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Transcript of Chemistry
![Page 1: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ChemistryYou will learn about:
•Matter
•pH Scale
•Chemistry of Cosmetics
![Page 2: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why Chemistry?The professional cosmetologist needs to
understand the chemicals he/she works with in order to:
- safely perform chemical services requested by clients,
- teach clients how to care for their hair following chemical services,
- and, sell products to their clients.
![Page 3: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Matter• Anything that occupies
space; exist in 3 forms:– Solids – weight,
volume, shape– Liquids – weight,
volume, no shape– Gasses – weight,
indefinite volume and shape
Liquid
Gas
![Page 4: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Organic Matter• Matter that is now living or was alive at
one time.– Ex. - Plants and animals
Plants and Mulch Humans Animals
![Page 6: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Inorganic Matter• Matter that is NOT alive or has never been
alive; does not contain carbon.– Ex. – rocks, water, minerals
Rock – Granite Water Mineral - Quartz
![Page 7: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Changes In Matter• Physical Change
– Change the characteristics without making a new substance.
• Ex. – Ice Melting
• Chemical Change– A change in a substance that
creates a new substance with chemical characteristics different from those of the original substance.
• Ex. – Rust – oxygen mixed with metal creates rust (or iron oxide)
![Page 8: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Properties of Matter
1. Color
2. Odor
3. Weight (density)
4. Hardness or softness
![Page 9: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Elementsthat make up hair# Element Symbol Form
6 Carbon C Solid
8 Oxygen O Gas
1 Hydrogen H Gas
7 Nitrogen N Gas
16 Sulfur S Solid
![Page 10: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Atoms• Smallest complete unit of
an element– 3 parts – proton, neutron,
electron• Protons and neutrons
packed tight in center to form core or nucleus
• Electrons move about in orbiting paths at nearly the speed of light.
![Page 11: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Nucleus• Proton
– Positive electrical charge (+) – gives atom its name.
• Neutron– No electrical charge – determines the weight of an
atom - neutral
• Electron– Negative electrical charge – makes it possible for
atoms to combine with other atoms to form bonds.
![Page 12: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Molecule• Molecules form
when unstable atoms combine chemically by sharing electrons.
![Page 13: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Chemical Bonds• Atoms combine
chemically to create compounds that eventually create protein of hair.
![Page 14: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Amino Acids• Compounds of
C,O,H,N
• 22 Common amino acids
• Join together in chains to make proteins
![Page 15: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Protein• Hair is made up of protein
called keratin
• Hair is 97% keratin and 3% trace minerals
• Hair contains 19 of 22 common amino acids.
![Page 16: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Hydrogen Bond• Unlike charges attract.• Makes up about 35% of
hairs strength.• Individually very weak and
can easily be broken by heat or water to create physical (temporary) changes in the hair.
How it Works:• The hydrogen atom in one
molecule is attracted to an atom of another molecule that has many negative electrons.
![Page 17: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Salt Bonds• This bond is a result of the
attraction of unlike charges.• Also broken by water to
create physical (temporary) changes in the hair.
How it Works:• Negative charge in one amino
acid grouping attracts the positive charge in another amino acid grouping.
![Page 18: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
How Hydrogen and Salt Bonds are Broken by Water
Water molecules can easily break hydrogen and salt bonds when the
water molecules move in between the bonds. When the water molecules are not present the hydrogen and bonds
come back together.
H H2O H H2O H H2O H H2O H H2O H
Hydrogen Bonds broken by water molecules
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Disulfide Bonds• Sulfur containing side bond - Most
important to a Cosmetologist.• A chemical bond that forms between
protein structures; sulfur-type side chains join with other sulfur-type side chains to form disulfide bonds.
• Much stronger than hydrogen or salt bonds.
• Not broken by heat or water. Only a chemical change.– Example – permanent wave
![Page 20: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
van der Waal’s• Based on theory that atomic groups prefer
an environment with other groups that have structures similar to theirs.
• Not necessarily important for Cosmetologist, other than to know that it exists and plays a role in bonding of protein chains.
