SEKOLAH TUANKU ABDUL RAHMAN

JALAN SULTAN AZLAN SHAH

31400, IPOH, PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN

CHEMISTRY ASSIGNMENTM A N U F A C T E D S U B S T A N C E S I N I N D U S T R Y

ByMOHAMMAD FAZRUL AMIN BIN RAMLEE

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1.0 Introduction

Manufactured substances in industry are well known to be a part of the chemistry form 4 syllabuses consist many important information for us in daily life. In idea to complete the task given, this assignment was created by gathering information from trusted sources.

This assignment is an attempt to dispel that myth among the students. This assignment also was designed as a comprehensive course in getting knowledge. There are no other assignments and books available for that purpose.

The aim of this assignment is to providing a quick and concise reference guide to help someone especially student who has either limited time to gain information or to give the student a way to broaden his knowledge of chemistry though explanations of the topic, manufacturedsubstances in industry and will be useful for anyone who is interested in being a chemist, future, whether or not he or she studies the topic itself.

Alhamdulillah, praise to be Allah, this assignment based on topic given, manufactured substances in industry is completely finished well. Firstly, I want to gratitude my chemistry teacher for giving me an opportunity to achieve an experience, creating an assignment.

To my parent, no other word that I can give to show my gratitude rather than thank you a lot for giving me moral support and financial support.

I also want to give my token of appreciation to the principle, friends and to all who are supporting me until this assignment completely done.Hopefully, this assignment could benefit everyone who read it.

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2.0 Objective

1. Understanding the manufactured of sulphuric acid and the environmental pollution by the by-products of sulphuric acid.

2. Synthesis the physical and chemical properties of ammonia, the manufacture of ammonia in industry and the preparation of ammonia salt in the school laboratory.

3. Understands what arealloys and what are the aims of making alloys, the comparisons of the properties of alloys and their metals also the examples of alloys and their uses.

4. Evaluate naturally occurring polymers. Synthetic polymers and their uses in daily life and the effect of the uses of synthetic polymers to our environment.

5. Know the different types, composition, properties and uses of glass. The composition, properties and uses of ceramics.

6. Gather information of what are composite materials,examples of composite material and their use, what is superconductor, what are fibre optic cables and what are fibre glass and what is photochromic glass.

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3.0 Gathering Of Information

3.1 Sulphuric acid

3.1.1 The manufacture of sulphuric acid in industry.3.1.2 The environmental pollution by the by-products of sulphuric acid.

3.2 Ammonia

3.2.1 The physical and chemical properties of ammonia.3.2.2 The manufacture of ammonia in industry.3.2.3 The preparation of ammonia salt in the school laboratory.

3.3 Alloy

3.3.1 What are alloys and what are the aims of making alloys?3.3.2 The comparisons of the properties of alloys and their pure metals.3.3.3 Examples of alloys and their uses.

3.4 Synthetic polymers

3.4.1 Naturally occurring polymers.3.4.2 Synthetic polymers.3.4.3 Synthetic polymers and their uses in daily life.3.4.4 The effect of the uses of synthetic polymers to our environment

3.5 Glass and ceramic

3.5.1 The different types, composition, properties and uses of glass.3.5.2 The composition, properties and uses of ceramics.

3.6 Composite materials

3.6.1 What are composite materials?3.6.2 Examples of composite material and their uses.3.6.3 What is superconductor?3.6.4 What are fibre optic cables and what are fibre glass?3.6.5 What is photochromic glass?

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Map To theJourney of Understanding This Topic Well

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Manufactrured Substances In

Industry

Sulphuric acid

Ammonia

Alloy Synthetic polymers

Glass and ceramic

Composite materials

3.0 Gathering Of Information

3.1 Sulphuric Acid

3.1.1 The manufacture of sulphuric acid in industry

Sulphuric acid is a strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4. Pure sulphuric acid is a highly corrosive, colorless, viscous liquid. The salts of sulfuric acid are called sulfates. Sulfuric acid is soluble in water at all concentrations. It is one of the most important industrial chemicals. It is used in industries to make fertilizers, detergents, paints, chemicals, and many other uses. Sulphuric acid can be prepared by using the contact process using vanadium (V) oxide as a catalyst. There are three main stages in manufacture of sulphuric acid namely combustion of sulphur, conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide and lastly, formation of sulphuric acid. The process at each stage is summarized in Table 1.

