Perry’sChemicalEngineers’HandbookABOUT THE EDITORSDon W. Green is Deane E. Ackers Distinguished Professor of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering andcodirector of the Tertiary Oil Recovery Project at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas, where he hastaught since 1964. He received his doctorate in chemical engineering in 1963 from the University ofOklahoma, where he was Dr. Perry’s first doctoral student. Dr. Green has won several teaching awards at theUniversity of Kansas, and he is a Fellow of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and an HonoraryMember of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. He is the author of numerous articles in technical journals.The late Robert H. Perry served as chairman of the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Universityof Oklahoma and program director for graduate research facilities at the National Science Research Foundation.He was a consultant to various United Nations and other international organizations. From 1973 until hisdeath in 1978, Dr. Perry devoted his time to a study of the cross impact of technologies within the next half century.The subjects under his investigation on a global basis were energy, minerals and metals, transportationand communications, medicine, food production, and the environment.Copyright © 2008, 1997, 1984, 1973, 1963, 1950, 1941, 1934 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.McGraw-HillNew YorkChicagoSan FranciscoLisbonLondonMadridMexico CityMilanNew DelhiSan JuanSeoulSingaporeSydneyTorontoPrepared by a staff of specialistsunder the editorial direction ofEditor-in-ChiefDon W. GreenDeane E. Ackers Distinguished Professor ofChemical and Petroleum Engineering,University of KansasLate EditorRobert H. Perry

PERRY’SCHEMICAL

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ProfessionalWant to learn more?ContentsFor the detailed contents of any section, consult the title page of thatsection. See also the alphabetical index in the back of the handbook.SectionConversion Factors and Mathematical Symbols James O. Maloney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Physical and Chemical Data Bruce E. Poling, George H. Thomson, Daniel G. Friend,Richard L. Rowley, W. Vincent Wilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Mathematics Bruce A. Finlayson, Lorenz T. Biegler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Thermodynamics Hendrick C. Van Ness, Michael M. Abbott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Heat and Mass Transfer Hoyt C. Hottel, James J. Noble, Adel F. Sarofim, Geoffrey D. Silcox,Phillip C. Wankat, Kent S. Knaebel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Fluid and Particle Dynamics James N. Tilton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Reaction Kinetics Tiberiu M. Leib, Carmo J. Pereira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Process Control Thomas F. Edgar, Cecil L. Smith, F. Greg Shinskey, George W. Gassman,Andrew W. R. Waite, Thomas J. McAvoy, Dale E. Seborg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Process Economics James R. Couper, Darryl W. Hertz, (Francis) Lee Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Transport and Storage of Fluids Meherwan P. Boyce, Victor H. Edwards, Terry W. Cowley,Timothy Fan, Hugh D. Kaiser, Wayne B. Geyer, David Nadel, Larry Skoda, Shawn Testone,Kenneth L. Walter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Heat-Transfer Equipment Richard L. Shilling, Patrick M. Bernhagen, Victor M. Goldschmidt,Predrag S. Hrnjak, David Johnson, Klaus D. Timmerhaus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying Larry R. Genskow, Wayne E. Beimesch,John P. Hecht, Ian C. Kemp, Tim Langrish, Christian Schwartzbach, (Francis) Lee Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Distillation M. F. Doherty, Z. T. Fidkowski, M. F. Malone, R. Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Equipment for Distillation, Gas Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase SeparationHenry Z. Kister, Paul M. Mathias, D. E. Steinmeyer, W. R. Penney, B. B. Crocker, James R. Fair . . . . . . . . 14Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Other Liquid-Liquid Operations and EquipmentTimothy C. Frank, Lise Dahuron, Bruce S. Holden, William D. Prince, A. Frank Seibert,Loren C. Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Adsorption and Ion Exchange M. Douglas LeVan, Giorgio Carta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Gas-Solid Operations and Equipment Mel Pell, James B. Dunson, Ted M. Knowlton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17vFor more information about this title, click hereLiquid-Solid Operations and Equipment Wayne J. Genck, David S. Dickey, Frank A. Baczek,Daniel C. Bedell, Kent Brown, Wu Chen, Daniel E. Ellis, Peter Harriott, Tim J. Laros, Wenping Li,James K. McGillicuddy, Terence P. McNulty, James Y. Oldshue, Fred Schoenbrunn, Julian C. Smith,Donald C. Taylor, Daniel R. Wells, Todd W. Wisdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Reactors Carmo J. Pereira, Tiberiu M. Leib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Alternative Separation Processes Michael E. Prudich, Huanlin Chen, Tingyue Gu,

Ram B. Gupta, Keith P. Johnston, Herb Lutz, Guanghui Ma, Zhiguo Su . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Solid-Solid Operations and Processing Bryan J. Ennis, Wolfgang Witt, Ralf Weinekötter,Douglas Sphar, Erik Gommeran, Richard H. Snow, Terry Allen, Grantges J. Raymus,James D. Litster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Waste Management Louis Theodore, Kenneth N. Weiss, John D. McKenna, (Francis) Lee Smith,Robert R. Sharp, Joseph J. Santoleri, Thomas F. McGowan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Process Safety Daniel A. Crowl, Laurence G. Britton, Walter L. Frank, Stanley Grossel,Dennis Hendershot, W. G. High, Robert W. Johnson, Trevor A. Kletz, Joseph C. Leung,David A. Moore, Robert Ormsby, Jack E. Owens, Richard W. Prugh, Carl A. Schiappa Richard Siwek,Thomas O. Spicer III, Angela Summers, Ronald Willey, John L. Woodward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization Walter F. Podolski, David K. Schmalzer,Vincent Conrad, Douglas E. Lowenhaupt, Richard A. Winschel, Edgar B. Klunder,Howard G. McIlvried III, Massood Ramezan, Gary J. Stiegel, Rameshwar D. Srivastava,John Winslow, Peter J. Loftus, Charles E. Benson, John M. Wheeldon, Michael Krumpelt,(Francis) Lee Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Materials of Construction Oliver W. Siebert, Kevin M. Brooks, Laurence J. Craigie,F. Galen Hodge, L. Theodore Hutton, Thomas M. Laronge, J. Ian Munro, Daniel H. Pope, Simon J. Scott,John G. Stoecker II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Index follows Section 25vi CONTENTSvii

ContributorsMichael M. Abbott, Ph.D. Deceased; Professor Emeritus, Howard P. Isermann Department ofChemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Sec. 4, Thermodynamics)Terry Allen, Ph.D. Senior Research Associate (retired), DuPont Central Research and Development(Sec. 21, Solid-Solid Operations and Processing)Frank A. Baczek, B.S.Ch.E.&Chem. Manager, Paste and Sedimentation Technology, Dorr-OliverEIMCO (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)Daniel C. Bedell, B.S.Ch.E. Global Market Manager E-CAT & Sedimentation, Dorr-Oliver EIMCO(Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)Wayne E. Beimesch, Ph.D. Technical Associate Director, Corporate Engineering, The Procter &Gamble Company (Sec. 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying)Charles E. Benson, M.Eng. Principal, ENVIRON International Corp. (Sec. 24, Energy Resources,Conversion, and Utilization)Patrick M. Bernhagen, P.E., B.S.M.E. Sales Manager—Fired Heater, Foster Wheeler NorthAmerica Corp. (Sec. 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)Lorenz T. Biegler, Ph.D. Bayer Professor of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University (Sec. 3,Mathematics)Meherwan P. Boyce, Ph.D., P.E. Chairman and Principal Consultant, The Boyce ConsultancyGroup, LLC (Sec. 10, Transport and Storage of Fluids)Laurence G. Britton, Ph.D. Process Safety Consultant; Consulting Scientist, Neolytica, Inc. (Sec. 23,Process Safety)Kevin M. Brooks, P.E., B.S.Ch.E. Vice President Engineering and Construction, Koch Knight LLC(Sec. 25, Materials of Construction)Kent Brown, B.S.Civ.E. Sedimentation Product Manager N.A., Dorr-Oliver EIMCO (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)Giorgio Carta, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia (Sec. 16,Adsorption and Ion Exchange)Huanlin Chen, M.Sc. Professor of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University(Sec. 20, Alternative Separation Processes)Copyright © 2008, 1997, 1984, 1973, 1963, 1950, 1941, 1934 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.Wu Chen, Ph.D. Fluid/Particle Specialist, Dow Chemical Company (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operationsand Equipment)Vincent Conrad, Ph.D. Group Leader, Technical Services Development, CONSOL Energy Inc.(Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)James R. Couper, D.Sc. Professor Emeritus, The Ralph E. Martin Department of ChemicalEngineering, University of Arkansas—Fayetteville (Sec. 9, Process Economics)Terry W. Cowley, B.S., M.A. Consultant, DuPont Engineering (Sec. 10, Transport and Storage ofFluids)Laurence J. Craigie, B.S.Chem. Composite Resources, LLC (Sec. 25, Materials of Construction)B. B. Crocker, P.E., S.M. Consulting Chemical Engineer (Sec. 14, Equipment for Distillation,Gas Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase Separation)Daniel A. Crowl, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University(Sec. 23, Process Safety)Lise Dahuron, Ph.D. Sr. Research Specialist, The Dow Chemical Company (Sec. 15, Liquid-LiquidExtraction and Other Liquid-Liquid Operations and Equipment)David S. Dickey, Ph.D. Senior Consultant, MixTech, Inc. (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations andEquipment)

