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Physical chemistry

General topics: Concept of atoms and molecules; Dalton's atomic theory; Mole concept; Chemical formulae; Balanced chemical equations; Calculations (based on moleconcept) involving common oxidation-reduction, neutralisation, and displacementreactions; Concentration in terms of mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality.

Gaseous and liquid states: Absolute scale of temperature, ideal gas equation; Deviation from ideality, van der Waals equation; Kinetic theory of gases, average,root mean square and most probable velocities and their relation with temperature; Law of partial pressures; Vapour pressure; Diffusion of gases.

Atomic structure and chemical bonding: Bohr model, spectrum of hydrogen atom, quantum numbers; Wave-particle duality, de Broglie hypothesis; Uncertainty principle; Qualitative quantum mechanical picture of hydrogen atom, shapes of s, p andd orbitals; Electronic configurations of elements (up to atomic number 36); Aufbau principle; Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule; Orbital overlap and covalent bond; Hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals only; Orbital energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species; Hydrogen bond; Polarity in molecules, dipole moment (qualitative aspects only); VSEPR model and shapes of molecules (linear, angular, triangular, square planar, pyramidal, square pyramidal, trigonal bipyramidal, tetrahedral and octahedral).

Energetics: First law of thermodynamics; Internal energy, work and heat, pressure-volume work; Enthalpy, Hess's law; Heat of reaction, fusion and vapourization; Second law of thermodynamics; Entropy; Free energy; Criterion of spontaneity.

Chemical equilibrium: Law of mass action; Equilibrium constant, Le Chatelier's principle (effect of concentration, temperature and pressure); Significance of G and G in chemical equilibrium; Solubility product, common ion effect, pH and buffersolutions; Acids and bases (Bronsted and Lewis concepts); Hydrolysis of salts.

Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells and cell reactions; Standard electrode potentials; Nernst equation and its relation to G; Electrochemical series, emf ofgalvanic cells; Faraday's laws of electrolysis; Electrolytic conductance, specific, equivalent and molar conductivity, Kohlrausch's law; Concentration cells.

Chemical kinetics: Rates of chemical reactions; Order of reactions; Rate constant; First order reactions; Temperature dependence of rate constant (Arrhenius equation).

Solid state: Classification of solids, crystalline state, seven crystal systems(cell parameters a, b, c, a, b, g), close p

cked structure of solids (cu

ic), p

ckin

in fcc,

cc

nd hcp l

ttices; Ne

rest nei

h

ours, ionic r

dii, simple ionic compounds, point defects.

Solutions: R

oult's l

w; Molecul

r wei

ht determin

tion from lowerin

of v

pour pressure, elev

tion of

oilin

point

nd depression of freezin

point.

Surf

ce chemistry: Element

ry concepts of

dsorption (excludin

dsorption isotherms); Colloids: types, methods of prep

r

tion

nd

ener

l properties; Element

ry ide

s of emulsions, surf

ct

nts

nd micelles (only definitions

nd ex

mples).

Nucle

r chemistry: R

dio

ctivity: isotopes

nd iso

rs; Properties of a, b

nd g r

ys; Kinetics of r

dio

ctive dec

y (dec

y series excluded), c

r

on d

tin

; St

ility of nuclei with respect to proton-neutron r

tio; Brief discussion on fission

nd fusion re

ctions.

Inor

nic Chemistry

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Isol

tion/prep

r

tion

nd properties of the followin

non-met

ls: Boron, silicon, nitro

en, phosphorus, oxy

en, sulphur

nd h

lo

ens; Properties of

llotropes of c

r

on (only di

mond

nd

r

phite), phosphorus

nd sulphur.

Prep

r

tion

nd properties of the followin

compounds: Oxides, peroxides, hydroxides, c

r

on

tes,

ic

r

on

tes, chlorides

nd sulph

tes of sodium, pot

ssium, m

nesium

nd c

lcium; Boron: di

or

ne,

oric

cid

nd

or

x; Aluminium:

lumin

,

luminium chloride

nd

lums; C

r

on: oxides

nd oxy

cid (c

r

onic

cid); Silicon: silicones, silic

tes

nd silicon c

r

ide; Nitro

en: oxides, oxy

cids

nd

mmoni

; Phosphorus: oxides, oxy

cids (phosphorus

cid, phosphoric

cid)

nd phosphine; Oxy

en: ozone

nd hydro

en peroxide; Sulphur: hydro

en sulphide, oxides, sulphurous

cid, sulphuric

cid

nd sodium thiosulph

te; H

lo

ens: hydroh

lic

cids, oxides

nd oxy

cids of chlorine,

le

chin

powder; Xenon fluorides.

Tr

nsition elements (3d series): Definition,

ener

l ch

r

cteristics, oxid

tionst

tes

nd their st

ilities, colour (excludin

the det

ils of electronic tr

nsitions)

nd c

lcul

tion of spin-only m

netic moment; Coordin

tion compounds: nomencl

ture of mononucle

r coordin

tion compounds, cis-tr

ns

nd ionis

tion isomerisms, hy

ridiz

tion

nd

eometries of mononucle

r coordin

tion compounds (line

r, tetr

hedr

l, squ

re pl

n

r

nd oct

hedr

l).

Prep

r

tion

nd properties of the followin

compounds: Oxides

nd chlorides of tin

nd le

d; Oxides, chlorides

nd sulph

tes of Fe2+, Cu2+

nd Zn2+; Pot

ssium p

erm

n

n

te, pot

ssium dichrom

te, silver oxide, silver nitr

te, silver thiosulph

te.

Ores nd miner ls: Commonly occurrin ores nd miner ls of iron, copper, tin, le

d, m

nesium,

luminium, zinc

nd silver.

