Aufbau Aufbau Principle

Avogadro Relation between volume of gas number of moles

Arrhenius Electrolytic dissociation

Allred-Rochow Electronegetivity scale

Bernauli Kinetic Theory of Gases

Niels Bohr Atomic Model, Long periodic table

Robert Boyle Boyle' law

Berzelius Catalysis

Henry Becquerrel Radioactivity

Bronsted Lowry Acid-Base Concept

Bartlett Compounds of Xenon

Compton Compton Effect

Cavendish Hydrogen

Chadwick Neutron

Charles Gas Laws

Davisson and Germer Wave Nature of Electron

Dride and Lorentz Electron Pool and Electron Gas

Dobrenier Law of Triads

Humphry Davy Potassium, SodiumDebye Huckel Strong Electrolytes Theory

John Dalton Atomic Model, Law of Partial Pressure

Dorn Discovery of Rn

de Broglie Dual nature of matter

Einstein Relativity, Mass-Energy Relationship

Michael Faraday Electrolysis

Fajan Polarisation of Anion

Gtauber Nitric Acid

Graham Gaseous diffusion, Colloidal State

Guldberg-Waage Law of Mass-Action

Goldstein Proton, Anode raysHertz Photoelectric Effect

Helmholtz First Law of Thermodynamics

Hund Multiplicity Rule

Heisenberg Uncertainity Principle

Hund-Mulliken Molecular Orbital Theory

Heitlor-London Valence Bond Theory

Irene Curie and F. Joliot Artificial Radioactivity

Scientists and their contribution in Chemistry

Chemistry Notes



Joseph Aspdin Cement

Keyser Adsorption

Kekule Benzene

Kossel Lewis Electrovalence

Le Fevre Sulphuric Acid

Lewis Covalence, Acid-Base

Libby Radiactive DatingLockyer and Frankland Helium

Lawrence Cyclotron

Lavoisier Conservation of Mass, Nitrogen

Le Chatlier Chemical Equilibrium

Marie Curie Radium, Plutonium

Maxwell Kinetic Theory of Gases

Mendeleef Periodic Table

Millikan Charge of Electron

Mosley Modern Periodic Law

Newland Law of Octet

Nernst Electrode PotentialOtto Hahn and Strassman Nuclear Fission

Ostwald Weak Electrolytes Dilution

Priestley Ammonia, Laughung gas

Pauli Exclusion Principle

Pauling-Slater Valence Bond Theory

Proust Law of Constant Proportion

Max Plank Wave Nature of Light

Ritcher Law of Reciprocal Proportion

Rutherford Nucleus, Nuclear Reactions

Roentzen X-RaysRaoult Vapour Pressure and Gas Dissolution

Rayleigh-Ramsay Argon

Ramsay-Travers Neon, Krypton, Xenon

Schrodinger Wave Equation

Soddy-Fajan Group Displacement Law

Sidwick Maximum Covalence Rule

Sidwick-Powell Hybridisation

Sorenson pH

Sommerfeld Atomic Model

Scheele Nitrogen

Sugden Co-ordinate Bond, Singlet LinkageSchulze-Hardy Coagulation by electrolyte

Thomson Electron

Tyndall Scattering by Sol

Thenard Hydrogen Peroxide

Urey Deuterium and Heavy Water

Van Marum Ozone

van der Waals Gas Equation

vant Hoff Rate Constant and Equilibrium Constant



Yukawa Mesons

Zeeman Zeeman Effect



Reagent Composition UseSchweitzer Reagent Tetraaminecopper (II) sulphate to dissolve cellulose in manufacturing artificial silk

Fehling Solution Copper sulphate + Sodium Potassium tartarateRochelle Salt + NaOH

to detect an aldehydic group

Tollen's Reagent AgNO 3 solution + NaOH solution + NH 4 OH to detect an aldehydic group

Benedict Solution Alkaline solution of cupric ion complexed withcitrate ions

to detect -CHO group

Schiff's Reagent Dilute solution of rosaline hydrochloride inwater a ter assin SO2

to detect -CHO group

Bordeaux Mixture Cu S O 4 + Lime to kill moulds and fungi on winesSoda Bleach Na 2 O 2 + dil. HCl for bleaching of delicate fibres like wool, silk etc.

