Chemistry 1.2
-
Upload
melinda-macdonald -
Category
Technology
-
view
702 -
download
0
Transcript of Chemistry 1.2
![Page 1: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ChemistryChapter 1 - Section 2
How Elements
Bond
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 2: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Bonding
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 3: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Bonding
✦Atoms form bonds with other atoms using the electrons in their outer energy levels.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 4: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Bonding
✦Atoms form bonds with other atoms using the electrons in their outer energy levels.
✦Atoms have four ways to do form bonds.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 5: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Bonding
✦Atoms form bonds with other atoms using the electrons in their outer energy levels.
✦Atoms have four ways to do form bonds. 1.by losing electrons
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 6: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Bonding
✦Atoms form bonds with other atoms using the electrons in their outer energy levels.
✦Atoms have four ways to do form bonds. 1.by losing electrons2.by gaining electrons
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 7: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Bonding
✦Atoms form bonds with other atoms using the electrons in their outer energy levels.
✦Atoms have four ways to do form bonds. 1.by losing electrons2.by gaining electrons3.by pooling electrons
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 8: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Bonding
✦Atoms form bonds with other atoms using the electrons in their outer energy levels.
✦Atoms have four ways to do form bonds. 1.by losing electrons2.by gaining electrons3.by pooling electrons4.by sharing electrons with another element
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 9: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Bonding
✦Atoms form bonds with other atoms using the electrons in their outer energy levels.
✦Atoms have four ways to do form bonds. 1.by losing electrons2.by gaining electrons3.by pooling electrons4.by sharing electrons with another element
✦We will be studying each of these in Section 2.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 10: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1 & 2. Gaining and Losing
Electrons
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 11: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Sodium and Chlorine
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 12: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Sodium and Chlorine
Sodium is a soft, silvery metal.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 13: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Sodium and Chlorine
Sodium is a soft, silvery metal.
It can react violently when added to water or to chlorine.What makes sodium so reactive?
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 14: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sodium and Chlorine
Sodium is a soft, silvery metal.
It can react violently when added to water or to chlorine.What makes sodium so reactive?
Sodium has only one electron in its outer level. Removing this electron empties this level and leaves the completed level below. Sodium is then stable.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 15: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Sodium and Chlorine
Sodium is a soft, silvery metal.
It can react violently when added to water or to chlorine.What makes sodium so reactive?
Sodium has only one electron in its outer level. Removing this electron empties this level and leaves the completed level below. Sodium is then stable.
Chlorine forms bonds in a way that is the opposite
of sodium—it gains one electron. When chlorine accepts an electron, its electron configuration becomes stable.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 16: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 17: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Forming Ions
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 18: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become more stable.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 19: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become more stable.
But by losing an electron, the balance of electric charges changes.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 20: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become more stable.
But by losing an electron, the balance of electric charges changes.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 21: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become more stable.
But by losing an electron, the balance of electric charges changes.
=
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 22: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become more stable.
But by losing an electron, the balance of electric charges changes.
11 protons11 electrons(neutral)
=
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 23: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become more stable.
But by losing an electron, the balance of electric charges changes.
11 protons11 electrons(neutral)
= but
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 24: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become more stable.
But by losing an electron, the balance of electric charges changes.
11 protons11 electrons(neutral)
after losing one electron= but
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 25: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become more stable.
But by losing an electron, the balance of electric charges changes.
11 protons11 electrons(neutral)
after losing one electron= but 11 protons
10 electrons(positively charged)
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 26: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become more stable.
But by losing an electron, the balance of electric charges changes.
Sodium becomes a positively charged ion because there is now one fewer electron than there are protons in the nucleus.
11 protons11 electrons(neutral)
after losing one electron= but 11 protons
10 electrons(positively charged)
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 27: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 28: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Forming Ions
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 29: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Forming Ions
In contrast, chlorine becomes an ion by gaining an electron.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 30: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Forming Ions
In contrast, chlorine becomes an ion by gaining an electron.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 31: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Forming Ions
In contrast, chlorine becomes an ion by gaining an electron.
=
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 32: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Forming Ions
In contrast, chlorine becomes an ion by gaining an electron.
17 protons17 electrons(neutral)
=
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 33: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Forming Ions
In contrast, chlorine becomes an ion by gaining an electron.