M. F. Doherty, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of California—Santa Barbara(Sec. 13, Distillation)James B. Dunson, M.S. Principal Division Consultant (retired), E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co.(Sec. 17, Gas-Solid Operations and Equipment)Thomas F. Edgar, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas—Austin (Sec. 8,Process Control)Victor H. Edwards, Ph.D., P.E. Process Director, Aker Kvaerner, Inc. (Sec. 10, Transport and Storageof Fluids)Daniel E. Ellis, B.S.Ch.E. Product Manager, Sedimentation Centrifuges and Belt Presses, Krauss MaffeiProcess Technology, Inc. (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)Bryan J. Ennis, Ph.D. President, E&G Associates, Inc., and CEO, iPowder Systems, Inc.(Sec. 21, Solid-Solid Operations and Processing)James R. Fair, Ph.D., P.E. Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas (Sec. 14,Equipment for Distillation, Gas Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase Separation)Timothy Fan, P.E., M.Sc. Chief Project Engineer, Foster Wheeler USA (Sec. 10, Transport and Storageof Fluids)Z. T. Fidkowski, Ph.D. Process Engineer, Air Products and Chemicals Inc. (Sec. 13, Distillation)Bruce A. Finlayson, Ph.D. Rehnberg Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University ofWashington (Sec. 3, Mathematics)Timothy C. Frank, Ph.D. Research Scientist and Sr. Technical Leader, The Dow Chemical Company(Sec. 15, Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Other Liquid-Liquid Operations and Equipment)Walter L. Frank, P.E., B.S.Ch.E. Senior Consultant, ABS Consulting (Sec. 23, Process Safety)Daniel G. Friend National Institute of Standards and Technology (Sec. 2, Physical and Chemical Data)George W. Gassman, B.S.M.E. Senior Research Specialist, Final Control Systems, Fisher ControlsInternational, Inc. (Sec. 8, Process Control)Wayne J. Genck, Ph.D. President, Genck International (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations andEquipment)viii CONTRIBUTORSLarry R. Genskow Technical Director, Coroprate Engineering Technologies, The Procter & GambleCompany (Sec. 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying)Wayne B. Geyer, P.E. Executive Vice President, Steel Tank Institute and Steel Plate FabricatorsAssociation (Sec. 10, Transport and Storage of Fluids)Victor M. Goldschmidt, Ph.D., P.E. Professor Emeritus, Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University(Sec. 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)Erik Gommeran, Dr. sc. techn. Research Associate, DuPont Central Research and Development(Sec. 21, Solid-Solid Operations and Processing)Stanley Grossel, M.S.Ch.E. President, Process Safety & Design (Sec. 23, Process Safety)Tingyue Gu, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, Ohio University (Sec. 20, AlternativeSeparation Processes)Ram B. Gupta, Ph.D. Alumni (Chair) Professor of Chemical Engineering, Department of ChemicalEngineering, Auburn University (Sec. 20, Alternative Separation Processes)Peter Harriott, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, School of Chemical Engineering, Cornell University (Sec. 18,Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)John P. Hecht, Ph.D. Senior Engineer, The Procter & Gamble Company (Sec. 12, Psychrometry,Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying)Dennis Hendershot, M.S.Ch.E. Principal Process Safety Specialist, Chilworth Technology, Inc.(Sec. 23, Process Safety)Darryl W. Hertz, B.S. Manager, Front-End Loading and Value-Improving Practices Group, KBR(Sec. 9, Process Economics)W. G. High, C.Eng., B.Sc., F.I.Mech.E. Consultant, Burgoyne Consultants (Sec. 23, Process Safety)F. Galen Hodge, Ph.D. (Materials Engineering), P. E. Associate Director, Materials TechnologyInstitute (Sec. 25, Materials of Construction)Bruce S. Holden, M.S. Process Research Leader, The Dow Chemical Company (Sec. 15, Liquid-LiquidExtraction and Other Liquid-Liquid Operations and Equipment)Hoyt C. Hottel, S.M. Deceased; Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology (Sec. 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)Predrag S. Hrnjak, Ph.D., V.Res. Assistant Professor, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign;Principal Investigator—U of I Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center; Assistant Professor, University ofBelgrade (Sec. 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)L. Theodore Hutton, B.S.Mech.&Ind.Eng. Senior Business Development Engineer, ARKEMA, Inc.(Sec. 25, Materials of Construction)David Johnson, P.E., M.S.C.E. Heat Exchanger Specialist, A&A Technology, B.P. p.l.c. (Sec. 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)Robert W. Johnson, M.S.Ch.E. President, Unwin Company (Sec. 23, Process Safety)Keith P. Johnston, Ph.D., P.E. M. C. (Bud) and Mary Beth Baird Endowed Chair and Professor ofChemical Engineering, University of Texas (Austin) (Sec. 20, Alternative Separation Processes)Hugh D. Kaiser, P.E., B.S., MBA Principal Engineer, PB Energy Storage Services, Inc. (Sec. 10,Transport and Storage of Fluids)Ian C. Kemp, M.A. (Cantab), C.Eng. Senior Technical Manager, GlaxoSmithKline (Sec. 12,

Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying)Henry Z. Kister, M.E., C.Eng., C.Sc. Senior Fellow and Director of Fractionation Technology, FluorCorporation (Sec. 14, Equipment for Distillation, Gas Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase Separation)CONTRIBUTORS ixTrevor A. Kletz, D.Sc. Visiting Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, LoughboroughUniversity (U.K.); Adjunct Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University (Sec. 23,Process Safety)Edgar B. Klunder, Ph.D. Project Manager, National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Departmentof Energy (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)Kent S. Knaebel, Ph.D. President, Adsorption Research, Inc. (Sec. 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)Ted M. Knowlton, Ph.D. Technical Director, Particulate Solid Research, Inc. (Sec. 17, Gas-SolidOperations and Equipment)Michael Krumpelt, Ph.D. Manager, Fuel Cell Technology, Argonne National Laboratory (Sec. 24,Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)Tim Langrish, D.Phil. School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney(Australia) (Sec. 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying)Thomas M. Laronge, M.S.Phys.Chem. Director, Thomas M. Laronge, Inc. (Sec. 25, Materials ofConstruction)Tim J. Laros, M.S. Senior Process Consultant, Dorr-Oliver EIMCO (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operationsand Equipment)Tiberiu M. Leib, Ph.D. Principal Consultant, DuPont Engineering Research and Technology, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company (Sec. 7, Reaction Kinetics; Sec. 19, Reactors)Joseph C. Leung, Ph.D. President, Leung Inc. (Sec. 23, Process Safety)M. Douglas LeVan, Ph.D. J. Lawrence Wilson Professor of Engineering, Department of ChemicalEngineering, Vanderbilt University (Sec. 16, Adsorption and Ion Exchange)Wenping Li, Ph.D. R&D Manager, Agrilectric Research Company (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operationsand Equipment)James D. Litster, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland(Sec. 21, Solid-Solid Operations and Processing)Peter J. Loftus, D.Phil. Principal, ENVIRON International Corp. (Sec. 24, Energy Resources,Conversion, and Utilization)Douglas E. Lowenhaupt, M.S. Group Leader, Coke Laboratory, CONSOL Energy Inc. (Sec. 24,Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)Herb Lutz Consulting Engineer, Millipore Corporation (Sec. 20, Alternative Separation Processes)Guanghui Ma, Ph.D. Professor, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of ProcessEngineering, CAS, Beijing, China (Sec. 20, Alternative Separation Processes)M. F. Malone, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical Engineering and Dean of Engineering, University ofMassachusetts—Amherst (Sec. 13, Distillation)James O. Maloney, Ph.D., P.E. Emeritus Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Kansas(Sec. 1, Conversion Factors and Mathematical Symbols)Paul M. Mathias, Ph.D. Technical Director, Fluor Corporation (Sec. 14, Equipment for Distillation,Gas Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase Separation)Thomas J. McAvoy, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland—College Park(Sec. 8, Process Control)James K. McGillicuddy, B.S.M.E. Product Manager, Filtration Centrifuges and Filters, KraussMaffei Process Technology, Inc. (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)Thomas F. McGowan, P.E. President, TMTS Associates (Sec. 22, Waste Management)x CONTRIBUTORSHoward G. McIlvried III, Ph.D. Consulting Engineer, Science Applications InternationalCorporation, National Energy Technology Laboratory (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, andUtilization)John D. McKenna, Ph.D. President and Chairman, ETS International, Inc. (Sec. 22, WasteManagement)Terence P. McNulty, Ph.D. President, T. P. McNulty and Associates, Inc. (Sec. 18, Liquid-SolidOperations and Equipment)David A. Moore, MBA, B.Sc. President, AcuTech Consulting Group (Sec. 23, Process Safety)J. Ian Munro, P.E., B.A.Sc.E.E. Senior Consultant, Corrosion Probes, Inc. (Sec. 25, Materials ofConstruction)David Nadel, P.E., M.S. Senior Principal Mechanical Engineer, Aker Kvaerner, Inc. (Sec. 10,Transport and Storage of Fluids)James J. Noble, Ph.D., P.E., CE [UK] Research Affiliate, Department of Chemical Engineering,Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Sec. 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)James Y. Oldshue, Ph.D. Deceased; President, Oldshue Technologies International, Inc.; AdjunctProfessor of Chemical Engineering at Beijing Institute of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China (Sec. 18,Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)Robert Ormsby, M.S.Ch.E. Process Safety Consultant (Sec. 23, Process Safety)Jack E. Owens, B.E.E. Electrostatics Consultant, E. I. Dupont de Nemours and Co. (Sec. 23, ProcessSafety)Mel Pell, Ph.D. President, ESD Consulting Services (Sec. 17, Gas-Solid Operations and Equipment)

