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Basics of Chemistry

Its all about the electrons!

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Topics to be covered

Atomic structure

Chemical bonds

Binding to metals & non-metals

Potencyvs

. bioavailability

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Atomic structure

The electron orbit around the nucleus is

similar to that of moons around a planet, except

a) The force holding the electrons in place is

electromagnetic, not gravitational

b) Not all the orbits are circular.

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Molecular structure

The electrons in atoms can form bondsbetween the nuclei, forming molecules.

It takes two electrons to form one bond.

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Sharing or hoarding electrons?

In a non-polar covalent bond the

electrons hold the atoms together

similar to using rubber bands.

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Sharing or hoarding electrons?

Ionic

In an ionic bond the attraction between electron

rich (-ve) and electron deficient (+ve) is similar to

the north and south poles of two magnets.

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Sharing or hoarding electrons?

Ionic

There is a wide range of

polarized binding lying

between the extremes of

non-polar covalent and ionic.

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Binding to metals and non-metals Metals often have a positive charge and

want to receive electrons.

Non-metals often have a negative chargeand want to give electrons.

Opposites attract.

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Binding to metals and non-metals

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Metal Acid

e-

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Binding to metals and non-metals Acids are non-metals; they will bind to

metals to form the metal salts.

Aspartic acid binds to zinc to form zinc aspartate.

Citric acid binds to calcium to form calcium

citrate.

Selenium and phosphorus are not metals;acids will not bind to Se or P.

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Binding in amino acid chelates

The nitrogen in the amine group shares two of

its electrons with the metal atom.

The oxygen in the carboxyl group gives one

electron to the metal. The metal gives one

back and they share the two.

These two bonds between the amino acid and

the metal give the chelate its stability.

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Potencyvs

. bioavailability Potency is simply the amount of nutrient

present. This is a chemical measurement.

Bioavailability is a measure of the uptake by

the body. This is a biological measurement.

Copper sulfate (25% Cu) has a greater potency

than Copper AAC (15% Cu) but the Cu AAC hasa higher bioavailability. Why is this?

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Summary

Chemical binding is determined by the electron

configuration.

Opposites attract.

The more bonds, the more stable the molecule.

Hence the chelate effect.

Next month product quality; reacted and non-

reacted products.

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