Extr

ctive met

llur

y: Chemic

l principles

nd re

ctions only (industri

l det

ils excluded); C r on reduction method (iron nd tin); Self reduction method (copper

nd le

d); Electrolytic reduction method (m

nesium

nd

luminium); Cy

nide process (silver

nd

old).

Principles of qu

lit

tive

n

lysis: Groups I to V (only A

+, H

2+, Cu2+, P

2+, Bi3+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, C

2+, B

2+, Zn2+, Mn2+

nd M

2+); Nitr

te, h

lides (exclu

din

fluoride), sulph

te

nd sulphide.

Or

nic Chemistry

Concepts: Hy

ridis

tion of c

r

on; Si

m

nd pi-

onds; Sh

pes of simple or

nicmolecules; Structur

l

nd

eometric

l isomerism; Optic

l isomerism of compoundscont

inin

up to two

symmetric centres, (R,S

nd E,Z nomencl

ture excluded); IUPAC nomencl

ture of simple or

nic compounds (only hydroc

r

ons, mono-function

l

nd

i-function

l compounds); Conform

tions of eth

ne

nd

ut

ne (Newm

n projections); Reson

nce

nd hyperconju

tion; Keto-enol t

utomerism; Determin

tion ofempiric

l

nd molecul

r formul

e of simple compounds (only com

ustion method);Hydro

en

onds: definition

nd their effects on physic

l properties of

lcohols

nd c

r

oxylic

cids; Inductive

nd reson

nce effects on

cidity

nd

sicity of

or

nic

cids

nd

ses; Pol

rity

nd inductive effects in

lkyl h

lides; Re

ctive intermedi

tes produced durin

homolytic

nd heterolytic

ond cle

v

e; Form

tion, structure

nd st

ility of c

r

oc

tions, c

r

nions

nd free r

dic

ls.

Prep

r

tion, properties

nd re

ctions of

lk

nes: Homolo

ous series, physic

l properties of

lk

nes (meltin

points,

oilin

points

nd density); Com

ustion

ndh

lo

en

tion of

lk

nes; Prep

r

tion of

lk

nes

y Wurtz re

ction

nd dec

r

oxyl

tion re

ctions.

Prep

r

tion, properties

nd re

ctions of

lkenes

nd

lkynes: Physic

l propertie

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s of

lkenes

nd

lkynes (

oilin

points, density

nd dipole moments); Acidity of

lkynes; Acid c

t

lysed hydr

tion of

lkenes

nd

lkynes (excludin

the stereochemistry of

ddition

nd elimin

tion); Re

ctions of

lkenes with KMnO4

nd ozone; Reduction of

lkenes

nd

lkynes; Prep

r

tion of

lkenes

nd

lkynes

y elimin

tion re

ctions; Electrophilic

ddition re

ctions of

lkenes with X2, HX, HOX (X=h

lo

en)

nd H2O; Addition re

ctions of

lkynes; Met

l

cetylides.

Re

ctions of

enzene: Structure

nd

rom

ticity; Electrophilic su

stitution re

ctions: h

lo

en

tion, nitr

tion, sulphon

tion, Friedel-Cr

fts

lkyl

tion

nd

cyl

tion; Effect of o-, m-

nd p-directin

roups in monosu

stituted

enzenes.

Phenols: Acidity, electrophilic su

stitution re

ctions (h

lo

en

tion, nitr

tion

nd sulphon

tion); Reimer-Tiem

n re

ction, Kol

e re

ction.

Ch

r

cteristic re

ctions of the followin

(includin

those mentioned

ove): Alkyl h

lides: re

rr

n

ement re

ctions of

lkyl c

r

oc

tion, Gri

n

rd re

ctions,nucleophilic su

stitution re

ctions; Alcohols: esterific

tion, dehydr

tion

ndoxid

tion, re

ction with sodium, phosphorus h

lides, ZnCl2/concentr

ted HCl, conversion of

lcohols into

ldehydes

nd ketones; Ethers:Prep

r

tion

y Willi

mson's Synthesis; Aldehydes

nd Ketones: oxid

tion, reduction, oxime

nd hydr

zone form

tion;

ldol condens

tion, Perkin re

ction; C

nnizz

ro re

ction; h

loform re

ction

nd nucleophilic

ddition re

ctions (Gri

n

rd

ddition); C

r

oxylic

cids:form

tion of esters,

cid chlorides

nd

mides, ester hydrolysis; Amines:

sicity of su

stituted

nilines

nd

liph

tic

mines, prep

r

tion from nitro compoun

ds, re

ction with nitrous

cid,

zo couplin

re

ction of di

zonium s

lts of

rom

tic

mines, S

ndmeyer

nd rel

ted re

ctions of di

zonium s

lts; c

r

yl

mine re

ction; H

lo

renes: nucleophilic

rom

tic su

stitution in h

lo

renes

nd su

stituted h lo renes (excludin Benzyne mech nism nd Cine su stitution).

C

r

ohydr

tes: Cl

ssific

tion; mono-

nd di-s

cch

rides (

lucose

nd sucrose); Oxid

tion, reduction,

lycoside form

tion

nd hydrolysis of sucrose.

Amino

cids

nd peptides: Gener

l structure (only prim

ry structure for peptides)

nd physic

l properties.

Properties

nd uses of some import

nt polymers: N

tur

l ru

er, cellulose, nylon, teflon

nd PVC.

Pr

ctic

l or

nic chemistry: Detection of elements (N, S, h

lo

ens); Detection

nd identific

tion of the followin

function

l

roups: hydroxyl (

lcoholic

nd phenolic), c

r

onyl (

ldehyde

nd ketone), c

r

oxyl,

mino

nd nitro; Chemic

l methods of sep

r

tion of mono-function

l or

nic compounds from

in

ry mixtures.