Chemistry and Energy From Alternative Fuel to Blowing Sh*t up.
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Transcript of Chemistry and Energy From Alternative Fuel to Blowing Sh*t up.
Chemistry and EnergyChemistry and Energy
From Alternative Fuel to Blowing From Alternative Fuel to Blowing Sh*t upSh*t up
Inorganic Chemistry and The Periodic TableInorganic Chemistry and The Periodic Table
Energy on EarthEnergy on Earth
Octane – COctane – C88HH1818
2 C2 C88HH1818 + 25 O + 25 O22 18 H 18 H22O + 16 COO + 16 CO22
(unstable) (unstable) (stable) (stable)(unstable) (unstable) (stable) (stable)
Release of energyRelease of energyHeatHeatWork (pressure-volume work)Work (pressure-volume work)
Pressure-Volume workPressure-Volume work
C8H8
O2 O2 O2
O2 O2
O2
CO2 H2O CO2
H2O CO2 H2O
CO2H2O CO2 H2O
CO2 H2O CO2
Evidence of Pressure Volume Work Evidence of Pressure Volume Work –Liquid N–Liquid N22
Liquid NLiquid N22: Boiling point, 77K, -196 : Boiling point, 77K, -196 00C, -321 C, -321 00FFFor reference, the coldest temperature ever For reference, the coldest temperature ever
recorded was 184.0 K −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F;) recorded was 184.0 K −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F;) at the Soviet Vostok Station in Antarctica on at the Soviet Vostok Station in Antarctica on July 21, 1983.July 21, 1983.
How does it work?How does it work? It takes very little energy to vaporize liquid It takes very little energy to vaporize liquid
NN22. (0.67 cal/mol, compared to water at 9.8 . (0.67 cal/mol, compared to water at 9.8
cal/mol).cal/mol).The heat from the tounge instantly The heat from the tounge instantly
vaporized liquid Nvaporized liquid N22, , protective barrier of insulating gas, which protective barrier of insulating gas, which
does work on the liquid, lifting it away from does work on the liquid, lifting it away from the tounge.the tounge.
Octane – an organic molecule with Octane – an organic molecule with inorganic origins.inorganic origins.
Octane – Where did it come from?Octane – Where did it come from? Fossil Fuel – Plant matter Fossil Fuel – Plant matter
(C(C66HH1212OO66) decaying ) decaying awayaway from O from O2 2
(buried organic matter)(buried organic matter) Where does sugar come from?Where does sugar come from?
6 H6 H22O + 6 COO + 6 CO22 C C66HH1212OO2 2 + 6 O+ 6 O22
(stable) (stable) (unstable) (unstable)(stable) (stable) (unstable) (unstable)
The Energy comes from Light!The Energy comes from Light!
Mn O
MnO
O Mn
OCa
OMn
OH2
H2OO
O
OO
Glu
Ala
O
Asp
O
O
H2O
H2O
Asp
O
O
O
Asp
OGlu
His
Photosystem IIPhotosystem II
Mn O
MnO
O Mn
OCa
OMn
OH2
H2OO
O
OO
Glu
Ala
O
Asp
O
O
H2O
H2O
Asp
O
O
O
Asp
OGlu
His
Electron Transport Chain
CO2
C6H12O6
H+
e-
+
+e-
Mn O
MnO
O Mn
OCa
OMn
OH2
H2OO
O
OO
Glu
Ala
O
Asp
O
O
H2O
H2O
Asp
O
O
O
Asp
OGlu
His
Photosystem IIPhotosystem II
Photosystem IIPhotosystem II
Mn O
MnO
O Mn
OCa
OMn
OH2
H2OO
O
OO
Glu
Ala
O
Asp
O
O
H2O
H2O
Asp
O
O
O
Asp
OGlu
His
Electron Transport Chain
CO2
C6H12O6
H+
e-
+
++e-
Photosystem IIPhotosystem II
Mn O
MnO
O Mn
OCa
OMn
OH2
H2OO
O
OO
Glu
Ala
O
Asp
O
O
H2O
H2O
Asp
O
O
O
Asp
OGlu
His
Electron Transport Chain
CO2
C6H12O6
H+
e-
+
++e-
+
HH+
H+
Photosystem IIPhotosystem II
Mn O
MnO
O Mn
OCa
OMn
OH2
H2OO
O
OO
Glu
Ala
O
Asp
O
O
H2O
H2O
Asp
O
O
O
Asp
OGlu
His
Electron Transport Chain
CO2
C6H12O6
H+
e-
+
++e-
++
O
O
HH
He-e-e-e-
H+
H+
2 H2O + h 4 e- 4 H+ + O2
Photosystem II-inspired solar fuelPhotosystem II-inspired solar fuel
Mn O
MnO
O Mn
OCa
OMn
OH2
H2OO
O
OO
Glu
Ala
O
Asp
O
O
H2O
H2O
Asp
O
O
O
Asp
OGlu
His
Electron Transport Chain
CO2
C6H12O6
H+
O2
H+
H2
2 H2O + h 4 e- 4 H+ + O2
4 H+ + 4e- 2 H2
2 H2O + h 2 H2 + O2
ExplosivesExplosives 2 H2 H22 + O + O22 H H22OO Effective explosiveEffective explosive
SolidSolid UnstableUnstable Entirely converts to a gas (NEntirely converts to a gas (N22, CO, CO22, H, H22O)O) Releases heatReleases heat Low oxygen balance (self-contained Low oxygen balance (self-contained
oxidant)oxidant)
Examples: Examples: TNTTNT RDXRDX OctanitrocubaneOctanitrocubane
O O
O O
OctanitrocubaneOctanitrocubaneNitro groups (oxidant)Nitro groups (oxidant)Carbon chains-fuel (like octane)Carbon chains-fuel (like octane)Zero oxygen balance: Converts entirely to Zero oxygen balance: Converts entirely to
NN22, CO, CO22
CC88OO1616NN88 8 CO 8 CO22 + 4 N + 4 N22
(unstable) (stable) (stable)(unstable) (stable) (stable)
C C
C C
C C
C C
NO ONO O N
NO ONO O
NO O
NO O
N
Inorganic explosivesInorganic explosivesHow do we get to the next level?How do we get to the next level? Introduce new atoms!Introduce new atoms!