17 protons17 electrons(neutral)
= but
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 34: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Forming Ions
In contrast, chlorine becomes an ion by gaining an electron.
17 protons17 electrons(neutral)
after gaining one electron= but
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 35: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Forming Ions
In contrast, chlorine becomes an ion by gaining an electron.
17 protons17 electrons(neutral)
after gaining one electron= but 17 protons
18 electrons(negatively charged)
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 36: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Forming Ions
In contrast, chlorine becomes an ion by gaining an electron.
17 protons17 electrons(neutral)
after gaining one electron= but 17 protons
18 electrons(negatively charged)
It becomes negatively charged because there is one more electron than there are protons in the nucleus.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 37: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 38: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Forming Ions
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 39: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Forming Ions
An atom that is no longer neutral because it has
lost or gained an electron is called an ion.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 40: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Forming Ions
An atom that is no longer neutral because it has
lost or gained an electron is called an ion.
Sodium ion is represented by the symbol Na+
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 41: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Forming Ions
An atom that is no longer neutral because it has
lost or gained an electron is called an ion.
Sodium ion is represented by the symbol Na+
A chloride ion is represented by the symbol Cl-
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 42: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Bond Formation
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 43: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Bond Formation
The positive sodium ion and the negative chloride ion are strongly attracted to each other.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 44: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Bond Formation
The positive sodium ion and the negative chloride ion are strongly attracted to each other.
This attraction, which holds the ions close together, is a type of chemical bond called an ionic bond.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 45: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Bond Formation
The positive sodium ion and the negative chloride ion are strongly attracted to each other.
This attraction, which holds the ions close together, is a type of chemical bond called an ionic bond.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 46: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Bond Formation
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 47: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Bond Formation
Sodium and chloride ions form an ionic bond.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 48: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Bond Formation
Sodium and chloride ions form an ionic bond.
The compound sodium chloride, or table salt, is formed. A compound is a pure substance containing two or more elements that are chemically bonded.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 49: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Bond Formation
Sodium and chloride ions form an ionic bond.
The compound sodium chloride, or table salt, is formed. A compound is a pure substance containing two or more elements that are chemically bonded.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 50: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 51: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 52: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
More Gains and Loses
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 53: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
More Gains and Loses
Can elements lose or gain more than one electron?
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 54: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
More Gains and Loses
Can elements lose or gain more than one electron? Yes!!
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 55: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
More Gains and Loses
Can elements lose or gain more than one electron? Yes!!
Magnesium, Mg, in Group 2 has two electrons in its outer energy level. Magnesium can lose these two electrons and
achieve a completed energy level.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 56: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
More Gains and Loses
Can elements lose or gain more than one electron? Yes!!
Magnesium, Mg, in Group 2 has two electrons in its outer energy level. Magnesium can lose these two electrons and
achieve a completed energy level.
Oxygen, O, in Group 16 has six electrons in its outer energy level. Oxygen can gain two electrons and achieve a
completed energy level.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 57: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 58: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 59: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
The two electrons, in magnesiums outer energy level, can be gained by two chlorine atoms.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 60: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
The two electrons, in magnesiums outer energy level, can be gained by two chlorine atoms.
The two negatively charged chloride ions are attracted to the positively charged magnesium ion forming ionic bonds.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 61: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
The two electrons, in magnesiums outer energy level, can be gained by two chlorine atoms.
The two negatively charged chloride ions are attracted to the positively charged magnesium ion forming ionic bonds.
The compound magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is produced.Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 62: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
The two electrons, in magnesiums outer energy level, can be gained by two chlorine atoms.
The two negatively charged chloride ions are attracted to the positively charged magnesium ion forming ionic bonds.
The compound magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is produced.Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 63: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
3.Pooling
Electrons
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 64: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Swimming in a Pool of Metal
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 65: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Metallic Bonding - Pooling
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 66: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Metallic Bonding - Pooling
We have just looked at how metal atoms form ionic bonds with atoms of nonmetals.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 67: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Metallic Bonding - Pooling
We have just looked at how metal atoms form ionic bonds with atoms of nonmetals.
Metals can form bonds with other metal atoms, but in a different way.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 68: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Metallic Bonding - Pooling
We have just looked at how metal atoms form ionic bonds with atoms of nonmetals.
