CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)
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Transcript of CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)
![Page 1: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS
Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)
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Catalyst (5 min) 9/26/11 Electron Orbitals EQ: How are electrons organized in an atom?
How were the models of JJ Thomson, Niels Bohr, and Erwin Schrodinger different from each other with respect to their ideas about electrons in an atom?
Draw pictures if it will help you explain yourself. (Hint: Use your foldable.)
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JJ Thomson believed negative electrons
floated within a positive sphere, & look similar to raisins in a plum
pudding.
Niels Bohr believed electrons
orbited the positive nucleus
in circles like planets orbiting
the sun.
Erwin Schrödinger
believed electrons travelled extremely
quickly around the positive nucleus in
recognizable patterns.
Catalyst
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Modern Orbital Theory
There are four kinds of electron orbitals:
s, p, d, & f Lower energy orbitals are closer to
the nucleus and higher energy orbitals are farther from the nucleus.
Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons
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s Orbitalss orbitals are spherical, and there is 1 in each energy level Examples: 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, 5s, 6s, 7s
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p Orbitals
p orbitals are shaped like dumbbells, and there are 3 in each energy level Examples: 2p, 3p, 4p, 5p, 6p, 7p
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d Orbitals
d orbitals are shaped like clovers, and there are 5 in each energy level Examples: 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d
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f Orbitals f orbitals are oddly shaped, and
there are 7 in each energy level Examples: 4f, 5f, 6f, 7f
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Reviewing orbitals
Each orbital can hold ____ electrons.
There is ____ kind of s orbital. Therefore, s can hold ____ electrons.
There are ___ kinds of p orbitals. Therefore, p can hold ___ electrons.
There are ___ kinds of d orbitals. Therefore, d can hold ___ electrons.
There are ___ kinds of f orbitals. Therefore, f can hold ___ electrons.
2
12
36
510
714
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Orbitals
Orbital names have 2 parts
The energy level is the first part.For example: n=1, n=2, n=3, etc.
The shape of the orbital is the second part.For example: s, p, d, or f
Examples of orbital names include 1s, 2p, 3d, 3f, 4d, 5s, 5d, etc.
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Do you notice any patterns on the periodic table that match the # of electrons in each orbital shape? s = 2, p = 6, d = 10, and f=14
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Notes: Atomic Orbitals
Summary of Principal Energy Levels, Sublevels and Orbitals:Principal
Energy Level
Type of Sublevel
Maximum Number
of Electrons
n = 1 1s 2
n = 2 2s, 2p 8(2+6)
n = 3 3s, 3p, 3d 18(2+6+10)
n = 4 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f 32(2+6+10+14)
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Notes: Orbital Diagrams
•Fold your paper so that you have two columns – the left side column should be larger than the right
Orbital Diagrams
Electron Configuration
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Notes: Orbital Diagrams
The Aufbau Principle states that an electron will occupy the lowest energy level orbital available
En
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Hydrogen
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The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that two electrons in the same orbital will have opposite spins
Notes: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Helium
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Notes: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Lithium
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Notes: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Beryllium
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Notes: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Boron
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Notes: Orbital Diagrams
Hund’s Rule states that electrons in an equal energy level orbital will go in singly before doubling up
En
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Carbon
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Notes: Orbital Diagrams
Hund’s Rule states that electrons in an equal energy level orbital will go in singly before doubling up
En
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Nitrogen
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Notes: Orbital Diagrams
Hund’s Rule states that electrons in an equal energy level orbital will go in singly before doubling up
En
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Oxygen
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Practice Draw the orbital diagrams for fluorine,
neon and sodium in your notes.
1s
3s
2p2p2p
2s
1s
3s
2p2p2p
2s
1s
3s
2p2p2p
2s
fluorine
neon
sodium
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Notes: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
3p
3p
3p
4s
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Homework
Draw orbital diagrams for: Aluminum Phosphorous Chlorine
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Catalyst (5 min) 9/28/11 Electron Configurations EQ: How do we represent the
organization of electrons in an atom?
Draw an electron orbital diagram for sulfur.
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Catalyst
En
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
3p
3p
3p
4s
Sulfur
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Principles of Orbital Filling
The Aufbau Principle states that an electron will occupy the lowest energy level orbital available
The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that two electrons in the same orbital will have opposite spins
Hund’s Rule states that electrons in an equal energy level orbital will go in singly before doubling up
![Page 28: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Review: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Hydrogen
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Review : Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Helium
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Review : Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Lithium
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Review: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Beryllium
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Review: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Boron
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Review: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Carbon
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Review: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Nitrogen
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Review: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Oxygen
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Review: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Fluorine
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Review: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Neon
![Page 38: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Review: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
Sodium
![Page 39: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Homework: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
3p
3p
3p
4s
Aluminum
En
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
3p
3p
3p
4s
Phosphorous
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Homework: Orbital Diagrams
En
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
3p
3p
3p
4s
Chlorine
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Electron Configuration Electron configuration is a less
complicated way to show the electrons in an atom.
Energ
y
1s
2s
Orbital Diagram for Hydrogen
becomes
1s1The
Orbital
Number of electrons in the orbital
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Electron ConfigurationEnerg
y
1s
2sHe
Energ
y
1s
2sLi
becomes 1s2
becomes 1s2
2s1
![Page 43: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Electron ConfigurationEnerg
y
1s
2sBe
Energ
y
1s
2s
B2p2p2p
becomes 1s2 2s2
2p1
becomes 1s2
2s2
![Page 44: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Practice Write the electron configuration
for carbon through neon. Carbon = 1s22s22p2
Nitrogen = 1s22s22p3
Oxygen = 1s22s22p4
Fluorine = 1s22s22p5
Neon = 1s22s22p6
![Page 45: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Classwork/Homework
On a separate sheet of paper, make 2 columns just like you did Monday.