W. R. Penney, Ph.D., P.E. Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas (Sec. 14,Equipment for Distillation, Gas Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase Separation)Carmo J. Pereira, Ph.D., MBA DuPont Fellow, DuPont Engineering Research and Technology,E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (Sec. 7, Reaction Kinetics; Sec. 19, Reactors)Walter F. Podolski, Ph.D. Chemical Engineer, Electrochemical Technology Program, ArgonneNational Laboratory (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)Bruce E. Poling Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo (Sec. 2, Physical andChemical Data)Daniel H. Pope, Ph.D. (Microbiology) President and Owner, Bioindustrial Technologies, Inc.(Sec. 25, Materials of Construction)William D. Prince, M.S. Process Engineering Associate, The Dow Chemical Company (Sec. 15,Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Other Liquid-Liquid Operations and Equipment)Michael E. Prudich, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical Engineering, Ohio University (Sec. 20, AlternativeSeparation Processes)Richard W. Prugh, M.S.P.E., C.S.P. Senior Process Safety Specialist, Chilworth Technology, Inc.(Sec. 23, Process Safety)Massood Ramezan, Ph.D., P.E. Program Manager, Science Applications International Corporation,National Energy Technology Laboratory (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)Grantges J. Raymus, M.E., M.S. President, Raymus Associates, Inc.; Manager of PackagingEngineering (retired), Union Carbide Corporation (Sec. 21, Solid-Solid Operations and Processing)Richard L. Rowley Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University (Sec. 2, Physicaland Chemical Data)Joseph J. Santoleri, P.E. Senior Consultant, RMT Inc. & Santoleri Associates (Sec. 22, WasteManagement)CONTRIBUTORS xiAdel F. Sarofim, Sc.D. Presidential Professor of Chemical Engineering, Combustion, and Reactors,University of Utah (Sec. 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)Carl A. Schiappa, B.S.Ch.E. Retired, The Dow Chemical Company (Sec. 23, Process Safety)David K. Schmalzer, Ph.D., P.E. Fossil Energy Program Manager, Argonne National Laboratory(Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)Fred Schoenbrunn, B.S.Ch.E. Product Manager for Minerals Sedimentation, Dorr-Oliver EIMCO(Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)Christian Schwartzbach, M.Sc. Manager, Technology Development (retired), Niro A/S (Sec. 12,Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying)Simon J. Scott, B.S.Ch.E. President and Principal, Scott & Associates (Sec. 25, Materials ofConstruction)Dale E. Seborg, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of California—Santa Barbara(Sec. 8, Process Control)A. Frank Seibert, Ph.D., P.E. Technical Manager, Separations Research Program, The University ofTexas at Austin (Sec. 15, Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Other Liquid-Liquid Operations and Equipment)Robert R. Sharp, Ph.D., P.E. Professor of Environmental Engineering, Manhattan College;Environmental Consultant (Sec. 22, Waste Management)Richard L. Shilling, P.E., B.S.M., B.E.M.E. Vice President of Engineering, Koch Heat TransferCompany LP (Sec. 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)F. Greg Shinskey, B.S.Ch.E. Consultant (retired from Foxboro Co.) (Sec. 8, Process Control)Oliver W. Siebert, P.E., B.S.M.E. Affiliate Professor of Chemical Engineering, WashingtonUniversity, St. Louis, Mo.; Director, North Central Research Institute; President and Principal, SiebertMaterials Engineering, Inc. (Sec. 25, Materials of Construction)Geoffrey D. Silcox, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical Engineering, Combustion, and Reactors, Universityof Utah (Sec. 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)Richard Siwek, M.S. Managing Director, President, FireEx Consultant Ltd. (Sec. 23, Process Safety)Larry Skoda, P.E. Principal Piping Engineer, Aker Kvaerner, Inc. (Sec. 10, Transport and Storage ofFluids)Cecil L. Smith, Ph.D. Principal, Cecil L. Smith Inc. (Sec. 8, Process Control)(Francis) Lee Smith, Ph.D., M.Eng. Principal, Wilcrest Consulting Associates, Houston, Texas(Sec. 9, Process Economics; Sec. 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying; Sec. 22, WasteManagement; Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)Julian C. Smith, B.Chem.&Ch.E. Professor Emeritus, School of Chemical Engineering, CornellUniversity (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)Richard H. Snow, Ph.D. Engineering Advisor, IIT Research Institute (retired) (Sec. 21, Solid-SolidOperations and Processing)Douglas Sphar, Ph.D. Research Associate, DuPont Central Research and Development (Sec. 21,Solid-Solid Operations and Processing)Thomas O. Spicer III, Ph.D., P.E. Professor and Head, Ralph E. Martin Department of ChemicalEngineering, University of Arkansas (Sec. 23, Process Safety)Rameshwar D. Srivastava, Ph.D. Principal Engineer, Science Applications International Corporation,National Energy Technology Laboratory (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)D. E. Steinmeyer, P.E., M.A., M.S. Distinguished Fellow, Monsanto Company (retired) (Sec. 14,Equipment for Distillation, Gas Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase Separation)

xii CONTRIBUTORSGary J. Stiegel, P.E., M.S. Technology Manager, National Energy Technology Laboratory,U.S. Department of Energy (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)John G. Stoecker II, B.S.M.E. Principal Consultant, Stoecker & Associates (Sec. 25, Materials ofConstruction)Zhiguo Su, Ph.D. Professor and Director, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute ofProcess Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China (Sec. 20, Alternative Separation Processes)Angela Summers, Ph.D., P.E. President, SIS-TECH; Adjunct Professor, Department ofEnvironmental Management, University of Houston—Clear Lake (Sec. 23, Process Safety)Donald C. Taylor, B.S.Eng.Geol., M.S.Civ.E. Process Manager Industrial Water & WastewaterTechnology, Dorr-Oliver EIMCO (Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)R. Taylor, Ph.D. Professor of Chemical Engineering, Clarkson University (Sec. 13, Distillation)Shawn Testone Product Manager, De Dietrich Process Systems (Sec. 10, Transport and Storage ofFluids)Louis Theodore, Eng.Sc.D. Professor of Chemical Engineering, Manhattan College (Sec. 22, WasteManagement)George H. Thomson AIChE Design Institute for Physical Properties (Sec. 2, Physical and ChemicalData)James N. Tilton, Ph.D., P.E. Principal Consultant, Process Engineering, E. I. du Pont de Nemours &Co. (Sec. 6, Fluid and Particle Dynamics)Klaus D. Timmerhaus, Ph.D., P.E. Professor and President’s Teaching Scholar, University ofColorado (Sec. 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)Hendrick C. Van Ness, D.Eng. Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and BiologicalEngineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Sec. 4, Thermodynamics)Andrew W. R. Waite, P.Eng. Principal Process Control Consultant, EnTech Control, a Division ofEmerson Electric Canada (Sec. 8, Process Control)Kenneth L. Walter, Ph.D. Process Manager—Technology, Aker Kvaerner, Inc. (Sec. 10, Transport andStorage of Fluids)Phillip C. Wankat, Ph.D. Clifton L. Lovell Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering, PurdueUniversity (Sec. 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)Ralf Weinekötter, Dr. sc. techn. Managing Director, Gericke AG, Switzerland (Sec. 21, Solid-SolidOperations and Processing)Kenneth N. Weiss, P.E., Diplomate AAEE Partner and North American Director of ComplianceAssurance, ERM (Sec. 22, Waste Management)Daniel R. Wells, B.S.Ind.E., MBA Product Manager Sedimentation Products, Dorr-Oliver EIMCO(Sec. 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)John M. Wheeldon, Ph.D. Electric Power Research Institute (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion,and Utilization)W. Vincent Wilding Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University (Sec. 2, Physicaland Chemical Data)Ronald Willey, Ph.D., P.E. Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University(Sec. 23, Process Safety)Loren C. Wilson, B.S. Sr. Research Specialist, The Dow Chemical Company (Sec. 15, Liquid-LiquidExtraction and Other Liquid-Liquid Operations and Equipment)Richard A. Winschel, B.S. Director, Research Services, CONSOL Energy Inc. (Sec. 24, EnergyResources, Conversion, and Utilization)CONTRIBUTORS xiiiJohn Winslow, M.S. Technology Manager, National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Departmentof Energy (Sec. 24, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)Todd W. Wisdom, M.S.Ch.E. Global Filtration Product Manager, Dorr-Oliver EIMCO (Sec. 18,Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)Wolfgang Witt, Dr. rer. nat. Technical Director, Sympatec GmbH–System Partikel Technik (Sec. 21,Solid-Solid Operations and Processing)John L. Woodward, Ph.D. Senior Principal Consultant, Baker Engineering and Risk Consultants,Inc. (Sec. 23, Process Safety)xiv CONTRIBUTORSxv

