Chemical Safety & Security - Fire protection

8/10/2019 Chemical Safety & Security - Fire protection

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Kedah, Malaysia

30 April 4 May 2012y

SAND No. 2009-8395P

Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company,

for the United States Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration

under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Lab VisitLab Visit

LunchLunch

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Preventable

Caused by unsafe practices Electrical safety violations Uncontrolled use of flammable

and combustible materials

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Inspect, inspect, inspectEducate, educate, educate!

Home FiresHome Fires

1 million fires and 8,000

deaths annually in the US

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Leading causes:

Cigarettes

Heating/cooling equipment

Electrical

Matches, lighters, candles

Industrial FiresIndustrial Fires

Fifth leading cause of accidental death Vehicles, falls, poison, drowning, fire

f f Most dangerous industries from firehazard:

Mines Grain elevators and mills Refineries Chemical plants

Leading causes:

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ectr ca Smoking Friction Overheating Hot surfaces

Key Elements ofey Elements of Fire Safetyire Safety

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Fire Containment/Suppression

Get occupants out

Minimize property loss and interruption


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Flash Pointlash Point

Flash point: The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off

enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture. In general, the lower the flash point, the greater the

hazard.

Flammable liquids: have flash points below 38C are more dangerous than combustible liquids may be ignited at room temperature

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OSHAOfficeofTrainingand

Education

Combustible liquids: have flash points at or above 38C Can pose serious fire and/or explosion hazards when

heated

Flammability/Explosive Limitslammability/Explosive Limits

Above UFL UEL mixture is too rich to burnbove too rich to burn

Upper Flammability/Explosive Limit (UFL/UEL)

Flammability/Explosive Range

LFL/LEL

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Below LFL/LEL, mixture is too lean to burn

ower amma y xp os ve m LFL/LEL

Defined in terms of the amount of fuel in air.

Classes of FlammableClasses of Flammableand Combustible Liquidsand Combustible Liquids

IIIA FP>60C but 60C but 38C but 23C but 38C (100F)

Flammable

FP < 38C (100F)

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Education,

defined

in

Fahrenheit

FP


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Fire SafetyFire SafetyProgramProgram ComponentsComponents

A good plan for safe use of flammable and

b ibl li id i l h

Control of ignition sources

Proper storage

Fire control

combustible liquids contains at least these

components:

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Education17

Fire control

Safe handling

Fire BehaviorFire Behavior

Growth hover

FullyDeca

Temperature

Phase

Flas eve ope

Phase

Phase

Phase

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Ignition

816 C 1260 C

Time

Fire BehaviorFire Behavior

Hot expanding gasesmove vertically

Stack Effecttack Effect

move vertically

Tightness of

construction

External winds

Internal/externaltemperature

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p

Vertical openings Stairways

Elevator shafts

Ventilation shafts

Vapor VolumeVapor Volume

Volume of gas formed when a liquid

substance evaporatesubstance evaporates

Computed from specific gravity and vapor density

0.829 (SpG)

Vapor Volume (m

3

/liter) =

Vapor density

Example:

What

is

the

vapor

volume

of

a

liter

of

acetone?

20

. ,

,

0.829 (0.9)

Vapor Volume (m

3

/l) =

2

= 0.373 m

3

/l


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Vapor VolumeVapor Volume

What is the probability of forming a combustible mixture if a

4 liter container of acetone is used in a room 3 x 4 x 2.5 m?liter container of acetone is used in a room 3 x 4 x 2.5 m?