Keep going! I need to see orbital diagrams & electron configurations for elements #11-22 (sodium through titanium).
Orbital Diagrams
Electron Configuration
![Page 46: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Classwork/HomeworkEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
3p
3p
3p
4s
4p
4p
4p 3
d3d
3d
3d
3d
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Homework
Write electron configurations for Al, P, Cl, & S (aluminum, phosphorous, chlorine, and sulfur).
Hint: You should have the electron orbital diagrams for all of these from last night’s homework and today’s warm-up.
![Page 48: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
John Dalton JJ Thomson
Ernest Rutherford Niels BohrAtomic Models
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Directions for Atomic Models Review
For each section, describe:
the structure of the atom with a picture
the structure of the atom using words
the new part of the atom discovered
the experiment that led to its discovery
Use complete sentences!
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Catalyst (5 min) 9/28/11 Electron Configurations EQ: How do we represent the organization
of electrons in an atom?1. How many types of s, p, d, & f orbitals
are there?2. How many electrons will fit in one
orbital?3. If phosphorous has 15
electrons, where is each onelocated?
![Page 51: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Catalyst Review
1 & 2: s = 1 type, 2 electronsp = 3 types, 6 electronsd = 5 types, 10 electronsf = 7 types, 14 electrons
3: Phosphorous has 15 electrons. 1s2 2s22p6
3s23p3
1st energy level has 2 electrons in the 1s orbital 2nd energy level has 8 electrons in the 2s & 2p orbitals
2 electrons in 2s, 6 electrons in 2p 3rd energy level has 5 electrons in the 3s & 3p orbitals
2 electrons in 3s, 3 electrons in 2p
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Homework: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
3p
3p
3p
4s
Aluminum: 1s22s22p63s23p
1
En
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
3p
3p
3p
4s
Phosphorous1s22s22p63s23
p3
![Page 53: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Homework: Orbital DiagramsEn
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
3p
3p
3p
4s
Chlorine1s22s22p63s23
p5
En
erg
y
1s
3s
2p
2p
2p
2s
3p
3p
3p
4s
Sulfur1s22s22p63s23
p4
![Page 54: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Labeling s, p, d, & f
sd
f
p
![Page 55: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Writing Electron Configurations
sd
f
pC
Carbon
1s2
2s2
2p2
![Page 56: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Writing Electron Configurations
sd
f
pMg
Magnesium 1s
2
2s2
2p6
3s2
![Page 57: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Writing Electron Configurations
sd
f
pCl
Chlorine
1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p5
![Page 58: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Writing Electron Configurations
sd
f
pAs
Arsenic1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1
0
4p3
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Identifying Elements
1s22s22p3
Nitrogen
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p1
Gallium
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Identifying Elements
1s22s22p63s23p3
Phosphorous
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1
Rubidium
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Catalyst (5 min) 9/29/11 Valence Electrons EQ: What are valence electrons?
Write the electron configuration for neon.
Write the electron configuration for aluminum.
Write the electron configuration for argon.
Write the electron configuration for calcium.
![Page 62: CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d845503460f94a6aee4/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Neon 1s22s22p6
Aluminum 1s22s22p63s23p1
Argon 1s22s22p63s23p6
Calcium
1s22s22p63s23p64s2
Catalyst Review
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What is a Valence Electron?
Valence electrons are the electrons in the highest energy level
Valence electrons are the outermost electrons
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What is a Valence Electron?
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What is a Valence Electron?
1 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Practice Determine the number of
valence electrons for the following elements: Lithium Carbon Oxygen Neon
1468
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Lewis Dot Structures There is one more way to illustrate the
electrons in an atom. Lewis Dot Structures show just the
valence electrons.
HThe symbol represents the Hydrogen nucleus
The dot represents Hydrogen’s one valence electron
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Lewis Dot Structures
H
He
Li Be B C N O F
Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Ar
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Writing Valence Electrons
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Neon 1s22s22p6
Aluminum 1s22s22p63s23p1
Argon 1s22s22p63s23p6
Calcium
1s22s22p63s23p64s2
Catalyst Review
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Write the electron configuration for neon, aluminum, argon and calcium.
1. Neon 1s22s22p6
2. Aluminum 1s22s22p63s23p1
3. Argon 1s22s22p63s23p6
4. Calcium 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
Do you see any patterns that could help you write these in a shorter way?
Write the electron configuration for neon, aluminum, argon and calcium.
1. Neon 1s22s22p6
2. Aluminum 1s22s22p63s23p1
3. Argon 1s22s22p63s23p6
4. Calcium 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
Do you see any patterns that could help you write these in a shorter way?
becomes [Ne]3s23p1
becomes [Ar]4s2
Abbreviated Electron Configurations
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Abbreviated Electron Configurations
Calcium: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
Use a noble gas symbol to represent the first part of the electron configuration.
Neon is closest to Argon, Ar: 1s22s22p63s23p6
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Abbreviated Electron Configurations
Calcium: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
Use a noble gas symbol to represent the first part of the electron configuration.
Calcium is closest to Argon, Ar: 1s22s22p63s23p6
Add the remaining electrons.
[Ar] 4s2
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Catalyst (5 min) 9/30/11 Electron EQ: What do I need to know for the
midterm next Friday (10/7)?
Write the FULL electron configuration for Germanium (Ge).
Now abbreviate it.
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Catalyst
Germanium 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p2
[Ar] 4s23d104p2