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End Bonds(Peptide Bonds)
• Backbone of all protein molecules
• Links the amino acid protein chains together end to end.
• Do not disturb the end bond, this could destroy the protein structure.– If broken, protein chains separate into small
fragments, or revert to groups of amino acids that no longer have the characteristics of hair.
• RESULT – VERY DAMAGED HAIR!
![Page 22: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Side Bonds• Link the long spiraling
protein chains together.
• Made up of hydrogen, salt and disulfide and Van der Waal’s forces.
Van der Waal’s
Label the Bonds
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Stages of Hair Formation
1.Begins with individual atoms.
2.Unite to become molecules of amino acids.
3.Amino acids unite to form peptide or end bonds.
4. Amino acids create polypeptide protein chains.
5. The individual protein chains bond to other chains by hydrogen bond, salt bonds and disulfide bonds.
6. Hair
![Page 24: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Hair Shaft
![Page 25: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cuticle Layer
![Page 26: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Close Look at the Cuticle Layer
![Page 27: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Chemistry Talking Points
![Page 28: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The pH Scale
Conditioners & Shampoo Soap
Hair relaxers Hair
In this section you will learn what the pH scale is and it’s values associated with
water, acids and alkalines.
![Page 29: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Potential Hydrogen• Abbreviation – pH
• Measures whether substance is acidic, neutral or alkaline
![Page 30: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Water-Based Solutions• pH measures amount
of acid or alkali only in a water based solution.
• Only solutions containing water or solutions that can be dissolved in water can be acid or alkaline in value.
• Most products used in salon have water listed as main ingredient.
![Page 31: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
AcidMore positive hydrogen ions than negative
hydroxide ions
![Page 32: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Acid
• 0 – 6.99 on pH scale• Skin and hair acid-balanced
at 4.5 – 5.5
Ex. Lemons and Conditioners
![Page 33: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
NeutralEqual number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
7.0
Ex. Water
![Page 34: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Alkaline• More negative
hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions.
![Page 35: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Alkaline• 7.01 – 14 on pH scale Ex. Amonia and Hair Relaxer
![Page 36: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
pH Scale• Unit of measurement – determines if
substance is acid, neutral or alkaline.
• Ranges from 0 – 14
• 7 is Neutral
![Page 37: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
0 – 6.99• Acid range (orange)
• More positive hydrogen ions
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7.01 - 14• Alkaline range (purple)
• More negative hydroxide ions
![Page 39: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Testing pHpH Nitrazine Paper
![Page 40: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
pH Pencil
![Page 41: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
pH Meter
![Page 42: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Acid Balanced• pH is in the same range
as skin and hair • 4.5 – 5.5
Ex. Acid Balanced Shampoo
![Page 43: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
pH Scale
Conditioners & Shampoo
Hair & Skin
4.5 to 5.5 Soap
Hair relaxers
Baby Shampoo
![Page 44: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Chemistry of Cosmetics
• Cosmetic Classifications
–Based on how well a substance combines and its physical characteristics
![Page 45: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Solutions• Mixture of 2 or
more kinds of molecules
–Do not separate
–Can be solid, liquid or gas
![Page 46: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Suspensions• Mixture of 2 or
more kinds of molecules
• Separates
• Needs to be shaken
–Example: Vinegar and Oil
![Page 47: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Emulsions• 2 or more non-mixable substances united
by a binder (gum).– Example: oil in water (perms)– Example: water in oil (cold cream)
![Page 48: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Ointments• Mixture of organic
substance and a medicinal agent
• Semi-solid form
• No water
–Example: Lipstick
![Page 49: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Soaps
Mixtures of fat and oil converted to fatty acids by heat and then purified.
![Page 50: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Powders• Equal mixtures of
inorganic and organic substances that do NOT dissolve in water.
• Sifted and mixed until free of coarse grit.
![Page 51: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Shampoo• Cleans the scalp
and hair
• Removes all foreign debris without adversely affecting scalp and hair.
![Page 52: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
How Shampoo Works• A push pull action is caused by a
surface active agent causing the oil to “roll up” into droplets that are lifted and rinsed away.