The manufacture of sulphuric acid, H2SO4 through the Contact Process

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Sulphuric acid

PropertiesMolecular formula

H2SO4

Molar mass 98.079 g/molAppearance Clear, colorless, odorless

liquidDensity 1.84 g/cm3, liquidMelting point 10 °C, 283 K, 50 °FBoiling point 337 °C, 610 K, 639 °FSolubility in water

miscible

Table 1

3.1.2 The environmental pollution by the by-products of sulphuric acid

Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-products of contact process. It is a colorless and poisonous gas with a very pungent smell. Sulphur dioxides which escape into the air causes air pollution. Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves in water to form sulphuric acid, H2SO3. In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve in water droplets to form sulphuric acid.(SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)). Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produces sulphuric acid, H2SO4, which falls to the earth as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is also easily oxidized in the air to form sulphuric trioxide. Sulphur trioxide dissolve in rainwater to produce sulphuric acid.(SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq))

Acid rain and environmental pollution

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Stage 1Combustion of sulphur

Stage 2Conversion of sulphur

dioxide to sulphur trioxide

Stage 3Formation of sulphuric acid

o Sulphur is burnt in the air to produce sulphur dioxide

o Sulphur dioxide must be purified to remove foreign compounds which may poison the catalystS(l) + O2(g) SO2(g)

o The sulphur dioxide produced together with air are pass over vanadium oxide (V2O5) catalyst at a temperature of 450-500 Celsius to produce sulphur trioxideSO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

o Sulphur trioxide is dissolve in concentrated sulphuric acid to form oleum (H2S2O7)SO3(g) + H2S2O4(l) H2S2O7(l)

o Oleum is diluted with water to produce sulphuric acidH2S2O7 + H2O(l)2H2SO4(l)

3.2 Ammonia

3.2.1 The physical and chemical properties of ammonia.

The physical properties of ammonia gas are, it is colorless and hasa pungent odour. It is very soluble in water andform a weak alkaline solution. It is less dense then water. It is easily liquefied (at about 35.5°C) when cool.

The chemical properties of ammonia gas are, ammonia gas dissolves in water to form a weak alkali.

NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to become alkaline. Thus aqueous ammonia solution turns red litmus paper blue and reacts with acid to form only salt and watering neutralization reaction.

NH3(aq) + HCI(aq) NH4CI(aq)

2NH3 + H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)

Also reacts with solution of metallic cautions to produce precipitates.

Fe²(aq) + 2OH(aq) Fe (OH)2(s)

3.2.2 The manufacture of ammonia in industry.

Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry through the Haber process. In thisprocess, ammonia is formed form direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gas inthe volume ratio 1:3.The gas nitrogen obtain form the fractional distillation of liquefied air. The hydrogengas is obtained form the cracking of petroleum or from the catalyzed reaction of naturalgas, CH4, with steam.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst undercontrolled optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas. First, temperature: 450-500°C. Second, pressure: 200-500 atmospheres and third, catalyst used: Iron fillings

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

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Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn into ammoniagas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow back over the catalyst again in the reactor chamber. The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condenses into aliquid in the cooling chamber.The process of each stage is simplified in Table 2.

The manufacture of ammonia, NH3 through the Haber Process

1. Gases mixed and scrubbed

2. Compressor 3. Converter 4. Cooler 5. Storage tanks

Haber process combines N2

gas from the air with

H2 gas from natural gas to

form NH3.The two gases are mixed. The

mixture is scrubbed to get

rid of impurities.

One volume of N2 gas and

three volume of H2

gas is compressed to a pressure of

200 – 500atm

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

Then, it goes to the converter. It is then passed through layers

ofiron catalyst

with aluminium oxide as a

promoter at a temperatureof 4500C –

5000C

A mixture of three gases leaves the converter. It is cooled until the ammonia condenses. The nitrogen

and hydrogen are pumped back to the

converter for another chance to react.

NH3 is formed and then

liquefy and separated to get a better

yield.The NH3 is

run into tanks and stored as a liquid under

pressure.

Table 2

3.2.3 The preparation of ammonia salt in the school laboratory.

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Some examples of ammonia salt and their preparation in the school laboratory is summarized in Table 3.

Ammonia salt PreparationAmmonium sulphate o Can be prepared by reacting ammonia

with sulphuric acid2NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)

Ammonium nitrate o Can be prepared by reacting ammonia with nitric acidNH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)

Ammonium phosphate o Can be prepared by reacting ammonia with phosphoric acidNH3(aq) + H3PO4(aq) NH4H2PO4(aq)

Urea o Can be prepared by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxideNH3(aq) + CO2(aq) CO(NH2)2(aq) + H2O(l)

Table 3

3.3 Alloy

3.3.1 What are alloys and what are the aims of making alloys?

What are alloys? An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific proportion. For example, bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin) and steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon). Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistance to corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another element (usually metal) is added to form an alloy.The purposes of making alloys are including toincrease the strength, improving the resistance to corrosion and enhancing the appearance.