Preface to theEighth EditionPerry’s has been an important source of information related to the fundamentals and practice of chemical engineeringsince it was first published in 1934, with John H. Perry both the initiator and editor. Several chemicalengineers, serving as editor- or coeditor-in-chief, have guided the preparation of the different editions over theyears. These include John H. Perry (first to third editions), Robert H. Perry (fourth to sixth editions), Cecil H.Chilton (fourth and fifth editions), Sidney D. Kirkpatrick (fourth edition), Don W. Green (sixth to eighth editions)and James O. Maloney (sixth and seventh editions). Robert H. Perry was also listed as an editor for the

seventh edition, and is listed again as an editor for the current edition, although his tragic death occurred duringthe preparation of the sixth edition. Many of the ideas developed through his leadership during preparationof earlier editions carried over to the seventh and eighth editions. I owe much to the friendship andmentoring of Bob Perry.The organization of this eighth edition is much the same as for the seventh edition, although content changesare extensive. The first group of sections includes comprehensive tables with units conversions and fundamentalconstants, physical and chemical data, methods to predict properties, and fundamentals of mathematicsmost useful to engineers. The second group, comprising the fourth through the ninth sections, coversfundamentals of chemical engineering. The third and largest group of sections deals with processes, such asheat-transfer operations, distillation, gas-liquid processes, chemical reactors, and liquid-liquid processes. Thelast group covers auxiliary information including waste management, safety and the handling of hazardousmaterials, energy sources, and materials of construction. All sections have been updated to cover the latestadvances in technology related to chemical engineering. As there are a significant number of new section editors,the material in the Handbook has been extensively revised. Section 2, which covers physical and chemicaldata, has been expanded by well over 100 pages to include, among other new information, data from theAIChE Design Institute for Physical Properties.A large number of section editors and contributors worked on this eighth edition, and these persons and theiraffiliations are listed as a part of the front material. Many of these authors are Fellows of the AIChE. I wouldlike to recognize two of these colleagues, Dr. Michael M. Abbott and Dr. James Y. Oldshue, who passed awaywhile this work was being prepared. They will be missed. A number of chemical engineering students at theUniversity of Kansas assisted in the preparation of the index. They are Jonathan Ashley, Andrew Becker,Jonathan Bunn, Don Claus, Andrew Duncan, Meghan Easter, Bill Eckman, Justin Ellrich, Mehrdad Hosni,Kaitlyn Kelly, Jennifer Lawrence, Casey Morris, Chris Roatch, Chris Sharpe, Jeremy Steeley, Daniel Theimer,and Nick Willis. In addition, Maxine Younes, Susan Bolton, and my wife Patricia Green provided extensive secretarialassistance.DON W. GREENEditor-in-ChiefUniversity of KansasCopyright © 2008, 1997, 1984, 1973, 1963, 1950, 1941, 1934 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

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IndexAbinito methods, computational chemistry, 7-38absolute humidity, 12-4 to 12-5, 12-26absorption, multicomponent systems, 14-18to 14-19absorption, pollutants, 22-38absorption with chemical reaction, 14-20 to14-25applicability of physical design methods, 14-22design strategy, 14-20dominant effects in absorption with chemicalreactions, 14-20mass transfer and kinetic models, parameterizationof, 14-25rigorous computer-based absorber design, 14-24scaling up from laboratory data, 14-23thermodynamic model for physical and chemicalequilibrium, 14-25absorptivity, 5-19 to 5-20radiant volume, 5-35water vapor, 5-32accounting equation, 9-4accumulated depreciation, 9-5accumulated retained earnings, 9-6acentric factor, 2-473 to 2-475acetic acid:Antoine vapor pressure, 13-14BIP data, 13-13acetic-acid/water separation, 15-8acetone:absorption in water, 14-17Antoine vapor pressure, 13-14BIP data, 13-13residue curve, 13-90residue map, 13-79thermodynamic properties, 2-209 to 2-210VLE data, 13-7, 13-9acetylene, saturated, thermodynamic properties,2-186, 2-210acid catalyzed isomerization, 7-15acrylonitrile, 17-17

activated complex, 7-14activation energy, 7-6activation overpotential, 7-32activity, 12-26, 12-28actuator, 8-76 to 8-77, 8-84A/D converter, 8-66A/D integrating, 8-66adaptive control, 8-26adiabatic adsorption, breakthrough curves, 16-33 to16-34adiabatic saturation temperature, 12-5adjusted propagation velocity, 16-46adsorbed-solution theory, 16-15adsorbents:classification, 16-8physical properties, 16-10adsorption:equipment:adsorber vessel, 16-61 to 16-63cycle control, 16-64design, 16-61hypersorption, 16-66PuraSiv HR vessel, 16-66regeneration, 16-63continuous countercurrent systems, 16-64cross-flow systems, 16-64pollutants, 22-37pressure-swing, 16-50process descriptors, 16-60process selection matrix, 16-60reaction rates, 7-19temperature swing, 16-49UOP nine-bed polybed PSA H2 unit, 16-65adsorption and ion exchange:adsorbents and ion exchangers, 16-8 to 16-9batch adsorption, 16-27 to 16-30chromatography, 16-38 to 16-48conservation equations, 16-17 to 16-18design consepts, 16-4 to 16-7equipment, 16-61 to 16-67fixed-bed transitions, 16-31 to 16-38process cycles, 16-49 to 16-60rate and dispersion factors, 16-18 to 16-25sorption equilibrium, 16-11 to 16-14adsorption cycles:energy application, 16-58hybrid recycle systems, 16-58steam regeneration, 16-58adsorption equilibrium, 7-16adsorption-desorption, rapid, 16-25adsorption-rate controlling, reaction kinetics, 7-18adsorptive bubble separation methods:adsorption:factors affecting, 20-31limiting equations, 20-31 to 20-33bubble fractionation, 20-34 to 20-35adsorptive bubble separation methods (Cont.):definition and classification, 20-30 to 20-31foam-column theory:breaking, 20-34coalescence, 20-34drainage and overflow, 20-34equations, 20-32 to 20-33operation, 20-33aerobic, biocatalysis, 7-18aerobic fermentation, 7-30aerodynamic diameter, 17-24affinity laws, 10-36agglomerated materials, fracture properties,21-103agglomeration processes, 21-82breakage and attrition, 21-100fracture measurements, 21-101fracture properties, 21-101mechanisms of attrition and breakage, 21-102classification, 21-91growth and consolidation, 21-89deformability and interparticle forces, 21-92deformability and wet mass rheology, 21-93

granule consolidation and densification,21-99granule deformability, 21-89high agitation intensity growth, 21-96low agitation intensity, 21-95types of granule growth, 21-90paste extrusion, 21-108compaction in a channel, 21-108drag-induced flow in straight channels, 21-108paste rheology, 21-108powder compaction, 21-103compact density, 21-105compact strength, 21-105compaction cycles, 21-107compaction pressure, 21-105controlling powder compaction, 21-108hiestand tableting indices, 21-107powder feeding, 21-104stress transmission, 21-106wetting, 21-82examples of the impact of wetting, 21-86mechanics of the wetting rate process, 21-82methods of measurement, 21-83nucleation and wetting, regimes, 21-86air, dry, thermodynamic properties, 2-215Copyright © 2008, 1997, 1984, 1973, 1963, 1950, 1941, 1934 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.2 INDEXair, thermodynamic properties, 2-211 to 2-214air conditioning:equipment, 11-77 to 11-78central systems, 11-77load calculation, 11-77unitary refrigerant-based systems, 11-77ventilation, 11-76air cooler, wet surface, 12-17, 12-22 to 12-25application, 12-24configuration, 12-23air pollutants, general, 22-28control-equipment selection, 22-36effects of air pollutants, 22-31estimating emissions from sources, 22-31gaseous pollutants, 22-28particulate pollutants, 22-29source-control-problem strategy, 22-35air pollutants, hazardous, 22-11 to 22-12air quality standards, 22-6air spring effect, 8-86alarm, rate of change, 8-67alarms, 8-67algebra, elementary:binomial theorem, 3-8operations, 3-8 to 3-9permutations, combinations, and probability,3-10progressions, 3-9 to 3-10theory of equations, 3-10 to 3-11cubic, 3-10determinants, 3-11factor theorem, 3-10fundamental theorem of algebra, 3-10linear, 3-10quadratic, 3-10remainder theorem, 3-10algebraic inequalities, 3-5 to 3-6arithmetic-geometric inequality, 3-5Carleman’s inequality, 3-5Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, 3-5Holder’s inequality, 3-5Lagrange’s inequality, 3-5Minkowski’s inequality, 3-5alkyl chloride, 17-17allocated capital, 9-10, 9-17alphabet, Greek, 1-18Ambose-Walton modification of Lee-Kesler vaporpressure equations, 2-473 to 2-475ammonia, thermodynamic properties, 2-217to 2-219amortization, 9-22amplifier network, 8-84