[LEL = 2.5%; assume incomplete mixing factor 5]

Volume of the space = 30 m

3

Vapor volume = 0.373

m

3

/L

Vapor volume necessary to form a

Combustible mixture:

30 m

3

x 0.025 = 0.75 m

3

Applying the mixing factor of 5:

2.01 L / 5 = 0.40 L

[About = 1 coffee mug]

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0.75 m

3

0.373 m

3

/ L

= 2.01 L

Since it doesnt take much more than 1 coffee mug of acetone to form a

combustible mixture, the probability appears to be high

[About = 1 coffee mug]

Fire HazardsFire Hazards

Sources of fuel

Flammable liquids

Sources of heat (ignition)

Electrical circuits:

Flammable gases

Wood, paper,cardboard

Oil soaked rags

Shorts, sparks

Arcs (switches)

Heat build-up

Hot surfaces

Space heaters

Hotplates, coffee pots,Train employees to notice

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Welding

Smoking

Open flames

Static electricity

& report fire hazardsPeriodic inspections

Drills

Classification of Fires

With recommended extinguisher distances

A Ordinary combustibles ~23 mcloth, paper, wood, coalp p , ,

B Flammable/combustible liquids, ~15 mgases, greases and oils -

gasoline, diesel fuel

C Energized Electrical equipment nearbycables, motors

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D Combustible metals - sodium, ~23 mmagnesium, titanium

K Restaurant grease fires nearbyassociated with cooking

Classification of Fires

A Extinguish by cooling or smothering.(water)

B

A

B vapors or interfering with the chemicalreaction-release of OH radicals.

(CO2 or dry powder: monoammoniumphosphate)

C Extinguishing agent mustnot

be conductive.

(CO2 or dry powder)

B

C

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D Extinguishing agents must absorb heat and notreact with the metal.

(special dry powder, sand)

K (Special liquid chemicals)

D

K


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False AlarmsFalse Alarms

may be

triggered byconstructiondust created

durin

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renovations

Manual Pull StationsManual Pull Stations

Manual Pull Stations

the wall (usually nearan exit) Sends a signal to

the buildings firealarm system whenactivated

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People are reluctant to sound fire alarms

Places thebuilding into alarm

Responding To A Fireesponding To A Fire

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Employee Trainingmployee Training

Few employees know

how to effectivelyow to effectively

use extinguishers

Need for training:

Initial training Annual refresher

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Using a Fire ExtinguisherUsing a Fire Extinguisher

P

A

PullA

S

S

SqueezeSweep

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Video Courtesy of Washington State EmergencyManagement Division, Public Education Program

WaterWater

Water is highly effective on Class A fires by cooling down

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Water is highly effective on Class A fires, by cooling down

the fire and surrounding atmosphere.

Water is usually available.

It can be used to cool down the firefighting team toprevent heat exposure.

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Water should NOT be used to control a B or C fire.

Inadequate pressure or too high pressure canp g pcause problems.

The volume of water can be restricted by thelength of water lines and hoses (frictional loss

~3500 Pa for every 3 meters of 4 cm diameter

hose).

The fire nozzle can clog due to non-filtered

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The fire nozzle can clog due to non filtered

materials in the lines.

Hydrogen can be produced if water is applied tovery-hot fires.

Electrical FiresElectrical Fires

Pull the plug out or switch off the power

at the fuse box. This may stop the fire

immediately.

Smother the fire with a fire blanket, or

use a dry powder.

N i

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Never use water on it.


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Fire Safety PlanningFire Safety Planning

Construction

Fire-resistive ratings (minutes to hours)

Interior finishes (3 classes: A, B, & C)

Containing the fire

Stair enclosures and fire walls

Separate building units or zones (control spread)

Fire doors

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,

Exits Egress

Two ways out, exit to safe area

EgressEgress ExitExit RouteRoute

Continuous anduno s ruc e pa romany point within aworkplace

Consists of three parts:

Exit access

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Exit discharge

EgressEgress Exit RouteExit Route

Exit routes must be permanent

fire-resistant materials

Openings into an exit mustbe protected by anapproved self-closing firedoor that remains closed orautomatically closes in an

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emergency

Unobstructed

Well marked

EgressEgress Exit RouteExit Route

Exit Doors:

Must not be Blockedor Locked

Can use a panic bar

Must be well marked

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Open in direction oftravel

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Best Practices:Best Practices:SafetySafety During a FireDuring a Fire

Stairs have a barblockin the ste sgoing down toindicate ground levelfire egress

Keep fire exits and

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any obstruction toallow for an easy exitduring a fireemergency

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Proper storage of FlammablesProper storage of Flammablesis an important part of Fire Safetyis an important part of Fire Safety

Safety cans

Limit quantities stored

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Flammable storage cabinets, rooms or buildings

Secondary Containment

Ventilationentilation

Always provide adequatevent at on to re uce t e potent afor ignition of flammable vapors.

