CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed...

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CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reacti ons

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Transcript of CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed...

Page 1: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

CHEMISTRY

Basic Concepts

Types of Reactions

Page 2: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

A world of atoms

2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom isGreek for “not breakable.”

(learn more) In the early 1800’s John Dalton

revived atomic theory. He argued that chemical reactions were the rearrangement of atoms.

Democritusfrom Essays on Physiognomy.By John Caspar Lavater, trans. Henry Hunter, London, 1789 [vol I]book containing 4 engraved illustrations by BlakeAcquired at unknown date National Gallery of Victoria

Page 3: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

Modern Atoms

Today, we believe atoms consist of a small, massive, positively charged nucleus orbited by light, negatively charged electrons.

The negative electrons are attracted to the positive nucleus and orbit around it. It is surprising that the part of the atom that accounts for all its mass (the nucleus) accounts for almost none of its volume.

Page 4: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

The NucleusThe nucleus (plural nuclei) is made of two different particles: the positively charged proton and the neutral neutron.

Positively charged protons repel one another. A new force (the strong force) is needed to hold them and the neutrons together in the nucleus (learn more).

Page 5: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

Electron Energy Levels

The electrons orbiting around the nucleus do so in discrete orbits. Each orbit has a specific energy level. The farther out the orbit, the higher its energy.

Page 6: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

Ions

• Atoms are neutral: they have an equal number of positive protons and negative electrons.

• Atoms can become charged either by gaining or losing an electron.

• Ions are indicated with a (+) or (-) sign

Page 7: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

The Periodic Table

All known elements are listed in the Periodic Table. Each element in a column on the periodic table has a similar arrangement of outer electrons. This means they take part in similar chemical reactions. online periodic table

Page 8: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

Isotopes

The periodic table on the previous slide lists the atomic number and atomic mass of each element.

Atomic Number = number of protons

Atomic Mass = # of protons + # of neutrons

• Notice that the atomic mass is not always a whole number. It’s a weighted average.

• Some atoms of an element have different numbers of neutrons.

• These atoms have different atomic masses and are called isotopes.

Page 9: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

Molecules

Sometimes when atoms bump into one another, their outer electrons interact – hooking the atoms together and forming a molecule. (learn more)

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H + H H2

Page 10: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

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O + H + H H2O

Page 11: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

Types of Chemical Reactions(all of these happen in space!!)

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CombinationDecomposition

IonizationRadiative Recombination

Single ReplacementNegative Ion Reaction

Charge TransferDouble Replacement

Page 12: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

Combination

C + O CO

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Page 13: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

Decomposition

SiO Si + O

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Page 14: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

Ionization

(+)

Na Na+ + e-

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(+)

Page 15: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

Radiative Recombination

H+ + e- H

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Page 16: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

Single Replacement

HCl + Na NaCl + H

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Page 17: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

Negative Ion Reaction

Cl- + Cl Cl2 + e-

Note: Cl2 has not been detected in space

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Page 18: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

(+)

Charge Transfer

SO + H+ SO+ + H

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Page 19: CHEMISTRY Basic Concepts Types of Reactions. A world of atoms 2,400 years ago, Democritus proposed That the world is made of atoms. The word atom is Greek.

Double Replacement

CH + NO CO + NH

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CHAPTER 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. History 400 -370 BC - Democritus thought that there must be atoms, “invisible particles”. 384-322 BC – Aristotle.

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Unit 1: Atoms. Scientists to Know … DALTON BOHR CHADWICK THOMSON RUTHERFORD DEMOCRITUS HEISENBERG.

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