anabolic, 7-31anaerobic fermentations, 7-18analog input and output channels, 8-65, 8-72analog signal transmission, 8-65analytical geometry, plane:asymptotes, 3-12conic sections, 3-12coordinate systems, 3-11parametric equations, 3-13straight line, 3-11 to 3-12analyzer controller, 8-43angles and sides of triangles relations, 3-17 to 3-18angular displacement, 8-89annular liquid separation bed, 16-67anode, electrochemical reactions, 7-32Antoine equation, 12-5API gravity, 13-99approximation identities, mathmatical, 3-43argon, thermodynamic properties, 2-221 to 2-223argon-nitrogen-oxygen system, liquid vaporequilibrium data, 2-224 to 2-227aromatic extracting, simplified, 15-9Arrhenius equation, 7-6ASME boiler and pressure code section VIII, division1, quick reference guide, 10-153 to 10-154ASME B16.5 flanges, dimensions of, 10-83 to 10-86assets, 9-5current assets, 9-5accounts receivable, 9-5cash, 9-5cash equivalents, 9-5inventories, 9-5marketable securities, 9-5prepaid expenses, 9-5fixed assets, 9-5net property and equipment, 9-5total property, plaant, and equipment, 9-5total assets, 9-5, 9-6Assman psychrometer, 12-6asymtotic solution, 16-35atmosphere, international standard, thermodynamicproperties, 2-228atmospheric dust concentrations, 17-52atomizers, 14-94autocatalysis, 7-16autocatalytic reaction, 7-16autoignition temperature, 2-515 to 2-517automation, 8-94automation projects, 8-29autotune function, 8-26auto-tuning, 8-69azeotropic mixtures:definition of, 13-6heterogenous, 13-6 to 13-7, 13-68homogenous, 13-6 to 13-7, 13-68maximum boiling, 13-7, 13-68minimum boiling, 13-7, 13-68reactive, 13-94, 13-95backpressure, 8-78baffle towers, 15-80baffles, trays, 14-35balance sheet, 9-4, 9-5, 9-6bancroft point, 13-68band compression factor, 16-45BASIC, 8-70batch dryers, control, 8-46batch process control, 8-46batch reactor control, 8-51batch reactors, 7-34electrical or thermal conductivity, 7-31light adsorption, 7-34polarography, 7-34viscosity of polymerization, 7-34bearings, 10-65 to 10-67thrust bearings, 10-66plain washer, 10-67taper land, 10-67temperature characterisitcs, 10-68tilting pad, 10-67

thrust-bearing power loss, 10-67types of bearings, 10-65circumferential grooved, 10-65comparison of, 10-66cylindrical bore, 10-65lemon bore or elliptical, 10-66offset halves, 10-66plain journal, 10-65pressure or pressure dam, 10-65three-lobe, 10-66tilt-pad, 10-66bed profiles, 16-33beds of solids, 6-39 to 6-40fixed beds of granular solids, 6-39fluidized beds, 6-40porous media, 6-39 to 6-40tower packing, 6-40bellows element, 8-59benzene:Antoine vapor pressure, 13-14thermodynamic properties, 2-229 to 2-230Txy diagram, 13-8x-y diagram, 13-8Bernoulli relationship, flow control calculation,8-80Bernoulli’s equation, 8-9Bhelousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, 7-39binary input, digital technology, 8-70binary signal, pseudo random, 8-12biocatalysis, 7-18biochemical reactions, 7-30balanced growth, 7-30mechanism, 7-31yield coefficients, 7-31biochemical separation processes:background, 20-71 to 20-73final purification, 20-79 to 20-83alternative columns, 20-82chromatographic development, 20-81to 20-82column packings, 20-82scale-up of liquid chromatography, 20-83schematic, 20-80sequencing of chromatographic steps,20-83types of chromatography, 20-79 to 20-81initial product harvest and concentration, 20-73to 20-76cell disruption, 20-73 to 20-74clarification methods, 20-75 to 20-76protein refolding, 20-74 to 20-75selection of unit operation, 20-76initial purification:adsorption, 29-78liquid-liquid partitioning, 20-76 to 20-78membrane ultrafiltration, 20-78precipitation, 20-76integration of unit operations, 20-84product polishing and formulation, 20-83drying, 20-83lyophilization, 20-83biological APC technologies, 22-48 to 22-51biofilters, 22-50biofiltration, 22-48bioscrubbers, 22-50biotrickling filters, 22-51biological systems, 7-30kinetics, 7-31mechanisms, 7-31yield coefficients, 7-31biomass:biochemical reactions, 7-30See also solid wastesbioreactors, 7-18, 7-35batch, 7-35CSTR, 7-35chemostat, 7-35dilution rate, 7-35semibatch, 7-35

Biot number, 16-30BIPS binary interaction parameters, 13-13black-body behavior, 8-58blending:chemical reactions, 18-16high viscosity systems, 18-15block diagrams, use in modeling, 8-8block-diagram analysis, 8-22blowdown calculation, 12-20boil up/bottom flow ratio, 8-43boilers, 24-35 to 24-41design issues, 24-36circulation and heat transfer, 24-36INDEX 3boilers (Cont.):fluidized-bed:bubbling FBCs, 24-39circulating FBCs, 24-40 to 24-41industrial:boiler band, 24-37design parameters and criteria, 24-38fire-tube boilers, 24-39fuel consumption, 24-38package boilers, 24-39solid-waste fuels burned, 24-38utility steam generators:economics, 24-37fuel characteristics, 24-37reheat cycle, 24-37steam-generator circulation system, 24-37superheaters and reheaters, 24-37boiling, 5-14 to 5-15coefficients, 5-15film boiling, 5-15maximum heat flux, 5-15nucleate boiling, 5-14 to 5-15pool boiling, 5-14boiling point:curve, 13-101initial (IBP), 13-99true (TBP), 13-100boiling point, normal, 2-471 to 2-476calculation methods, 2-471 to 2-473Nannoolal method, 2-471 to 2-473Pailhes method, 2-472group contributions for Nannoolal method,2-474intermolecular interaction corrections, 2-476bolometer, detector, 8-62bonnets, 8-75booster relays, 8-90bottom products, 8-42boundary layer flows, 6-40 to 6-41continuous cylindrical surface, 6-41continuous flat surface, 6-41cylindrical boundary layer, 6-41flat plate, zero angle of incidence, 6-40 to 6-41bourdon tube, 8-57, 8-59broad-spectrum noise, 8-81bromine, saturated, thermodynamic properties,2-231bubble point temperature, def, 13-15bubble tube, 8-61budget control, 9-10burst mode, 8-87butanes:K-value versus pressure, 13-12thermodynamic properties, 2-232 to 2-233butanol, 13-86Antoine vapor pressure, 13-14BIP data, 13-13VLE data, 13-9butene:cis-2:thermodynamic properties, 2-236 to 2-237thermodynamic properties, 2-234 to 2-235Butler-Volmer equation, electrochemical reaction,7-33butryil acid, BIP data, 13-13

butterfly valve, 8-75bypass valve, 8-90calcinations, 17-17 to 17-18calciner, fluid-bed, 17-18calibration of a measurement device, 8-55calorimetry, 7-35capacitance probes, 8-60capillary flow, 12-26capital cost estimation, 9-10 to 9-17carbon dioxide:absorption in NaOH, 14-21solubility in MEA, 14-8thermodynamic properties, 2-240 to 2-244,2-200carbon 1⁄2Mo steel (group 1.5 materials), pressuretemperatureratings, 10-109carbon steel (group 1.1 materials), pressuretemperatureratings for, 10-108carbon steel materials, tabular values for minimumtemperatures without impact testing for,10-128 to 10-129carbon tetrachloride:Antoine vapor pressure, 13-14BIP data, 13-13saturated:thermodynamic properties, 2-245carbon tetrafluoride (R14), saturated thermodynamicproperties, 2-245carbonyl sulfide, thermodynamic properties, 2-246to 2-247cascade control, 8-24cascade factor, 12-74cash flow, 9-27cumulative cash position plot, 9-28example of, 9-11, 9-29cumulative cash position, 9-27example of, 9-25, 9-28catabolic pathway, biological reactions,7-31catalysis, 7-9, 8-44solid, 7-16catalyst deactivation, 7-22catalyst poisoning, 7-22catalysts, solid, 7-35effectiveness, 7-35catalytic cracking, 7-16catalytic reactions, 7-9biocatalysis, 7-18fluid-solid, 7-16gas-liquid solid, 7-28gas-solid, 7-19heterogeneous, 7-10homogeneous, 7-10solid, 7-16solid-liquid, 7-18catalytic reactors:fixed beds, 19-30 to 19-33heterogeneous 1D model, 19-32heterogeneous 2D model, 19-32 to19-33homogeneous 1D model, 19-31homogeneous 2D model, 19-31 to19-32thermal conductivity, 19-32wall heat transfer, 19-32fluidized beds, 19-33 to 19-36monolith catalysts, 19-27 to 19-30types of, 19-29moving beds, 19-33examples, 19-35multifunctional reactor, 19-36slurry reactors, 19-36transport reactors, 19-36wire gauzes, 19-27cathode, chemical reduction at, 7-32cation and anion exchangers, 16-15cavitations, pump behavior, 8-82centrifugal filtration:costs:

purchase, 18-140installation, 18-141maintenance, 18-142labor, 18-142centrifugal filtration (Cont.):filtering, 18-140moisture, residual, 18-139rate of filtration, 18-138sedimentation, 18-140theory, 18-138centrifugal force:industrial centrifuges, 18-118variation w/rpm, 18-119centrifugal pump, 8-91centrifugal separation, principles diagram, 18-116centrifugal separator, 15-92centrifuge equipment, photos and sketches:bottom unloading vertical basket, 18-130bowls, disk stack, 18-123cylindrical-conical screen-bowl, 18-126disc stack, 18-122installation, vertical basket, 18-130inverted filter, 18-133 to 18-134peeler cross section, 18-131pharma peeler, 18-133pusher cross section, 18-136pusher process steps, 18-137pusher product moisture gradient, 18-138pusher solids transport representation, 18-137scroll screen, 18-135sedicanter, 18-125siphon peeler cross section, 18-132sorticanter, 18-126three-phase decanter, 18-125top unloading vertical basket, 18-129top-suspended, vertical, 18-131two-phase decanter, 18-122, 18-124centrifuge equipment:batch filtering centrifuges, 18-127 to 18-133bottom unloading vertical basket centrifuges,18-128horizontal peeler centrifuge, 18-29 to 18-131inverting filter centrifuge, 18-133pharma peeler centrifuge, 18-132 to 18-133pressurized siphon peeler centrifuge, 18-132siphon peeler centrifuge, 18-131 to 18-132top suspended vertical centrifuges, 18-128to 18-129top unloading vertical basket centrifuges,18-128continuous filtering centrifuges, 18-133centrifugal filtration theory, 18-138cylindrical or conical pusher centrifuge,18-138multi-stage pusher centrifuges, 18-136single-stage pusher centrifuges, 18-136costs, 18-140 to 18-142expression, 18-143 to 18-146filtering centrifuges, 18-127introduction, 18-115general principles, 18-115 to 18-118cake conveyance power, 18-117cake dryness, 18-116cake liquid saturation, 18-116cake porosity, 18-116centrifuge rotor stress, 18-117centripetal and centrifugal acceleration,18-115clarification, 18-115classification, 18-115Coriolis acceleration, 18-115critical speeds, 18-117dewatering or deliquoring, 18-116Ekman layers, 18-115Ekman number, 18-115feed acceleration power, 18-117g-acceleration, 18-117g-level, 18-115momentum transfer, 18-115

4 INDEXcentrifuge equipment, general principles (Cont.):performance criteria, 18-116polymer dosage, 18-116power consumption, 18-16recovery, 18-116Rossby number, 18-115sedimentation and filtering centrifuges, 18-115solids purity, 18-117thickening, 18-115throughput capacity, 18-117vibrational harmonics, 18-117 to 18-118volumentric and solids throughput, 18-117wash ratio, 18-117yield, 18-17sedimentation centrifuges, 18-118 to 18-127Amblers sigma factor, 18-127cake-slurry interface, 18-120centrifugal gravity, 18-118continuous centrifugal sedimentation theory,18-126 to 18-127decanter centrifuges, 18-121 to 18-125disc nozzle centrifuges, 18-120 to 18-121imperforate bowl test, 18-119 to 18-120knife-discharge centrifugal clarifers, 18-120to 18-121liquid-slurry interface, 18-120manual disc stack centrifuges, 18-120multichamber centrifuges, 18-120screenbowl centrifuges, 18-125 to 18-126sedicanter, 18-125self-cleaning disc centrifuges, 18-120solids concentration, 18-120spin-tube tests, 18-118 to 18-119transient centrifugation theory, 18-120tricanter centrifuges, 18-125tubular-bowl centrifuges, 18-120yield stress, 18-119selection, 18-140cesium, saturated, thermodynamic properties, 2-248chain or tape float gauge, 8-60chain reaction mechanism, 7-14chain reactions, 7-14change of state alarm, 8-67charcoal, 24-7Chebyshev method, 12-18check valves, 8-79chemical composition analyzers V, 8-62chemical dynamics determination, 7-38chemical equilibrium, 7-7gas phase, 7-17chemical reaction:bimolecular, 7-5stoichiometry, 4-35trimolecular, 7-5unimolecular, 7-5chemical reactors, control of, 8-44chemical sensors, 8-63chemical systems, 7-30chemisorption, 16-4chemostat, 7-31Chilton-Colburn analogy, 12-6, 12-53chlorine:enthalpy-pressure, 2-250saturated:thermodynamic properties, 2-249chloroform:Antoine vapor pressure, 13-14residue map, 13-79VLE data, 13-7 to 13-9saturated:thermodynamic properties, 2-251choke, 8-80chopped light system, 8-62chromatographic analyzers, 8-62chromatographs, 8-66chromatography:displacement development, 16-39elution, 16-38

curves, 16-43gradient, 16-38, 16-44isocratic, 16-38, 16-42, 16-47frontal analysis, 16-39Gaussian peak, 16-41 to 16-42ion exchange, 16-45operation, 16-38peak assmmetry factor, 16-41peak skew, 16-41plate models, 16-42resolution, 16-41reversed-phase, 16-45Sanmatsu Kogyo process, 16-58tailing peaks, 16-41circular trigonometric functions, 3-16 to 3-17common angle values, 3-16identities, 3-17plane trigonometry, 3-16single angle relations, 3-16 to 3-17clarifiers:instrumentation, 18-78types:circular, 18-74clarifer-thickner, 18-74inclined plate, 18-75rectangular, 18-74secondary, industrial waster, 18-74solids contact, 18-75closed loop, 8-13closed-circuit cooling, 12-24 to 12-25closed-loop system, general control system, 8-5closed-loop time constant, 8-74coal, 24-4 to 24-6classification, 24-4coal-ash:characteristics, 24-5composition, 24-6fouling, 24-6composition, 24-5as-received, 24-5dry, ash-free, 24-5moisture-free, 24-5ultimate analysis, 24-5heating value, 24-5mercury emissions, 24-5origin, 24-4physical properties:bulk density, 24-6free-swelling index, 24-6Hargrove grindability index, 24-6mean specific heat, 24-6size stability, 24-6reserves by region, 24-5sulfur content, 24-5coal char, 24-7coal conversion, 24-12 to 24-21gasification. See coal gasificationliquefaction. See coal liquefactionproduction diagram, 24-13coal gasification, 24-12 to 24-16background, 24-12chemical reactions, 24-14coal-derived gas compositions, 24-13cost of gasification-based power systems, 24-16current technology, 24-16gasification-based power systems, 24-14 to 24-16gasifier types:entranced bed, 24-14fluidized bed, 24-14moving bed, 24-14temperature profiles, 24-15theoretical considerations, 24-12 to 24-14coal liquefaction, 24-16 to 24-21background, 24-16chemicals from syngas, 24-20 to 24-21coal-oil coprocessing, 24-18 to 24-19commercial operations, 24-19, 24-21direct hydrogenation, 24-17direct liquefaction 24-17 to 24-19