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Education

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Storage Containerstorage Containers

Oil Ra s

Drying process exothermic

Container (reduces fire risk)Limits oxygen.Encourage air circulation

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to remove eat.Limits access to ignitionsource.

Storage ContainersStorage Containers

Containers should be tightly sealedwhen not in use.

Approved safety cans are recommendedfor smaller quantities.

The spring-loaded safety capprevents spillage.

Prevents va ors from esca in

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Acts as a pressure vent if engulfedin fire

Prevents explosions and rocketingof the can

Flame Arrester ScreenFlame Arrester Screen

Prevents fire flashback into can

contentsontents.

Double wire - mesh

construction

Large surface area provides

rapid dissipation of heat from

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Education

p p

fire so that vapor temperature

inside can remains below

ignition point.

Storage AreasStorage Areas

Flammables should be stored in an approvedcabinet in a cool, well ventilated area toavoid pressure buildup and vaporization

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Flammable Storage Cabinetslammable Storage Cabinets

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Storage CabinetsStorage Cabinets

Not more than 225 L of Class Iand/or Class II liquids, or notmore t an o assliquids permitted in a cabinet.

Must be conspicuously labeled,Flammable - Keep Fire Away

Doors on metal cabinets musthave a three-point lock (top,

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OSHA

Office

of

Training

and

Education

side, and bottom), and thedoor sill must be raised atleast 5 cm above the bottom ofthe cabinet.

Flammable Storage CabinetsFlammable Storage Cabinets

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Static ElectricityStatic Electricity

Some flammable liquids accumulate astatic electric charge, which can release atatic electric charge, which can release a

spark that ignites the liquid

Static electricity is generated by contactand separation of dissimilar materials:

Fluid flow through a pipe or into a tank

Agitation or mixing

6060

g g

Splash filling of containers

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Transfer TechniquesTransfer Techniques

Bond containers

Containers are wired to etherbefore pouring

One container is connected to agood ground point to allow anycharge to drain away safely

Limit use of plastic containers to

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small volumes ( < 4L)

No easy way to bond plasticcontainers

Control of Staticontrol of Static

Bond wire necessary except where containers are inherently bonded

together, or arrangement is such that fill stem is always in metallic

contact with receiving container during transferg

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Fire Prevention Inspectionsire Prevention Inspections

Minimize size of fires Control stora e of combustible

and flammable materials

Reduce possibility of a fire Control ignition sources

Ensure fire protectionequipment is operational

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re ex ngu s ers no oc e

Ensure exits are maintained Dont block egress pathways

Dont prop open fire doors

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Fireextinguishersmustbe

Violationsiolations

easilyaccessible

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Violationsiolations

6-Way Multi-plug Multi-plug

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Any Questions?

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Planning & PreparationPlanning & Preparation

Anticipate types of emergencies:

Step-by-step procedures

Assess reso rces a ailable Assess resources available

Coordinate with all respondingagencies

Chain of command

Roles & assignments Clearly spelledout and understood

A id t ti t t i Accident prevention strategies

First aid inspect, date, replacements

Site maps update

Train & practice

Evaluate & improve

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Include all situations and conditions:

b h

eat er emergenc es: Flood

Tidal waves

Cyclones

Heavy rains

High winds

Security breaches

Distraught employees

Medical Emergencies

Student unrest

Political unrest

Explosion

Evacuation

Earthquakes

Prepareforandexpecttheunexpected

Evacuation

Terrorism

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Emergency Action PlanEmergency Action Plan