Metals can form bonds with other metal atoms, but in a different way.
In a metal, the electrons in the outer energy levels of the atoms are not held tightly to individual atoms. Instead, they move freely among all the ions in the metal, forming a shared pool of electrons.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 69: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Metallic Bonding - Pooling
We have just looked at how metal atoms form ionic bonds with atoms of nonmetals.
Metals can form bonds with other metal atoms, but in a different way.
In a metal, the electrons in the outer energy levels of the atoms are not held tightly to individual atoms. Instead, they move freely among all the ions in the metal, forming a shared pool of electrons.
Metallic bonds form when metal atoms share their pooled electrons.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 70: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Metallic Bonding - Pooling
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 71: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
This bonding affects the properties of metals.
Metallic Bonding - Pooling
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 72: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
This bonding affects the properties of metals. For example, when a metal is hammered into sheets or
drawn into a wire, it does not break. Instead, layers of atoms slide over one another.
Metallic Bonding - Pooling
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 73: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
This bonding affects the properties of metals. For example, when a metal is hammered into sheets or
drawn into a wire, it does not break. Instead, layers of atoms slide over one another.
An ounce of gold can be stretched into a wire 50 miles long.
Metallic Bonding - Pooling
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 74: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
This bonding affects the properties of metals. For example, when a metal is hammered into sheets or
drawn into a wire, it does not break. Instead, layers of atoms slide over one another.
An ounce of gold can be stretched into a wire 50 miles long.
Metallic Bonding - Pooling
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 75: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
This bonding affects the properties of metals. For example, when a metal is hammered into sheets or
drawn into a wire, it does not break. Instead, layers of atoms slide over one another.
An ounce of gold can be stretched into a wire 50 miles long.
A lump of pure gold the size of a matchbox can be flattened into a sheet the size of a tennis court.
Metallic Bonding - Pooling
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 76: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Metallic Bonding - Pooling
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 77: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
The pooled electrons tend to hold the atoms together.
Metallic Bonding - Pooling
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 78: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
The pooled electrons tend to hold the atoms together.
Metallic bonding also is the reason that metals conduct electricity well.
Metallic Bonding - Pooling
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 79: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
The pooled electrons tend to hold the atoms together.
Metallic bonding also is the reason that metals conduct electricity well.
The outer electrons in metal atoms readily move
from one atom to the next to transmit current.
Metallic Bonding - Pooling
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 80: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
The pooled electrons tend to hold the atoms together.
Metallic bonding also is the reason that metals conduct electricity well.
The outer electrons in metal atoms readily move
from one atom to the next to transmit current.
Metallic Bonding - Pooling
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 81: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 82: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 83: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
4.Sharing
Electrons
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 84: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Covalent Bonds - Sharing
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 85: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Covalent Bonds - Sharing
Some atoms are unlikely to lose or gain electrons because the number of electrons in their outer levels makes this difficult.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 86: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Covalent Bonds - Sharing
Some atoms are unlikely to lose or gain electrons because the number of electrons in their outer levels makes this difficult.
Carbon has six electrons, four of the six electrons are in its outer energy level.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 87: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Some atoms are unlikely to lose or gain electrons because the number of electrons in their outer levels makes this difficult.
Carbon has six electrons, four of the six electrons are in its outer energy level.
Covalent Bonds - Sharing
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 88: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Some atoms are unlikely to lose or gain electrons because the number of electrons in their outer levels makes this difficult.
Carbon has six electrons, four of the six electrons are in its outer energy level.
To obtain a more stable structure, carbon would either have to gain or lose four electrons.
Covalent Bonds - Sharing
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 89: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Some atoms are unlikely to lose or gain electrons because the number of electrons in their outer levels makes this difficult.
Carbon has six electrons, four of the six electrons are in its outer energy level.
To obtain a more stable structure, carbon would either have to gain or lose four electrons.
This is difficult because gaining & losing so many electrons takes so much energy.
The alternative is sharing electrons.
