III- Matula

CHEMISTRYTeam 5

A. Atomic Spectrum atomic spectrumThe range of characteristic frequencies of

electromagnetic radiation that are readily absorbed and emitted by an atom. The atomic spectrum is an effect of the quantized orbits of electrons around the atom. An electron can jump from one fixed orbital to another: if the orbital it jumps to has a higher energy, the electron must absorb a photon of a certain frequency; if it is of a lower energy, it must give off a photon of a certain frequency. The frequency depends on the difference in energy between the orbitals. Explaining this phenomenon was crucial to the development of quantum mechanics. The atomic spectrum of each chemical element is unique and is largely responsible for the color of matter. Atomic spectra can also be analyzed to determine the composition of objects, such as stars, that are far away. See more at orbital, See also spectrum.

A.) Colors of vaporized element. ( Using Flame test)

1 nanometer = 1 000 picometers1 nm = 1 000 pm

1 nanometer = 10 angstroms1 nm = 10 Å

1 nanometer = 0.001 micron1 nm = 0.001 μm

1 nanometer = 0.001 micrometer1 nm = 0.001 μm

1 nanometer = 1.0 × 10-

6 millimeter1 nm = 1.0 × 10-6 mm

1 nanometer = 1.0 × 10-

7 centimeter1 nm = 1.0 × 10-7 cm1 nanometer = 1.0 × 10-8 decimeter1 nm = 1.0 × 10-8 dm1 nanometer = 1.0 × 10-9 meter1 nm = 1.0 × 10-9 m1 nanometer = 1.0 × 10-

10 dekameter1 nm = 1.0 × 10-10 dam1 nanometer = 1.0 × 10-

11 hectometer1 nm = 1.0 × 10-11 hm 1 nanometer = 1.0 × 10-12 kilometer1 nm = 1.0 × 10-12 km

B. The value of length in nanometer.

2) The weigh particle modelsThis past year has seen a fair amount of excitement in the particle-physics community, with bumps and jumps and leaks and debates, but sadly without any spectacular discoveries. In fact, since the both the CDF and D0 experiments at the US Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) reported the production of the top quarks in 2009, it’s been rather quiet on the particle front. So it was quite refreshing to hear that researchers at the CDF collaboration at Fermilab announced the observation of a new particle – the neutral “Xi-sub-bThis particle is basically a baryon – a Standard Model particle that is formed of a combination of three quarks.

Common examples of baryonic particles are the proton – a combination of two up quarks and a down quark and the neutron – a combination of two down quarks and an up quark. This new addition consists of a strange quark, an up quark and a bottom quark (s-u-b). While its existence was predicted by the Standard Model, the observation of the neutral Xi-sub-b is significant because it strengthens our understanding of how quarks form matter. This new particle fits into the bottom baryons group, which are six times heavier than the proton and neutron because they all contain a heavy bottom quark. The particles are produced only in high-energy collisions, and are rare and very difficult to observe.Once produced, the neutral Xi-sub-b travels a fraction of a millimetre before it decays into lighter particles.

. Combing through almost 500 trillion proton–antiproton collisions produced by researchers isolated 25 examples in which the particles emerging from a collision bore the signature of the neutral Xi-sub-b. The analysis established the discovery at a level of 7 sigma, clearing the 5 sigma threshold quite easily. (Image courtesy: Fermilab)

Baryons, subatomic particle that is composed of three smaller particles called quarks. Two of the particles found in atoms are baryons: the proton and the neutron. Protons and neutrons combine with particles called electrons to make atoms.

3) Fundamental particles of atoms

Meson, any member of a class of tiny particles that make up matter. Mesons are composed of smaller particles called quarks and antiquarks. Quarks and antiquarks are elementary particles, particles so small and basic that they cannot be divided.

Antibaryons Baryons are characterized by a baryon

number, B, of 1. Their antiparticles, called antibaryons, have a baryon number of −1. An atom containing, for example, one proton and one neutron (each with a baryon number of 1) has a baryon number of 2. In addition to their differences in composition, baryons and mesons can be distinguished from one another by spin.

Quarks

Quark, smallest known building block of matter. Quarks never occur alone; they always are found in combination with other quarks in larger particles of matter.

Isotopes

Isotope, one of two or more species of atom having the same atomic number, hence constituting the same element, but differing in mass number. As atomic number is equivalent to the number of protons in the nucleus, and mass number is the sum total of the protons plus the neutrons in the nucleus, isotopes of the same element differ from one another only in the number of neutrons in their nuclei.

Percentage abundance

Let’s take an example. Copper consists mainly of two isotopes, 63Cu and 65Cu, and its (average) atomic mass is 63.55 (to 2 d.p.) 

Let’s assume next that the percentage abundance of 63Cu is x This means that the percentage abundance of 65Cu will be 100-x 

Given 100 random copper atoms, x will each have a mass of 63 [total mass = 63x] And 100-x will have a mass of 65 [total mass = (100-x) x 65 = 6500-65x] So the total mass of 100 atoms = 63x + 6500–65x = 6500–2x This means that the average mass = (6500–2x) / 100 

But we are told in the question that average mass = 63.55 Therefore (6500-2x) / 100 = 63.55 So 6500–2x = 6355 Hence 2x = 6500-6355 = 145 And x = 72.5 

So, in a typical sample of copper 72.5% of the atoms are 63Cu and 27.5% are 65Cu.

Atomic orbital table

Electronics Configurations

arrangement of atoms in their orbitals:

TEAM 5 MEMBERS

JOHN REY BAHANDICLIFF BRYAN CADAYDAYHAROLD ORTEGAKENT TELERONCHARMAINE VENTULAJOHANNA MILLARESKAILE PATRICE DURANERLYN DAWN ELMA

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