Have a written plan and distribute it to all employees,especially new employees:y p y

- Emergency escape/evacuation procedures & routes

- Critical process emergency shutdown procedures

- Procedures to account for evacuated employees- Rescue or medical duties if employees required to

perform them

- Procedure for reporting emergencies

f f- Contact information for Q&A

Alarm systems

Training

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Emergency Response Planmergency Response Plan

Comprehensive employee training- General employee training

- Specialized & emergency responderspecialized & emergency responders

- Annual refresher training or drills

- Untrained personnel should not participate

Spill & emergency response plans Contingency plans

Medical response/first aid

Personal Protective Equipmentersonal Protective Equipment

Safety Data Sheets

Site maps

Clean up procedures

Decontamination techniques

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Include:Include:Fire Prevention PlanFire Prevention Plan

Written plan- List major fire hazards

- Proper handling and storage procedures

- Potential ignition sources & controls

- Type of fire prevention systems

- Contact information for those responsible forsystem maintenance

- Contact information for Q&A

Housekeeping requirements Training

Maintenance requirements

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EmergencyEmergencyPlanningPlanning & Response& Response

Have an evacuation

plan for all

buildings and

areas and

POST IT

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Dont use

hallways forallways for

storage

Dangerous

Bl k

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Blocks passage

and emergency

exit path

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Label and keep all exits clearly.

Keep unlocked or equipped with panic bars.

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Have routine, unannounced evacuation drills.

T d i i l

Test and maintain alarms.

Designate person for each area to ensure

bathrooms, etc. are evacuated.

Locate outside staging areas

sufficient distance from building.

Designate person to meet/direct

emergency vehicles.

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Alarm systems need to be properly


located, maintained, and

serviced regularly.

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Backup power

Does switch-over

automatically?

How long will it run?

How much fuel do you

have?

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What areas will it support?

How often is it tested

and maintained?

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Post each room with:

Emergency phonenumbers

After hours phonenumbers

Person(s) to becontacted

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Alternate person(s)

Unique procedures tobe followed

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Emergency Phone NumbersEmergency Phone Numbers

Clearly post emergency numbers

Do employees know what to do?

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Hoods should have low flow alarms.

Chemical specific toxicity alarms may be

needed in certain areas.

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Centrally locate safety showers and eyewashes.


Schedule routine, periodic maintenance of all safety equipment.

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Teach employees to properlyeach employees to properly

usese the Safety Showerhe Safety Shower

Time can makeime can make

a difference

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Chemical SpillsChemical Spills

Centrally locate spill clean-up kits

Clean up spill only if you know the chemical hazards,

have appropriate equipment and are trained to do so

Alert colleagues and secure area

Assess ability to clean-up spill

Find spill kit

U i t PPE d b t t i l Use appropriate PPE and sorbent material

Protect sinks and floor drains Clean-up spill, collect/label waste for disposal

Report all spills

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First aid kits

Special chemical antidotes, if necessary

Centrally locate,Centrally locate,inspectinspect and maintain:and maintain:

p , y

Respirators

Specially train emergency personnel, if necessary

Post inspection dates on equipment, including hoods

9090

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BreakBreak

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UNECE, Globally Harmonized System Of Classification and st , , , ,

http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev00/00files_e.html

International Airlines Transportation Association, DangerousGoods Regulations(DGR), 2008, not online,

http://www.iata.org/ps/publications/9065.htm

UN International Maritime Organization (IMO),

http://www.imo.org/

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European Union (EU) Transport Activities

http://europa.eu/

US Department of Transportation (DOT)

http://www.dot.gov

For international shipmentsfines are severe

,years prison in US

Apply to scientists

improperly transporting samples test material specimens

Regulations are set by: IATA: International Air

Transport Association

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Air

Ship

Rail

Road

Vehicle (car/truck)

Cart, Bicycle

Hand carry

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Specific transport concernsSpecific transport concerns

Quantities, exclusions, limitations

Restricted routes:

tunnels

bridges

populated areas

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Who transports the material?

