Chemistry 24.5

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Chemistry 24.5

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24.5 Nucleic Acids

Maybe people have told you that you have your mother’s eyes or your father’s nose. You do inherit the instructions for assembling the proteins of your body from your parents. You will learn what these instructions are called and how they code for proteins.


Nucleic Acids >

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24.5 DNA and RNA

DNA and RNA

What are the functions of DNA and RNA?

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Nucleic Acids >24.5 DNA and RNA

Nitrogen-containing compounds, called nucleic acids, are polymers that are found primarily in cell nuclei. Two kinds of nuclei acids are found in cells:

• deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

• ribonucleic acid (RNA)


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DNA stores the information needed to make proteins and governs the reproduction and growth of cells and new organisms. RNA has a key role in the transmission of the information stored in DNA and in the synthesis of proteins.

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The monomers that make up the DNA and RNA polymers are called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing unit called a nitrogen base.

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These strands of DNA have been extracted from cellular material.

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Nucleic Acids > DNA and RNA

Simulation 29

Construct a portion of a DNA molecule.


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24.5 The Genetic Code

The Genetic Code

How long a base sequence of DNA is required to specify one amino acid in a peptide chain?

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Nucleic Acids >24.5 The Genetic Code

A gene is a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for making one peptide chain. The products of genes are the peptides and proteins found in an organism.


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Three bases of DNA arranged in a specific sequence are required to specify one amino acid in a peptide or protein chain.

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This space-filling model shows only a tiny segment of a DNA molecule.

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Nucleic Acids >

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24.5 Gene Mutations

Gene Mutations

What are gene mutations?


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Nucleic Acids >24.5 Gene Mutations

Substitutions, additions, or deletions of one or more nucleotides in the DNA molecule are called gene mutations.

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Hemoglobin

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The blood cells on the left have a distorted shape because of sickle cell anemia. Normal blood cells, like the ones on the right, have a doughnut-like shape.


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24.5 DNA Fingerprinting

DNA Fingerprinting

What forms the basis for a method of identifying a person from biological samples?


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Nucleic Acids >24.5 DNA Fingerprinting

The variation in the DNA of individuals forms the basis for a method of identifying a person from samples of his or her hair, skin cells, or body fluid.

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Nucleic Acids >24.5 DNA Fingerprinting

This scientist is comparing DNA fingerprints. DNA fingerprinting is an important tool in the identification of people.


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24.5 Recombinant DNA Technology

Recombinant DNA Technology

What is recombinant DNA technology?


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Nucleic Acids >24.5 Recombinant DNA Technology

Recombinant DNA technology consists of methods for cleaving a DNA chain, inserting a new piece of DNA into the gap created by the cleavage, and resealing the chain.


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Insertion of Foreign gene

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Applications in Medicine

The first practical application of recombinant DNA technology was to insert the gene for making human insulin into bacteria. Diabetic patients use the human form of insulin produced by these bacteria.

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Applications in Agriculture

New recombinant DNA techniques can make plants resistant to pests and weed killers and fruits and vegetables that are better suited for shipping and storage.

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Cloning

A clone is an exact genetic copy of its parent because it is formed using the DNA of only that parent. Dolly the sheep had no father.


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Section Quiz

-or-Continue to: Launch:

Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section

24.5 Section Quiz.

24.5.


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24.5 Section Quiz.

1. Each nucleotide consists of a

a. phosphate, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base.

b. sulfate, a six-carbon sugar, and a phosphate base.

c. phosphorus, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base.

d. sulfate, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate base.


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24.5 Section Quiz.

2. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called

a. phospholipids.

b. amino acids.

c. nucleotides.

d. genes.


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24.5 Section Quiz.

3. Each word in the genetic code consists of a sequence of three

a. deoxyribose units.

b. RNA molecules.

c. bases.

d. amino acids.


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24.5 Section Quiz.

4. Scientists were able to produce human insulin by inserting a foreign gene into bacterial DNA. This technique is an example of

a. DNA fingerprinting.

b. recombinant DNA technology.

c. gene mutation.

d. cloning.

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Chemistry 24.5

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