Chemical InteractionsChemical Interactions

Investigation #1Investigation #1

Elements

Part 1Part 1

The Periodic Table

Big Idea #1

• An element is a basic substance that cannot be broken into simpler substances during chemical interactions.

Big Idea #2

• There are 90 naturally occurring elements on Earth.

Big Idea #3

• Elements combine to make all the substances on Earth.

Big Idea #4

• The periodic table of the elements is a chart that displays all of the naturally occurring and synthesized (man made) elements.

Big Idea #5

• The abundance of elements varies with location in the universe.

--- not the same amount everywhere you go.

THE ATOMTHE ATOM

ATOMIC ANATOMYATOMIC ANATOMY

• The simplest atom is made up of the following parts:

an electron cloud -- a nucleus – a proton –

a neutron -- an electron

ProtonsProtons

• Protons are located in the nucleus.

• Protons have a positive charge.

• Protons give an element its identity.

• The number of protons will not change.

• The number of protons is equal to the atomic number.

NeutronsNeutrons

• Neutrons are located in the nucleus.

• Neutrons have a neutral (no) charge.

• The number of neutrons in any element may change, this is called an ISOTOPE.

• Neutrons have the same mass as a proton.

ElectronsElectrons

• Electrons are located in the electron cloud.

• Electrons have a negative charge.

• Electrons are very energetic (they move a lot)

• Electrons have almost zero measurable mass.

Other notes…Other notes…

• The total number of protons equals the atomic number of an element.

• The total number of protons plus the total number of neutrons equals the atomic mass number of an element.

------------think about this carefully ?????

MetalsMetals

• Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.

• Metals are shiny with high melting points.

• Metals are ductile; they can be pulled into thin wires.

• Metals are malleable; they can be hammered into thin sheets.

NonmetalsNonmetals

• Poor conductors of heat and electricity.

• Usually have dull surfaces and low melting points.

• The solids are brittle; they break easily.

• Some gases, oxygen for example, are also considered nonmetals.

MetalloidsMetalloids

• Some elements do not fit easily into the metal or nonmetal category. Weird? Where do they belong?

--- Metalloids have some metallic properties and some nonmetallic properties. (may conduct heat but not that well)

HalogensHalogens

• Strongly nonmetallic elements.

• The most active nonmetals.

• Combine with metals to form salt compounds.

--- Example…..Chlorine gas (Halogen) combines with Sodium (metal) to form common table salt.

Noble GassesNoble Gasses

• All 6 members of this group are colorless gasses.

• These gases are the most nonreactive elements.

• All 6 are found in the atmosphere of Earth.

Rare Earth ElementsRare Earth Elements

• Lanthanoid Series – very shiny

soft malleable metals

very conductive

Actinoid Series – radioactive (unstable)

synthetic (made in lab)

Investigation #2Investigation #2

Substances

Part 1Part 1

Mystery Mixture

Big Idea #1

• A substance is a form of matter with a

unique composition and distinct properties.

Big Idea #2Big Idea #2

• A mixture is made when two or more substances physically (not chemically) combine.

- salad

- saltwater

- Gatorade

- peas and carrots

Part 2Part 2

Mixing Substances

Big Idea # 1

• Chemical names communicate information about the composition of substances.

Big Idea #2

• Chemical formulas communicate the composition of substances.

Big Idea #3

• A chemical reaction occurs when substances interact to form new substances (products).

Big Idea #4

• A chemical reaction provides evidence that starting substances change into new, different substances.

NotesNotes

• A substance is a form of matter.

• There are millions of different substances on Earth.

• Each substance is different from every other substance.

Mystery Mixture AnalysisMystery Mixture Analysis

• Which combinations of two substances resulted in fizzing? List all.

• Which two substances do you think make up the mystery mixture?

• What evidence do you have to support your conclusion?

Chemical ReactionChemical Reaction

• The process by which one or more substances may be transformed into one or more new substances.

Signals of a Chemical ReactionSignals of a Chemical Reaction

• Production of a gas. (bubbling/fizzing)

• Formation of a solid. (precipitate)

• Change in color.

• Production of heat and/or light.