conditions and product yields, 24-18kinetics, 24-17 to 24-18process diagram, 24-17Exxon donor solvent process, 24-18coating flows, 6-42 to 6-43cogeneration, 24-44 to 24-45background, 24-44characteristics for heat engines, 24-44choice of fuel, 24-44typical systems, 24-45coke, 24-6 to 24-7description, 24-6properties table, 24-6types of:foundry, 24-6high-temperature, 24-6low-temperature, 24-6medium-temperature, 24-6needle, 24-7petroleum, 24-6 to 24-7pitch, 24-6collection efficiency, 17-23, 17-27collision theory, 7-6colorimetric detection selective oxidation, 8-62column pressure, 8-43columns, tray and packed bed, pollutants, 22-38combined wave, 16-32combustion, background:available heats, 24-22excess air, 24-22flame speed, 24-23flame temperature, 24-22 to 24-23flammability limits, 24-23products, 24-22theoretical oxygen and air, 24-21 to 24-22various fuel characteristics, 24-23combustion, gaseous fuels, 24-32 to 24-35gas burners:fully premixed, 24-33nozzle-mix, 24-33partially premixed, 24-33staged, 24-33system illustrations, 24-33 to 24-35combustion, liquid fuels, 24-31 to 24-32atomizers, 24-31 to 24-32illustrations of different types, 24-31 to 24-32oil burners, 24-32pressure atomizers, 24-31twin-fluid, 24-32dew point vs. sulfur content, 24-31combustion, solid fuels:fluidized-bed combustion. See fluidized-bedcombustionfuel-bed firing. See fuel-bed firingsuspension firing. See suspension firingcombustion systems, pollutants, 22-38commodity plants, control of, 8-47comparators, use in control, 8-71comparison of alternative investments, 9-35cash flow method, 9-36net present worth method, 9-36uniform annual cost (USC) method, 9-36complex reactions. See global reactionscomplex variables, 3-27 to 3-29compressibilities:composition of selected refrigerant mixtures,2-143liquids, 2-145, 2-144INDEX 5compressibilities (Cont.):R 407A, compressibility factors, 2-143R 407B, compressibility factors, 2-143solids, 2-146, 2-144compressibility factor, 7-8compressible flow, 6-22 to 6-26adiabatic flow with friction in a duct of constantcross section, 6-24adiabatic frictionless nozzle flow, 6-23 to 6-24convergent/divergent nozzles (De Laval nozzles),

6-24 to 6-26isothermal gas flow in pipes and channels, 6-22to 6-23Mach number and speed of sound, 6-22compression, gas, 10-42adiabatic calculations, 10-44efficiency curve, 10-45polytropic curve, 10-46work, 10-45compression processes, thermodynamics,4-16 to 4-17compressors, 10-40 to 10-48high-pressure, 10-47metallic diaphragm, 10-48performance characteristics of, 10-45reciprocating compressors, 10-45clearance unloaders, 10-47closed-suction unloaders, 10-47control devices, 10-46five-step control, 10-47nonlubricatied cylinders, 10-47open inlet-valve unloaders, 10-47piston-rod packing, 10-48single-stage, double-acting water-cooledcompressor, 10-47three-step control, 10-47valve losses, 10-46selection, 10-42theory of, 10-42adiabatic, 10-42isothermal, 10-42polytropic, 10-42types of, 10-44compressors, centrifugal problems, 10-67failure, 10-69barrel-type compressor, 10-69fouling, 10-68air compressors, 10-68blade coating, 10-68prevention techniques, 10-68impeller problems, 10-69journal bearing failures, 10-70rotator thrust problems, 10-69seal problems, 10-70thrust bearing failures, 10-70causes, 10-70wear points in the bearing, 10-70compressors, continuous-flow, 10-52 to 10-57axial-flow, 10-54 to 10-56centrifugal, 10-52choke or stonewall, 10-52compressor map, 10-53configurations, 10-53, 10-54fabrication techniques, impellers, 10-54impeller fabrication, 10-54pressure and velocity through, 10-52surge, 10-52positive-displacement, 10-56reciprocating, 10-56rotary, 10-56rotary, 10-56liquid-piston type, 10-56screw-type, 10-56sliding-vane type, 10-56straight-lobe type, 10-56computational fluid dyanamics, 18-26,6-47 to 6-49computer controllers, 8-72personal, 8-69, 8-73computerized cost estimation, 9-17ASPENTECH ICARUS 2000, 9-17computers in process control, 8-5concentration types, 7-8mole fractions, 7-8partial pressures, 7-8volumetric concentration, 7-8condensation, 5-12 to 5-14coefficients, 5-12 to 5-14banks of horizontal tubes, 5-14

horizontal tubes, 5-14vapor shear controling, 5-14vertical intube condensation, 5-14mechanisms, 5-12 to 5-14dropwise, 5-12film-type condensation, 5-12, 5-13scrubbing, 17-39Stefan-flow mechanism, 17-39condensers, pollutants, 22-39conduction, 5-3 to 5-7steady-state, 5-3 to 5-6heat source, 5-5one-dimensional, 5-3 to 5-4resistances, 5-5two- and three-dimentional, 5-5 to 5-6unsteady-state, 5-6 to 5-7one-dimensional, 5-6 to 5-7two- and three-dimensional, 5-7conductormeteric analysis, 8-63confidence level, 7-37conjugate gradient, multivariable optimization,8-34conservation of energy, basis for modeling, 8-6conservation of mass, basis for modeling, 8-6, 8-80conservation of momentum, basis for modeling, 8-6constant-rate period, 12-26constants:fundamental physical, 1-20gas law, values of, 1-17constrained optimization, 8-34contact discontinuity, 16-32continuous measurements, 8-54continuous models, use in control, 8-8continuous variable approximation method, 7-30control alarm, 8-73control limits:lower and upper, 8-36specified, 8-38control network, 8-70control switches, 8-49control systems design and simulation, 8-31control valves, 8-74controller:comparison, 8-16design, 8-31multiloop, 8-72performance, 8-17, 8-73reliability and application trends, 8-73single-loop, 8-69, 8-72 to 8-73tuning, 8-16controlling rate factor, determination of, 16-25convection, 5-7 to 5-12, 12-26forced convection, 5-9 to 5-12coiled tubes, 5-10external flows, 5-10falling films, 5-11fin efficiency, 5-11 to 5-12fineed tubes, 5-11horizontal tubes, 5-11 to 5-12noncircular ducts, 5-9 to 5-10round tubes, 5-9convection, forced convection (Cont.):tube banks, 5-10 to 5-12vertical tubes, 5-12non-newtonian flows, 5-12circular tubes, 5-12conversion factors:calculations, U.S. customary to SI units, 1-21common, alphabetical listing of, 1-14 to 1-16factors:common, 1-17metric, exact numerical multitples of SI units,1-12 to 1-13U.S. customary and commonly used units to SIunits, 1-3 to 1-11formulas:kinematic-viscosity, 1-17temperature, 1-18SI, 1-2

conveyor dryers, 8-46cooling towers, 12-17 to 12-22applications, 12-21cooling pond, 12-21cooling range, 12-20cross-flow tower, 12-19counterflow, 12-19cycles of concentration, 12-20fogging and plume abatement, 12-21forced-draft tower, 12-19horsepower chart applications, 12-20induced-draft tower, 12-19mechanical draft tower, 12-19natural draft tower 12-21new technologies, 12-21spray pond, 12-21theory, 12-17thermal performance, 12-21time of contact, 12-19tower characteristic, 12-18water makeup, 12-20copolymerization, 7-29 to 7-30Coriolis mass flowmeters, 8-59 to 8-60corporate information systems, 8-69corrosion:anodic protection, 25-10 to 25-11cathodic protection, 25-10concentration effects, 25-9 to 25-10dealloying, 25-6design considerations, 25-10embrittlement, 25-16EMF, 25-17fatigue, 25-6film, 25-9fluid, 25-4 to 25-6cavitation, 25-3crevice, 25-4erosion, 25-5fretting, 25-6galvanic, 25-4, 25-16hydrogren attack, 25-6hydrogen embrittlement, 25-6intergranular, 25-5liquid-metal, 25-5oxygen-concentration cell, 25-4stress cracking, 25-5velocity acceleration, 25-6graphitic, 25-6high-temperature attack, 25-9 to 25-10expansivity, 25-9structural stability, 25-9inhibitors, 25-10laboratory testing, 25-12 to 25-24AC impedance, 25-23apparatus, 25-14cathodic depolarization, 25-19CBD, 25-206 INDEXcorrosion, laboratory testing (Cont.):cleaning, 25-16crevice corrosion prediction, 25-20EIS, 25-23electrical resistance, 25-17environmental cracking, 25-22Fourier transform technique, 25-23immersion, 25-13linear polarization, 25-18planned interval, 25-16potentiodynamic polarization, 25-19potentiostat, 25-19slow scan, 25-20slow-strain rate, 25-23solution-composition, 25-15stress accelarated corrosion, 25-22Tafel region, 25-17test piece, 25-13linings, 25-11, 25-12ceramic, 25-11glass-lined, 25-11