Soda Lime Ca(OH) 2 + NaOH as absorbent for a number of gases, and indecarbox lation o sodium salts o att acids

Fusion Mixture Na 2 CO 3 + K 2 CO 3 as laboratory reagent Lithopone ZnS + BaSO 4 as white paint Sublimed White Lead PbSO 4 + PbO + ZnO as white paint

Carbogen O 2 + 5% to 10% CO 2 for artificial respirationNessler's Reagent K 2 HgI 4 to detect NH 4 + ionsNitrolim Calcium cynamide + graphite as fertilizer Superphosphate Calcium dihydrogen phosphate + CaSO 4 as fertilizer Thomas Slag Tricalcium phosphate + cal. Silicate as fertilizer Baeyer's Reagent Cold 1% alkaline KMnO 4 solution to detect olefinic and acetylenic linkagesMolisch Reagent α-Naphthol dissolved in alcohol to detect carbohydratesLindlar Catalyst Palladised charcoal deactivated with sulphur

compounds for partial hydrogenation of triple bonds todouble bonds

Milk of Magnesia Suspension of Mg(OH) 2 in water as antacid Gun Powder A mixture of S, charcoal and KNO 3 as explosivePusrple of Cassius Colloidal particles of gold absorbed by colloidal

precipitate of stannic acid for colouring glass (ruby red) and pottery

Lucas Reagent Conc. HGl + anhy. ZnCl 2 for distinguishing three types of alcoholsRectified Spirit 93% - 95% ethanol Methylated Spirit (Denatured alcohol) Rectified Spirit + CH 3 OH,

pyridine, acetone etc.Power Alcohol 80% Petrol + 20% Alcohol Brady's Reagent 2, 4-DinitrophenylhydrazineLemieux Reagent Aques solution of sodium periodate + a trace of

KMnO 4

to detect and locate double bond in organiccompound

Sanger's Reagent 2, 4-Dinitrofluorobenzene for amino acid sequence detection in polypeptides

Tildon's Reagent Nitrosyl chloride to detect presence of olefinic linkageHoffman Reagent Diethyl oxalate for seperation of mixture of 1⁰, 2⁰ and 3⁰ amines

Hinsberg Reagent Benzenesulphonyl chloride for seperation of mixture of 1⁰, 2⁰ and 3⁰ amines

Malaparade Reagent Periodic acid for cleaving vicinal glycols giving aldehydes,ketones or their mixtures

Ninhydrin Reagent Triketohydrindene hydrate to detect the presence of amino acidds and proteins with which it gives violet, red or pinkcolor

Some important reagents and their uses



Lowest electronegativity CsHighest electronegativity FHighest ionisation potential HeLowest inonisation potential CsLowest electron affinity

Noble gases (zero)Highest electron affinity ClLeast electropositive element FLowest melting point metal HgHighest melting point metal WLowest melting point element HeHighest melting point element WMost reactive solid element LiMost reactive liquid element CsMost reactive gaseous element FMost stable element Te

Smallest atom HLargest atom CsLargest anion AtSmallest anion F

Cs (among stable)

Fr (overall)Total number of gaseous elements 11 (H, He, N, O, F, Ne, Cl,

Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)Total number of liquid elements 4 (Ga, Br, Cs, Hg)Total number of solid elements 89Volatile d block elements Zn, Cd, HgMost abundant element on earth OxygenMost rare element on earth AstatineMost abundant metal on earth Al (and then Fe)Metals with highest oxidation number Ru, OsMost electrovalent (ionic) compound CsFStrongest base Cs(OH)Strongest basic oxide Cs2O

Best electric conductors Ag (then Cu, Au, Al)Most poisonous element PuLiquid non metal Br

Element kept in water PElement kept in kerosene Na, K, Rb, CsBridge metals Na, MgNoble metals Au, PtAmphoteric metals Zn, Al, Sn, PbAmphoteric non metals SiMetalloids B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, TeLightest element HHeaviest metal Os

Quick Facts

Most electropositive element



Hardest natural element C (diamond)Most abundant gas NitrogenDry bleacher OzoneNatural explosive NCl3Dry Ice CO2

Oldest known organic acid Acetic acid

Freon CF2Cl2Most abundant elements on earth O, Si, Al



Aluminium Bronze Cu + Al

Brass Cu + Zn

Bronze Cu + Sn

Bell Metal Cu + Sn

Coin Alloys (red) Cu + Zn + SnCoin Alloys (white) Cu + Ag + Zn + Ni

Duralumin Al + Cu + Mg + Mn

Electron Mg + Zn (95 : 5%)