3.3.2 The comparisons of the properties of alloys and their pure metals.

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The comparisons of the properties of alloys and their pure metals are simplified in Table 4.

Metals Alloyso Most metals are solido Pure metals are made up of the same

type of atoms and are of the same size.o The arrangement of the atoms in metals

gives the metals their ductile and malleable properties.

o The orderly arrangement of atoms in metals enables the layers of atoms to slide on one another when force is applied.

o Thus, metals are ductile or can be stretched.

o A mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixedcomposition in which the major components is a metal.

o The aim of making alloys is to make them stronger, harder and resistant to corrosion, have a better furnish and luster.

o The presences of atoms of other metals that are of differentsizes disturb the orderly arrangement of atoms in the metal.

o This reduces the layer of atoms from sliding.

o Thus, an alloy is stronger and harder than its pure metals.

Table 4

3.3.3 Examples of alloys and their uses

Alloy UsesHigh carbon steel o Making of cuttingtools, hammers

andchiselsStainless steel o Making of surgicalinstrument, knivesforks

and spoonsBrass o Making ofornaments,electrical wiringand

plug.Bronze o For casting bells,medals, swordsand statuesPewter o Making ofornaments,souvenirs andmugsDuralumin o Making part ofaircrafts and racingcarsCupronickel o Making of silvercoinsSnider o Welding and soldering workMagnalium o Tyre rim of racing cars, skeletal bodyof

aeroplanes

3.4 Synthetic polymers

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3.4.1 Naturally occurring polymers.

Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joinedtogether repeatedly are called polymer. The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are caller monomer. The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chain polymer is called polymerization. Polymer can be naturally occurring. Natural polymer are found in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulose, protein and rubber.

3.4.2 Synthetic polymers.

Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers and polymer that is manufactured in industry from chemical substances through the polymerization process. Through research, scientists are now able to copy the structure of natural polymers to produce synthetic polymers. The monomers used are usually obtained from petroleum after going through the refining cracking processes.

There aretwo types of polymerization which are polymerization by addition and polymerization by condensation. Polymerization by addition involves monomers with >C = C< bonding, where the monomers join together to make a long chain without losing any simple molecules from it. Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerization.Examples of polymers produced through this process are polythene, PVC perspex and other plastics.

Polymerization by condensation involves the elimination of small molecules like water, methanol, ammonia or hydrogen chloride during the process. Examples of products of this process are terylene and nylon-66. Synthetic polymers are very stable and do not corrode or decay, and also difficult to dispose.

3.4.3 Synthetic polymers and their uses in daily life.

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Name(s) Uses

Polyethylene low density (LDPE) o film wrap,plastic bags

Polyethylene high density (HDPE) o Electrical insulation, bottles, toys

Polypropylene (PP) different grades o similar to LDPE, carpet, upholstery

Poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) o pipes, siding, flooring

Poly(vinylidene chloride) (Saran A) o seat covers, films

Polystyrene (PS) o toys, cabinets, packaging (foamed)

Polyacrylonitrile(PAN, Orlon,Acrilan) o rugs, blankets,clothing

PolytetrafluoroethylenePolytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE, Teflon)(PTFE, Teflon)

o non-stick surfaces electrical insulation

Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA, Lucite, Plexiglas) o lighting covers, signs, skylights

Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) o latex paints, adhesives

Polyisoprene (natural rubber) o Requires vulcanization for practical use

Polychloroprene (cis + trans) (Neoprene) o synthetic rubber oil resistant

3.4.4 The effect of the uses of synthetic polymers to our environment

There are disadvantage using synthetic polymer. Most of the synthetic polymer are flammable. When a synthetic polymer material catches fire, poisonous fumes are produce causing air pollution. Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are discharge, they cause litter problem and pollute the environment. Plastic containers that are left aside in an open area collect rainwater which becomes the breeding ground for mosquitoes. There are limitation in recycle have to be separated out as the addition of non-recyclable polymers in the mixture affect the properties of the recycled polymers.

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3.5 Glass and ceramic

3.5.1 The different types, composition, properties and uses of glass.

The different types, composition, properties and uses of glass are compressed in Table 5.