![Page 53: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Surfactant•Surface active agent
•Has water loving and oil loving ends.
Water LovingOil Loving
Surfactant Molecule
![Page 54: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The tail of the shampoo molecule is attracted to oil and dirt
![Page 55: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Shampoo causes oil to roll up into small globules
![Page 56: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
During rinsing, the heads of the shampoo molecules attach to water
molecules and cause debris to roll off.
![Page 57: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Thorough rinsing washes away debris & excess shampoo.
![Page 58: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
The Role of Water
• Universal solvent
• Neutral pH
• Hard water = minerals
–Hard to lather
• Soft water preferred (allows lather)
![Page 59: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Types of Shampoos
![Page 60: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
All Purpose
• Low Alkaline
• Low surfactants
• Mild, does not strip color–Example: Redken Clear
Moisture
![Page 61: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Plain• Usually strong
• High alkaline
• Not for chemically treated hair
• Follow with acid rinse– Ex: Baby shampoo
• Doesn’t burn eyes because it’s high in alkaline and so are eyes.
![Page 62: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Soapless Shampoo• Able to lather
without harsh alkaline ingredient
• Works in soft and hard water
![Page 63: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Acid - Balanced• Made to have same
pH as the skin and hair
• Will not strip color
![Page 64: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Medicated• Often must have
prescription
• Designed to treat scalp and hair problems
![Page 65: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Clarifying
• Removes residue
–Such as product build-up.
![Page 66: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Anti-Dandruff• Control dandruff
• Massage scalp vigorously and rinse thoroughly
![Page 67: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Liquid Dry• Used when client
can’t receive normal shampoo
• Works with wigs
• Evaporates from hair
• Very drying
![Page 68: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Powder Dry• For bedridden
clients
• Orris root powder absorbs oil and dirt as product is brushed through the hair.
• Don’t use prior to chemical service.
![Page 69: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Conditioning• Contain animal,
vegetable or mineral additives that enter cortex or coat cuticle.
• Improve strength and porosity.
![Page 70: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Color• Contain temporary
color molecules that stick to outer cuticle of hair.
![Page 71: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
For Thinning Hair• Gentle
• Lighter molecular weight
• Provides healthy environment for hair growth.
![Page 72: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Rinses and Conditioners
![Page 73: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Appearance Rinses and
Conditioners give hair the appearance of Shine and Luster
![Page 74: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
PorosityPorosity - Amount of moisture in the
hair.
Hair Porosity is the ability of the hair to retain & absorb moisture, determined by how raised or compact the cuticle layers are.
![Page 75: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Porosity Test
![Page 76: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
ManageabilityHow easily a comb passes through the
hair.
![Page 77: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
ElasticityThe hairs ability to stretch and return to its
natural shape without breaking.
![Page 78: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Types of Rinses
![Page 79: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Vinegar and Lemon Rinse
• Acid rinses
• Remove soap scum
• Counteract alkalinity.
![Page 80: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Cream Rinse• Soften
• Add luster
• Only slightly acidic
![Page 81: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Medicated RinseControl dandruff and minor scalp
conditions.
![Page 82: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Conditioners
![Page 83: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Instant Conditioner• Coat the hair shaft
• Restore moisture and oils
• Do NOT penetrate into the cortex
• Not for fine limp hair
![Page 84: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Normalizing• Contain
vegetable protein
• Acidic pH causes cuticle to close after chemical services.
![Page 85: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Body-Building• Required for
fine, limp hair• Deposits
protein• Can use prior to
chemical services
![Page 86: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Moisturizing• Humectants bind
and hold moisture in the hair.
• Avoid use for several days following perm (may go limp)
![Page 87: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Customized• Formulated to
meet special needs
• Ex. Moisture and color
![Page 88: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Shampoo Web
![Page 89: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
![Page 90: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
What We Just Read Head to
Head Challenge
![Page 91: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Chemistry Talking Points
![Page 92: Chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812a6c550346895d8dedb4/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
WHAT WE JUST READ
HEAD TO HEADCHALLENGE