Germn Silver Cu + Zn + Ni

Gun Metal Cu + Sn + Zn

Muntz Metal Cu + Zn

Magnalium Al + Mg

Pewter Pb + Sn

Solder Pb + Sn

Type Metal Pb + Sb + Sn

Wood Metal Bi + Pb + Sn + Cd (low m.pt. 71 degree C)Y Alloy Cu + Al

Alloys



Adam's Catalyst Pt + PtO

Alum (NH4)2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H 2O

Ammonal NH 4NO3 + Al

Aqua Fortis HNO 3

Aquaregia Conc. HNO 3 + Conc. HCL (1 : 3)Asbestos CaMg 3(SiO3)4

Arsine AsH 3

Anhydrone Mg(ClO 4)2

Argentoferrous Galena PbS + Ag 2S

Baking Soda or Powder NaHCO 3

Berthelot's Salt KClO 3

Black Lead Graphite

Blue Vitriol CuSO 4. 5H2O

Baryta Water Ba(OH) 2 Solution

Bremstone S 8

Baryta BaOBordeux Mixture CuSO 4 Solution + Lime

Bleaching Powder CaOCl 2

Boranes Hydride of Boron

Calomel Hg 2Cl2Carbolic Acid C 6H5OH

Carborundum SiC

Caro's Acid H 2SO5

Caustic Potash KOH

Chromyl Chloride CrO 2Cl2

Corundum Al 2O3Crystal Carbonate Na 2CO3.H2O

Coinage Metals Cu, Ag, and Au

Cementite FeC

Chinese White ZnO

Caliche NaNO 3 + NaIO3

Corrosive Sublimate HgCl 2

Dry Ice CO2

Deuterium H-2 or D

D.D.T. dichloro-diphenyl trichloroethane

Epsom Salt MgSO 4.7H2O

Ferrocene Fe(η 5 - C5H5)2

Fischer's Salt K3 [Co(NO 2)6]