Thermite reactionThermite reaction
2 Al + Fe2 Al + Fe22OO33 Al Al22OO33 + 2 Fe + 2 Fe (unstable) (moderate) (stable) (moderate)(unstable) (moderate) (stable) (moderate)
The Elements by Tom LehrerThe Elements by Tom LehrerThere's antimony, arsenic, aluminum, selenium, There's antimony, arsenic, aluminum, selenium, And hydrogen and oxygen and nitrogen and rhenium,And hydrogen and oxygen and nitrogen and rhenium,And nickel, neodymium, neptunium, germanium,And nickel, neodymium, neptunium, germanium,And iron, americium, ruthenium, uranium,And iron, americium, ruthenium, uranium,Europium, zirconium, lutetium, vanadium,Europium, zirconium, lutetium, vanadium,And lanthanum and osmium and astatine and radium,And lanthanum and osmium and astatine and radium,And gold and protactinium and indium and gallium,And gold and protactinium and indium and gallium,And iodine and thorium and thulium and thallium.And iodine and thorium and thulium and thallium.
There's yttrium, ytterbium, actinium, rubidium,There's yttrium, ytterbium, actinium, rubidium,And boron, gadolinium, niobium, iridium,And boron, gadolinium, niobium, iridium,And strontium and silicon and silver and samarium,And strontium and silicon and silver and samarium,And bismuth, bromine, lithium, beryllium, and barium.And bismuth, bromine, lithium, beryllium, and barium.
There's holmium and helium and hafnium and erbium,There's holmium and helium and hafnium and erbium,And phosphorus and francium and fluorine and terbium,And phosphorus and francium and fluorine and terbium,And manganese and mercury, molybdenum, magnesium,And manganese and mercury, molybdenum, magnesium,Dysprosium and scandium and cerium and cesium.Dysprosium and scandium and cerium and cesium.And lead, praseodymium, and platinum, plutonium,And lead, praseodymium, and platinum, plutonium,Palladium, promethium, potassium, polonium,Palladium, promethium, potassium, polonium,And tantalum, technetium, titanium, tellurium,And tantalum, technetium, titanium, tellurium,And cadmium and calcium and chromium and curium.And cadmium and calcium and chromium and curium.
There's sulfur, californium, and fermium, berkelium,There's sulfur, californium, and fermium, berkelium,And also mendelevium, einsteinium, nobelium,And also mendelevium, einsteinium, nobelium,And argon, krypton, neon, radon, xenon, zinc, and rhodium,And argon, krypton, neon, radon, xenon, zinc, and rhodium,And chlorine, carbon, cobalt, copper, tungsten, tin, and sodium. And chlorine, carbon, cobalt, copper, tungsten, tin, and sodium.
Electrical energy from inorganics – Electrical energy from inorganics – The BatteryThe Battery
PbOPbO22 + Pb + H + Pb + H22SOSO44 2 Pb(SO 2 Pb(SO44) + 2 H) + 2 H22OOunstable unstableunstable unstable (spectator) stable(spectator) stable stablestable
PbPb4+4+ + Pb + Pb00 2 Pb 2 Pb2+2+
(stable) (stable) (unstable)(stable) (stable) (unstable)
2 e-
Pb2+Pb2+
The Hydrogen Fuel CellThe Hydrogen Fuel Cell
2 H2 H22 + O + O22 H H22OO(unstable) (unstable) (stable)(unstable) (unstable) (stable)
HHH+H+
e-e-
HHH+H+
e-e-
OO
H2O
H2O