Type Composition Properties UsesFused glass SiO2: 100% o Transparent

o High melting pointo Good heatinsulator

o Lenso Telescope mirrorso Laboratoryapparatus

Soda-lime glass SiO2: 75%Na2O:15%CaO: 9%Other:1%

o Low melting point,easily molded intodesired shape andsize

o Low resistant tochemical attacks

o Brittle

o Drinking glass, bottles

o Electric bulbso Window glass

Borosilicate glass

SiO2: 78%B2O3: 12%Na2O: 5%CaO: 3%

Al2O3:2%

o Resistant chemicalattack and durable

o High melting pointo Good insulator toheat

o Cooking utensilso Laboratoryglassware

such asconical flaks andboiling tube

Lead crystal glass(flint glass)

SiO2: 70%Pbo/PbO2:20%

Na2O: 10%

o High refractiveindexo High densityo Attractiveglitteringappearanc

e

o Lenses and prismso Decorativeglassware

and artobjecto Imation jewellery

Table 5

3.5.2 The composition, properties and uses of ceramics.

Ceramics are made from clay, for example kaolin, a hydrated aluminiumsilicate, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O.When the clay is heated to a very high temperature, they undergo a series of chemical reaction and are hardened permanently to form ceramics. Ceramics are very hard, brittle, have a very high melting point, chemically inert and do not corrode.They are good insulators of electricity and heat. Uses of ceramics, construction materials – bricks, tiles, cement

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and pipes. Ornamental articles – bowls, cups, plates, vase and porcelain.Electrical insulators – spark plugs, fuses, insulators in electric iron and oven and it is superconductors.

3.6 Composite materials

3.6.1 What are composite materials?

A composite material (or composite) is a structure of materials that is formed by two or more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramic and polymer. Some common composite materials are reinforces concrete, superconductor, fibre optic, fibre glass and photochromic glass.The resulting material has properties that are superior to those of the original components. Composite materials are created for specific application.

3.6.2 Examples of composite material and their uses.

Composite material UsesReinforces concrete o Construction of roads

o Rocket launchingpadso High-rise buildings

Superconductor o Magnetically levitatedtraino Transformerso Electric cableo Computer partso Amplifier

Photochromic glass o Information displaypanelso Light detector deviceso Car windshieldso Optical lens

3.6.3 What is superconductor?

Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but 20% of theelectric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission. Superconductor is materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity at a particular temperature. Hence, 100%

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electricity transmission is possible. One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to levitate a magnet. Superconductor is used to build magnetically levitate high-speed train (at about 552 km/h). Superconductor is used to make chips for smaller and faster supercomputer. Superconductor also play an important role in high speed data processing in internet communication.

3.6.4 What are fibre optic cables and what are fibre glass?

Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for light wave. Fibre optic is used in telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre optic cables, domestic cable television network and closed circuit television security system. Fibre optic is also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of instruments which enable the investigation for internal body part without having to perform surgery.

Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto a refractoryrating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre. Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant to fire and water but is brittle. When fibre glass is added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glass reinforces plastic is formed. Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass and plastic. It is extremely strong, light weigh, resistant to fire and water, can be molded, shaped and twisted.

3.6.5 What is photochromic glass?

When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances) and a smallamount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon dioxide, photochromic glass is formed. The photochromic glass has a special property. It darkens when exposed to strong sunlight or ultraviolet. Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.

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4.0 Conclusion

1. Chemical processes change raw materials into materials with certain properties that can we use for our benefit in daily life.

2. As technology evolves, new uses for existing materials would be found in many areas such as household use aerospace modern architecture, microelectronics, telecommunication and scientific research.

3. In many cases synthetic polymers, alloys and composites can be manufactured to fulfill our needs.

4. However, they can never totally replace the traditional materials that we have been using for many generations like wood and steel.

5. The synthetic materials, if not managed properly, will harm the environment and our future world.

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5.0 References

Alloy. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.wikipedia.org/alloy

Ammonia. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.wikipedia.org/ammonia

Chemistry Form 4 Text Book. (n.d.).

Composite materials. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.wikipedia.org/composite_materials

Glass and ceramic. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.wikipedia.org/glass_and_ceramic

Sulphuric acid. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.wikipedia.org/sulphuric_acid

Synthetic polymers. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.wikipedia,org/synthetic_polymers

Yamin, Y. (2011). Express 2011 SPM CHEMISTRY. SASBADI SDN. BHD.

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