How is it packaged? Are transporters knowledgeable and

prepared? Is there safety documentation? When did it leave, arrival time?

Did all material depart and arrive asscheduled?

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Labels continuedLabels continued

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Labels continuedLabels continued

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DocumentationDocumentation

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Documentation continuedDocumentation continued

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Where, how, who opens shipment?

Should package be opened in ahood?

Is material radioactive?

Is monitoring equipment needed?

Is special storage needed on receipt?

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Mana ers

Packers

Handlers

Loaders

Drivers

All shipping andreceiving personnel

Mailroom personnel

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Transportationaccidents/incidents:

- rgan zat on reports

- Police reports

- Emergency contacts

Spill and leakage control:

- prevention

- minimization

- spill clean up kits

- PPE

Emergency contacts

- Regulation requirements

local, national, international

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Regulation requirements

local, national, international

Public relations

Be responsive to public concerns

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Have a plan

Remember:- Anticipation

- Recognition

EvaluationEvaluation

- Control

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Unsafe Transport of GasUnsafe Transport of GasCylindersCylinders

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International Labour Organization (ILO)

International Occupational Safety andHealth Centre (CIS)

Programme on Safety and Health at Workand the Environment (SafeWork)

http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/index.htm

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Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation of

Chemicals

REACHREACH

Chemicals

2007 EU regulation; replaces 40 existing acts to createa single system for all chemicals

requires authorization to use, manufacture andimport

to track and manage chemical risks and provide

proposes to integrate REACH with GHS

creates European Chemical Agency (ECHA,Helsinki, Finland)

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Life of the chemical from

REACHREACH

Cradle-to-Grave

Manufacturing

Importing

Marketing

Use

Waste stream

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Comprehensive legislation to ensure

chemicals are used as they enter the EUsupply train

Objective is to protect human health and theenvironment by recognizing and classifyingazar ous c em ca s so ey are an e

safely

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The responsibility for proving whether a-

on the manufacturer and supplier not thegovernment

The responsibility also includesdocumentation, tests, classification, riskexposure, labeling, safety data sheets

ECHA will store the information in theInternational Uniform Chemical informationDatabase (IUCLID)

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Four Steps

REACHREACH

1. Registration

2. Evaluation

3. Authorization

4. Restriction

ECHA maintains database

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About REACH: http://guidance.echa.europa.eu/bout REACH: http://guidance.echa.europa.eu/

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/reach/reach_intro.ht

m

REACH Help:

http://echa.europa.eu/help_en.asp#helpdesks// p / p p p

About ECHA: http://ec.europa.eu/echa

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Globally Harmonized System

for Classification and Labeling of

Ch i l (GHS)hemicals (GHS)

International UN standardization forclassification, safety data sheet format, and

,

signal words, and hazard warningsUS OSHA is reviewing GHS for adoption

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United Nations ro osed s stem tointernationally standardize chemicalcommunication

Countries will adopt on their own timeframe

2008 - UN goal for world-wideimplementation

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GHS Implementation

Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety

(IFCS)IFCS) adopted GHS implementation goal of 2008. The US

participates and agreed to work toward this goal

Japan, Korea, New Zealand

various stages of

adopting & implemented GHS

European Union

2010 deadline for GHS substance

classification

Canada Assessing how to adopt and implement GHS

United States OSHA proposed rulemaking at end of

2009. DOT has adopted some parts, still working on others.

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Uniform Communication

GHS Benefits

Better Safety

Improved International Trade

Lower cost

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Information required on a GHS label:

Pictograms

Signal words

Hazard statements

Precautionary statements and pictograms

Product identifier

Supplier information

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Globally Harmonized System

Resources

http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev02/02files_e.html

http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/presentation_e.htmlg g p g p

http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/ghs.html

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Lab Assessment Exercise

Part 3: Lab Assessments

Lab Assessment Exercise

Part 4: Lab Improvements

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Chemical Safety & Security - Fire protection

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