Covalent Bonds - Sharing
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 90: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
The Covalent Bond
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 91: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
The Covalent BondThe chemical bond that forms between nonmetal
atoms when they share electrons is called a
covalent bond.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 92: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
The Covalent BondThe chemical bond that forms between nonmetal
atoms when they share electrons is called a
covalent bond. Shared electrons are attracted to the nuclei of both
atoms.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 93: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
The Covalent BondThe chemical bond that forms between nonmetal
atoms when they share electrons is called a
covalent bond. Shared electrons are attracted to the nuclei of both
atoms. They move back and forth between the outer energy
levels of each atom in the covalent bond.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 94: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
The Covalent BondThe chemical bond that forms between nonmetal
atoms when they share electrons is called a
covalent bond. Shared electrons are attracted to the nuclei of both
atoms. They move back and forth between the outer energy
levels of each atom in the covalent bond.
Each atom has a stable outer energy level some of the
time.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 95: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
The Covalent BondThe chemical bond that forms between nonmetal
atoms when they share electrons is called a
covalent bond. Shared electrons are attracted to the nuclei of both
atoms. They move back and forth between the outer energy
levels of each atom in the covalent bond.
Each atom has a stable outer energy level some of the
time.Covalently bonded compounds are called molecular
compounds.Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 96: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
The Covalent Bond
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 97: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
The Covalent Bond
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 98: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
The atoms in a covalent bond form a neutral particle.
The Covalent Bond
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 99: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
The atoms in a covalent bond form a neutral particle.
The neutral particle formed when atoms share electrons is called a molecule.
The Covalent Bond
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 100: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
The atoms in a covalent bond form a neutral particle.
The neutral particle formed when atoms share electrons is called a molecule.
The Covalent Bond
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 101: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
The atoms in a covalent bond form a neutral particle.
The neutral particle formed when atoms share electrons is called a molecule.
No ions are involved in covalent bonding because no electrons are gained or lost. Ionic compounds, such as sodium chloride (NaCl), are not referred to as molecules, because their basic units are
ions, not molecules.
The Covalent Bond
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 102: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 103: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 104: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Sometimes an atom shares more than one electron with another atom.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 105: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Sometimes an atom shares more than one electron with another atom.
When two pairs of electrons are involved in a
covalent bond, the bond is called a double bond.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 106: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 107: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 108: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 109: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 110: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 111: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 112: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 113: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 114: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 115: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 116: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 117: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 118: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 119: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 120: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Here is the sharing of three pairs of electrons between two nitrogen atoms in the nitrogen molecule.
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 121: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Here is the sharing of three pairs of electrons between two nitrogen atoms in the nitrogen molecule.
When three pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms, the bond is called a triple bond.
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 122: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Here is the sharing of three pairs of electrons between two nitrogen atoms in the nitrogen molecule.
When three pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms, the bond is called a triple bond.
Double and Triple Bonds
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 123: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 124: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Ionic vs. Covalent
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 125: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 126: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Do atoms always share their electrons equally?
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 127: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Do atoms always share their electrons equally?The answer is no.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 128: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Do atoms always share their electrons equally?The answer is no.
Some atoms have a greater attraction for
electrons than others do.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 129: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Do atoms always share their electrons equally?The answer is no.
Some atoms have a greater attraction for
electrons than others do.
Why?????
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 130: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Do atoms always share their electrons equally?The answer is no.
Some atoms have a greater attraction for
electrons than others do.
Why?????
Some atoms have more protons, therefore more
positive pull on the electrons.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 131: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 132: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Chlorine attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen does.
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 133: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Chlorine attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen does.
When hydrogen and chlorine covalently bond, the shared pair of electrons tends to spend more time near the chlorine atom than the hydrogen atom.
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 134: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Chlorine attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen does.
When hydrogen and chlorine covalently bond, the shared pair of electrons tends to spend more time near the chlorine atom than the hydrogen atom.
Chlorine - 17 protons Hydrogen - 1 proton
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 135: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Chlorine attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen does.
When hydrogen and chlorine covalently bond, the shared pair of electrons tends to spend more time near the chlorine atom than the hydrogen atom.
Chlorine - 17 protons Hydrogen - 1 proton
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 136: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 137: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
The unequal sharing makes one side of the bond more negative than the other. Such bonds are called polar bonds.
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 138: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
The unequal sharing makes one side of the bond more negative than the other. Such bonds are called polar bonds.
A polar bond is a bond in which electrons are
shared unevenly.
