Chemical level of organization. Most common elements in the body: Major elements: (96%) Hydrogen...
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Transcript of Chemical level of organization. Most common elements in the body: Major elements: (96%) Hydrogen...
Most common elements in the body:
Major elements: (96%) Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon
Lesser elements (3%) Phosphorus Calcium Sulfur Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Iron Potassium
The role of chemistry in the body
Cells need energy Get energy from food: carbs, protein, fats Bring raw material into cells
Metabolism: inside the cells
Anabolism: building; requires energy; ex: building protein from a.a
Catabolism: breakdown; releases energy to be converted to ATP
Organic compounds
Types: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, Contain carbon Large Contain carbon skeleton + functional groups
1. Carbohydrates
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates store energy. Classified by size
Types of carbs
Monosaccharides: smaller immediate energy source glucose fructose
Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides Broken down before absorbed sucrose (table sugar) (glucose + fructose) lactose
Types of carbohydrates (cont.) Polysaccharides:
very long sugars not sweet EX:
Glycogen: in humans, stored excess sugar in liver & skeletal muscles
starches: found in plants (potatoes, rice, corn) Cellulose: found in plants, “fiber”, protect plant cells
humans can not digest
2. lipids
20% of healthy adult Hydrophobic:–repel water Long-term energy storage. Too much can be harmful.
Types of lipids
a. triglycerides: 3 carbon backbone with three fatty acids attached
more energy than carbs and proteins Stored as adipose tissue
Types of triglycerides
saturated: solid at room temperature, “saturated” with hydrogen atoms.
Monounsaturated: contain less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in one or more of its fatty acid chains, avocados, nuts, olive oil, peanut oil
Polyunsaturated: even fewer hydrogen atoms, corn oil, sunflower oil, fish.
c. Steroids Hydrophobic, rings of carbon Ex: sex hormones: estrogen and
testosterone, vitamin D, cholesterol: found in membranes that surround cells (necessary, but too much is bad)
3. Proteins
composed of amino acids Contain C, H, O, N, & sometimes S. “folded” shape determines function Organisms use only 20 aa to make proteins-
Different combinations produce different proteins. Ex: hormones, antibodies, enzymes speed
up some reactions. Denature: unravel and lose shape
pH, salt, temp.
Protein catabolism
Breakdown releases nitrogen: recycled or converted to urea (by the liver) to be urinated.
If liver failure: inc. blood ammonia (NH3) levels (ammonia is toxic to brain cells)