Inorganic elementsState the name of elementsState the function of each elements in

animal and plant cell

Water molecules

List the importance of water in the cell:

1. Biochemical reaction2. Solvent3. Transport medium4. Maintaining osmotic balance5. Support6. Moisture – alveoli7. Lubrication – mucus8. Maintaining body tempt

Organic compound in the cell

Basic element:C, H, O

• Always contain carbon and hydrogen

• Usually contain covalent bonds

• Usually large, unique molecules with complex functions

• Make up 40% of body mass

MonosaccharideDisaccharide

Polysaccharide

Carbohydrate

Carbohydrates Substances formed from C, H, and O Main function is source of energy for ATP

formation Forms only 2-3 % of total body weight

glycogen is storage in liver and muscle tissuesugar building blocks of DNA & RNA

(deoxyribose & ribose sugars)Only plants produce starch for energy storage

GlucoseFructose

Galactose

Monosaccharides

Characteristic of the monosaccharide

Water solubleCrystallization ColorlessSweet to taste

Food test:

SucroseMaltoseLactose

Disaccharide

Fatty acidGlycerol

List the importance of lipids

List the importance of proteins:

Amino acidEssential

Need to take by food

Can be synthesized by body

First class proteinFound in animals

Non-essential Almost found in

plantCan be synthesized

by our body

Peptide bond can be broken by:HeatDilute acidsEnzymes

Denaturation:Loss of three dimensional structure By heat or chemical

Polypeptide chain

Various protein structures

e.g.: hormone insulin

e.g.: hormone, antibodies, enzyme

e.g.: hemoglobin

DNA StructureHuge molecules containing C, H, O, N

and PA molecule of DNA is a chain of

nucleotidesNucleotide

nitrogenous base (A-G-T-C), a 5- carbon sugar, and a phosphate group

Answer:Answer:

1.1. Proteins:Proteins: most enzymesenzymes are proteinsproteins, primarily tertiarytertiary and quaternary structuresquaternary structures..

2.2. Catalyst:Catalyst: chemical agentchemical agent that acceleratesaccelerates a reaction without being permanently changed in the process.

3.3. Selective:Selective: enzymes are specific for which they will catalyzecatalyze (Specificity - depends (Specificity - depends upon 3D upon 3D shape).shape).

4.4. Recycled:Recycled: enzymes are reusable.

Work rapidlyNot destroyed after reactionCan work both directionExtremely specificDenatured by high temperatureSensitive to pH

““ase”ase” endings:

sucrasesucrase

maltasemaltase

lactaselactase

Name according to substrate it catalyst

A few enzymes are named before : pepsin, trypsin, rennin

Lock and key hypothesisEnzyme is specific to its substrateWhen pH change, the charge of active sites

change,

• Huge molecules containing C, H, O, N and phosphorus

• Each gene of our genetic material is a piece of DNA that controls the synthesis of a specific protein

• A molecule of DNA is a chain of nucleotides

• Nucleotide = nitrogenous base (A-G-T-C), a 5- carbon sugar, and a phosphate group

Factors affecting the rate of enzymatic reactions

pH [acidity and alkalinity]Enzymes are affected by changes in pHMost work best at pH 7A change of pH, will change the active site

charge of enzyme molecules, not able to form enzyme – substrate

complex

Rate of enzyme reaction

pH 71 14

Pepsin[stomach]

Amylase[mouth]

Amylase[duodenum]

Heat Most work best at optimum temperature

37 CExtreme heat (above) – denaturation of

enzyme molecule Active site altered – not able to form

enzyme – substrate complex In cold condition [below 20] – enzyme

inactive

TEMPT [c]

Rate of enzyme reaction

37 600

Substrate concentration

• If the concentration of substrate increase, the chance for enzyme-substrate collision will increase .

• When all active sites filled with substrate, the rate remains constant.

Rate of enzyme reaction

Substrate concentration

Enzyme concentration

• If the concentration of enzyme increase, the chance for enzyme-substrate collision will increase .

• When all substrate are used at one time, the rate remains constant.

Rate of enzyme reaction

Enzyme concentration

The effect of pH/ temperature on enzymatic activities

Design an experiment :

Enzymes in daily lifeState the use of enzyme in:

Food productionDairy industryBiological detergentTextile industryLeather industryPaper industry