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 139: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
The unequal sharing makes one side of the bond more negative than the other. Such bonds are called polar bonds.
A polar bond is a bond in which electrons are
shared unevenly.
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 140: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Water
The bonds between the oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms in the water molecule are another example of polar bonds.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 141: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
“Get Away, Water!”
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 142: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
When water molecules are exposed to a negative charge, the water molecules line up like magnets
with their positive ends facing the negative charge.
They are drawn to the negative charge on the balloon.
Water molecules also are attracted to each other. This attraction between water molecules accounts for many of the physical properties of water.
“Get Away, Water!”
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 143: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
“Get Away, Water!”
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 144: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Molecules that do not have these uneven charges are called nonpolar molecules.
“Get Away, Water!”
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 145: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Molecules that do not have these uneven charges are called nonpolar molecules.
Because each element differs slightly in its ability to attract electrons, the only completely nonpolar bonds are bonds between atoms of the same element.
“Get Away, Water!”
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 146: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Molecules that do not have these uneven charges are called nonpolar molecules.
Because each element differs slightly in its ability to attract electrons, the only completely nonpolar bonds are bonds between atoms of the same element.
One example of a nonpolar bond is the triple bond in the nitrogen molecule.
“Get Away, Water!”
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 147: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Molecules that do not have these uneven charges are called nonpolar molecules.
Because each element differs slightly in its ability to attract electrons, the only completely nonpolar bonds are bonds between atoms of the same element.
One example of a nonpolar bond is the triple bond in the nitrogen molecule.
“Get Away, Water!”
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 148: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Chemical Shorthand
In medieval times, alchemists were the first to explore the world of chemistry.
They used symbols to represent elements.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 149: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Symbols for Atoms
Modern chemists also use symbols to represent elements.
The symbols are universal.
Each element is represented by a one letter-, two letter-, or three-letter symbol.
Many symbols are the first letters of the element’s name, such as H for hydrogen and C for carbon.
Others are the first letters of the element’s name in another language, such as K for potassium, which stands for kalium, the Latin word for potassium.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 150: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Symbols for Compounds
Compounds can be described using element symbols and numbers. The figure below shows how two hydrogen atoms join together in a covalent bond.
The resulting hydrogen molecule is represented by the symbol H2. The subscript 2 means that two atoms of hydrogen are in the molecule.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 151: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Don’t get confused!
2 H H2
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 152: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Chemical Formula
A chemical formula is a combination of chemical symbols and numbers that shows which elements
are present in a compound and how many atoms of each element are present.
When no subscript is shown, the number of atoms is understood to be one.
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 153: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Chemical Formula
A chemical formula is a combination of chemical symbols and numbers that shows which elements
are present in a compound and how many atoms of each element are present.
When no subscript is shown, the number of atoms is understood to be one.
H2S
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 154: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
Chemical Formula
A chemical formula is a combination of chemical symbols and numbers that shows which elements
are present in a compound and how many atoms of each element are present.
When no subscript is shown, the number of atoms is understood to be one.
H2S Ag2S
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 155: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Chemical Formula
A chemical formula is a combination of chemical symbols and numbers that shows which elements
are present in a compound and how many atoms of each element are present.
When no subscript is shown, the number of atoms is understood to be one.
H2S Ag2S NH3
Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 156: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Chemical Formula
A chemical formula is a combination of chemical symbols and numbers that shows which elements
are present in a compound and how many atoms of each element are present.
When no subscript is shown, the number of atoms is understood to be one.
H2S Ag2S NH3
H2SO4Monday, July 9, 2012
![Page 157: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Chemical Formula
A chemical formula is a combination of chemical symbols and numbers that shows which elements
are present in a compound and how many atoms of each element are present.
When no subscript is shown, the number of atoms is understood to be one.
H2S Ag2S NH3
H2SO4 NaOHMonday, July 9, 2012
![Page 158: Chemistry 1.2](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555b55dad8b42a16758b543f/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Chemical Formula
A chemical formula is a combination of chemical symbols and numbers that shows which elements
are present in a compound and how many atoms of each element are present.
When no subscript is shown, the number of atoms is understood to be one.
H2S Ag2S NH3
H2SO4
H2SNaOH
Monday, July 9, 2012