Formalin HCHO

Freon CCl 2F2

Ferric Alum K 2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H 2O

Fenton's Reagent H 2O2 + Few Drops of FeCl 3

Fluid Magnesia 12% Solution of Mg (HCO 3)2

Fehling solution CuSO 4.5H2O + NaOH + Na, K Tartarate

Green Vitriol FeSO 4.7H2O

Compounds



Gun Powder Sulphur + Charcoal + KNO 3

Gypsum CaSO 4.2H2O

Hypo Na 2S2O3.5H2O

Hyposulphite of Soda Hypo

Heavy Water D 2O

Heavy Hydrogen D 2

King of Chemicals H 2SO4

Killed Spirits ZnCl 2 + ZnO

Kainte KCl.MgSO4.3H2O

Kaolinite Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O

Laughing Gas N 2O

Limestone CaCO 3

Lunar Caustic AgNO 3

Lithrage (Masscote) PbO

Lithopone ZnS + BaSO 4

Leuna Salt Peter NH 4NO3

Lanakite PbO.PbSO 4

Magnesi Alba MgOMarsh gas CH 4

Marshall's Acid H 2S2O8

Mica KH2Al2(SiO4)3

Milk of Lime Ca(OH) 2

Milk of Magnesia Mg(OH) 2

Magnesia Alba (MgCO 3)x[Mg(OH2)]y.zH2O

Matte Cu 2S + FeS

Minium Pb 3O4

Micro Cosmic Salt NaNH 4.HPO4

Nitro chalk NH 4NO3 + (NH4)2CO3Nitrophos Ca(H 3PO4)2 + 2Ca(NO3)2

Nascent Hydrogen H At The Moment of Generation

Oil of Vitriol H 2SO4

Oil of Winter Green Methyl Salicylate

Oxone Na 2O2

Plaster of Paris CaSO 4.1/2 H 2O

Phosgene COCl 2

Picric Acid 2, 4, 6 Trinitrophenol

Prussian Blue Fe 4[Fe(CN)6]3

Permutit (Zeolite) Na 2Al2SiO8.xH2O

Pharaoh's Serpents Hg (CNS) 2

Pig Iron Impure Form Of Iron

Producer Gas A Mixture Of CO + N 2 + H2

Quick Lime CaO

Quartz SiO 2

Rock Salt NaCl

Ruby Al2O3

Refrigerant CO 2, NH3, CF2Cl2 etc

Red Lead Pb 3O4



Rust Fe 2O3.xH2O

Salt cake Na 2SO4

Sand SiO 2

Silver Tarnish Ag 2S

Soda Lime NaOH + CaO

Spirit of Wine C 2H5OH

Stranger Gas Xenon (Xe)Super Phosphate of Lime Ca(H 2PO4).H2O + 2CaSO4.2H2O

Sorel's Cement Mg(Oh) Cl or MgCl 2.5MgO.xH 2O

Salammoniac NH 4Cl

Stainless Steel An Alloy Of Fe, Cr, And C

Super Phosphate Ca(H 2PO4)2 + 2CaSO4

Tincture of Iodine I 2 + KL

T.N.T Trinitrotoluene

TNB Trinitrobenzene

Tincal Na 2B4O7.10H 2O

Talc 3 MgO.4SiO 2.H2O or Mg 2(Si2O3).Mg(OH) 2

Vinegar CH 3COOHWashing Soda Na 2CO3

White Graphite BN

White Lead 2PbCO 3.Pb(OH) 2

White Vitriol ZnSO 4.7H2O

Wilkinson's Catalyst [(C 6H5)3P]3RhCl

Water Gas CO + H 2

Wrought Iron Pure Form Of Iron

Willemite ZnO

Yellow Ammonium Sulphide (NH 4)2Sx

Yperite Mustard GasZiegler-Natta Catalyst TiCl 4 - (C2H5)3Al Complex

Ziesse's Salt (PH 3P)3RhCl

Zircone Zirconium Silicate

Zinc White ZnO



Alumina Al 2O3

Alunite K 2SO4.Al2(SO4)2.4Al(OH)3

Apatite (Fluoropatite) 3Ca 3(PO4)2.CaF2

Azurite 2CuCO 3.Cu(OH)2

Anhydrite CaSO 4

Argentite Ag 2S

Anglesite PbSO 4

Bauxite Al 2O3.2H2O

Borax Na 2B4O7.10H 2O

Calaverite AuTe 2

Chili Salt Peter NaNO 3

Cinnabar HgS

Calcia CaO

Chlorapatite Ca 5(PO4)3Cl or 3Ca 3(PO4)3.CaCl2Carnalite KCl.MgCl 2.6H2O

Calamine ZnCO 3

Cassiterite SnO 2

Copper Pyrite (Chalcopyrite) CuFeS 2

Copper Glance Cu 2S

Cuprite (Ruby Copper) Cu 2O

Corundum Emery Al 2O3

Cryolite Na 3AlF6

Clay (Kaolin, China, Clay, mica or Felspar) AluminoSilicates or KAlSi 3O3

Chalk (Marble, Aragonite Calcite, Iceland Spar, Lime Stone CaCO 3

Cerussite PbCO 3

Diaspore Al 2O3.H2ODolomite MgCO 3.CaCO3

Epsom Salt (Epsomite) MgSO 4.7H2O

Fluorspar CaF 2

Fluorapatite (Also see apatite above) 3Ca 3(PO4)2.CaF2

Greenockite CdS

Gypsum CaSO 4.2H2O

Galena PbS

Heavy Spar BaSO 4

Horn Silver (Chlorargyrite) AgCl

Haematite (Red) Fe 2O3

Iron Pyrite FeS 2

Kieserite MgSO 4.H2O

Limonite (Brown) Fe 2O3.3H2O

Magnesite MgCO 3

Malachite CuCO 3.Cu(OH)2

Magnetite Fe 3O4

Pyrargyrite or Ruby silver Ag 3SbS3

Pyrolusite MnO 2

Phosphorite Ca 3(PO4)2

Important Minerals and Ores of Some Common Elements



Sylvine KCl

schonite K 2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O

Sylvanite (AgAu)Te

Salt Peter (Indian) KNO 3

Siderite FeCO 3

Trona (Natron) Na 2CO3

Whitherite BaCO 3

Zincite ZnO

Zinc Blende ZnS



MagnesiteDolomiteEpsomiteCarnallite

AsbestoseTalcCopper PyritesCupriteCopper GlanceMalachiteAzuriteArgentiteHorn SilverRuby SilverZinc BlendeClamineZinciteWillemiteBauxiteCryoliteFeldsparKaoliniteMicaCorundumDiaspore

Tin CassiteriteGalenaAnglesiteCerussiteLanarkiteHaematiteLimoniteMagnetiteSideriteIron pyriteCopper Pyrites

Lead

Iron

Ores of few important metals

Magnesium

Copper

Silver

Zinc

Aluminium

Chemistry Full English

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