Performance of Advanced Transmission and Reception Algorithms ...
Chemical Signals Types Production Transmission Reception.
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Transcript of Chemical Signals Types Production Transmission Reception.
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Chemical Signals
• Types
• Production
• Transmission
• Reception
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Olfactory signal features
• Directionality– Generally propagate away, but rarely linear
• Transmission speed– Depends on diffusion rates, wind speeds
• Temporal pattern– Difficult to turn on and off
• Spectrum– Multi-dimensional
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Chemical signals
• Hormone– Chemical signals used within individuals– Produced by endocrine glands
• Pheromone– Chemical signals used between conspecifics– Produced by exocrine glands
• Allomone– Chemical signals used between species
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Pheromone examples
Diffusion rate is inverselyrelated to molecule size.Small compounds are volatile.Large compounds canpersist
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Odor glands in mammal skin
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Vertebrate glands
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Scent dissemination strategies
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Female marking by greater spear-nosed bats
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Multi-modal signalling in sac-winged bats
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Scent glands in ants
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Diffusion of a scent puff
K = threshold of detection, rA = active space, t = time
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Active space is dynamic
There is a maximum size ofactive space which is set bythe detection threshold andamount of odorant released
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Media affects transmission
Q = number of molecules releasedK = detection thresholdD = diffusion rate
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Diffusion from a trail
Treat as if there are a series of single emissions from a moving source
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Diffusion in laminar flow
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Diffusion in turbulent flow
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Moth active space in wind
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Insect odor receptor organs
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Insect olfactory sensilla
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Vertebrate odor receptor organs
Vomeronasal organ detects steroid hormones in urine
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Olfactory receptor cell
Olfactory receptor proteinshave 7 trans-membranedomains, but belong to a gene family with over1000 loci. Receptor cellsAre short-lived (< 60 d),and express a single protein.creates odor-topic map inolfactory bulb
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Gradient detection and orientation
• Simultaneous sampling– Requires paired olfactory receptors at sides of
body.– Need wide head or nose on appendage
(antenna)
• Sequential sampling– Animals follow concentration gradient, requires
tracking back and forth across trail.
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Moth scent tracking
Animals follow concentrationgradient, requires trackingback and forth across trail.Some have paired olfactoryreceptors at sides of body.