metallic, 25-11organic, 25-11MIC:electrochemical noise monitoring probes,25-26electrical resistance probes, 25-25gas probes, 25-26heat flux, 25-22hydrostatic testing, 25-7 to 25-8ion probes, 25-26linear polarization resistance probes, 25-26MIC probes, 25-26multi-informational probes, 25-26oxydation, 25-8 to 25-9parting, 25-6pH, 25-8pH probes, 25-26plant testing, 25-24 to 25-28polarization probes, 25-26pressure probes, 25-26weight loss probes, 25-25cost control, 9-10cost estimation, 9-10classification of 9-10battery limits, 9-10grass roots, 9-10quality of, 9-10definitive, 9-10detailed, 9-10order-of-magnitude, 9-10preliminary, 9-10study, 9-10requirements for, 9-11cost of capital, 9-9costs, fuel and energy, 24-12countercurrent evaporator, control of, 8-45critical constants, 2-138 to 2-142critical moisture content, 12-26critical properties, 2-468 to 2-471calculation methods, 2-468 to 2-471Ambrose, 2-468 to 2-470Fedors’, 2-468 to 2-471Joback, 2-468, 2-470compressibility factor, 2-468pressure, 2-468 to 2-471temperature, 2-468 to 2-471volume, 2-468 to 2-471crushing, performance of jaw crusher, 21-58crushing and grinding. See grinding and crushingcryogenic processes, 11-99 to 11-109cryogenic fluids, properties of, 11-99instrumentation of, 11-108 to 11-109flow, 11-109liquid level, 11-109cryogenic processes, instrumentation of (Cont.):pressure, 11-109temperature, 11-109process equipment, 11-103 to 11-104expanders, 11-104heat exchangers, 11-103refrigeration and liquefaction, 11-100to 11-103expansion types of refrigerators, 11-101miniature refrigerators, 11-103thermodynamic analyses of cycles, 11-103safety, 11-109 to 11-110flammability and explosion hazards, 11-110high pressure gas hazards, 11-110materials and construction hazards, 11-109physiological hazards, 11-109separation and purification systems, 11-104to 11-107air-separation systems, 11-105gas purification, 11-106helium and natural gas systems separation,11-106solids, properties of, 11-99 to 11-100electrical properties, 11-100structural properties, 11-99

superconductivity, 11-100thermal properties, 11-100storage and transfer systems, 11-107 to 11-108insulation principles, 11-107types of insulation, 11-107cryogenic service, 8-76crystallization from solution, 18-39 to 18-58costs, 18-58equipment, 18-50 to 18-57Armstrong crystallizer, 18-53classified-suspension crystallizer, 18-52direct-contact-refrigeration crystallizer, 18-51double-pipe scraped-surface crystallizer, 18-52to 18-53draft-tube-baffle (DTB) evaporatorcrystallizer,18-50 to 18-51operation, 18-58magma (slurry) density, 18-58nuclei formation rate, 18-58recovery period, 18-58principles of crystallization, 18-39 to 18-50coefficient of variation, 18-44crystal formation, 18-41 to 18-44crystal nucleation and growth, 18-44 to 18-47crystallizers with fines removal, 18-48 to 18-50crystallography, 18-39examples, 18-40 to 18-41, 18-47fractional crystallization, 18-41geometry of growth, 18-42heat effects, 18-40product purity, 18-42 to 18-44solubility and phase diagrams, 18-39to 18-40yield, 18-40specifications, 18-57 to 18-58CSTR:modeling, 19-8tracers, 19-15 to 19-16current density, 7-32current efficiency, 7-32current-to-pressure transducer, 8-89cut diameter, 17-21cut-power correlation, 17-39cyclical batch, control of, 8-47cyclohexane:residue map, 13-70thermodynamic properties, 2-252 to 253cyclone, uniflow, 17-36cyclone collectors, pollutants, 22-36cyclone design alternatives, 17-35cyclone separators, 17-28 to 17-31axial cyclone, 17-35barrel friction, 17-32cyclone efficiency, 17-36cyclone inlets, 17-34cyclone roughness, 17-32design factors, 17-32exit contraction, 17-32gas flow reversal, 17-32helical cyclone, 17-35inlet contraction, 17-31inlet loading, 17-31multiclones, 17-35particle acceleration, 17-32particle collection efficiency curve, 17-30proportions, 17-29required cyclone length, 17-33, 17-35solids loading, 17-34spiral cyclone, 17-35theoretical particle size, 17-30uniflow cyclone, 17-35, 17-36cyclone solids-return seal, 17-15De Priester charts, 13-8 to 13-11deactivation, uniform, 7-23effectiveness, 7-23power rate law, 7-23dead band, control valve consideration, 8-13, 8-86dead polymer. See product polymerdead time, in process measurement, 8-55

dead-time dominant, 8-18dead-time element, 8-10death rate, catalytic reactions, 7-19decane, thermodynamic properties, 2-254 to 2-255decantation, continuous:design, 18-81equipment, 18-81decontamination index, 17-21, 17-27decoupling control system, 8-27deflagration indices and pressure for selected gasesand vapors, 23-13defoamers, types and applications, 14-129degree of polymerization, 7-30deionizing system, two-bed, 16-67densities of aqueous inorganic solutions at 1 atm,2-104 to 2-114densities of aqueous organic solutions:acetic acid, 2-115ethyl alcohol, 2-117ethyl alcohol and water mixtures, 2-113, 2-118ethyl alcohol and water mixtures, specific gravity,2-119formic acid, 2-114glycerol, 2-121hydrazine, 2-121isopropyl alcohol, 2-120methyl alcohol, 2-116miscellaneous organic compounds, 2-122to2-123n-propyl alcohol, 2-120oxalic acid, 2-16densities of miscellaneous materials:miscellaneous solids and liquids, specific gravitiesand densities, 2-124 to 2-125selected elements as a function of temperature,2-125densities of pure substances:inorganic and organic liquids, 2-98 to 2-103mercury from 0 to 350°C, 2-97saturated liquid water from the triple point to thecritical point, 2-96density, 2-497 to 2-504, 8-61bulk, 16-9gases, 2-497INDEX 7density, gases (Cont.):accentric deviations Z(1) from compressibilityfactor for a simple fluid, 2-501calculation methods, 2-497cubic equation of state, 2-499cubic equation of state relationships, 2-502compressibility factors Z(0) for a simple fluid,2-500Lee-Kesler method, 2-499Lee-Kesler method constants for two referencefluids, 2-502Peng-Robinson equation of state, 2-502Rackett method, 2-503Soave equation of state, 2-502Tsonopoulos method, 2-498liquids, 2-503calculation methods, 2-503Rackett method, 2-503mixtures, 2-503calculation methods, 2-503cubic equation of state, 2-504Spencer-Danner-Li method, 2-504solids, 2-503calculation methods, 2-503Goodman method, 2-503density function theory, 7-38depletion, 9-22IRS publication 535, 9-22depreciation, 9-21MACRS modified accelerated cost recoverysystem, 9-21depreciation class lives, 9-21example of, 9-22straight-line, 9-21

derating factors, 14-41derivation, response curve, 8-18design, process safety, 23-38 to 23-41actions needed for safer and user-friendly plants,23-39attenuation or moderation, 23-38ease of control, 23-39intensification or minization, 23-38knock-on effects, 23-38limitation of effects of failures, 23-38low leak rate, 23-39making incorrect assembly impossible, 23-39making status clear, 23-39simplification, 23-38software, 23-39substitution, 23-38tolerance, 23-39incident investigation and human error, 23-39recommendations for prevention/mitigation,23-40dessicant cooling cycle flow diagram, 16-59determinant, 7-9detuning, 8-27deuterium oxide (heavy water), thermodynamicproperties, 2-209, 2-256 to 2-257deviation alarms, 8-67device-level diagnostics, 8-89dew-point method, moisture measurement, 8-63dew-point temperature, 12-4, 13-15diaphragm elements, 8-59dielectric constant, 8-62difference equations, 3-34 to 3-36factorization, 3-36homogeneous, 3-35method of undetermined coefficients, 3-35method of variation of parameters, 3-35nonhomogeneous, 3-35reduction of order, 3-36Riccati difference equation, 3-36substitution, 3-36variable coefficients, 3-35differential calculus:continuity, 3-19derivatives, 3-19 to 3-21functional notation, 3-18limits, 3-18 to 3-19differentials, 3-19 to 3-20differentiation, 3-19L’Hospital’s Theorem, 3-20operations, 3-19partial, 3-20 to 3-21differential data analysis, 7-36differential gap, 8-13differential pressure controller, 8-42differential transformer, 8-64diffusion, solid, 16-20diffusion in porous solids, 5-58 to 5-59diffusion limitations, 7-21diffusivity, 7-25estimation of gas, 5-50 to 5-53binary mixtures, 5-50 to 5-52correlations, 5-51multicomponent mixtures, 5-53supercritical mixtures, 5-52estimation of liquids, 5-53 to 5-58binary mixtures, 5-54 to 5-57multicomponent mixtures, 5-57 to 5-58interdiffusion coefficient, 5-45mass, 5-45mutual, 5-45self-diffusivity, 5-45, 5-52tables, 5-50tracer, 5-45digital controllers, single station, 8-5digital field communications, 8-70, 8-86digital hardware in process control, 8-69digital systems, 8-65digital technology for process control, 8-68measurement devices, 8-68

production controls, 8-68real-time optimization, 8-68regulatory controls, 8-68safety, 8-68digital valve controller, 8-87 to 8-88digital valves, 8-76dimensional analysis, 3-88 to 3-89dimensionless concentration variables, 16-13dimethylpropane (neopentane), thermodynamicproperties, 2-258 to 2-259diphenyl, saturated, thermodynamic properties,2-260direct-fired combustion equipment, 24-41discharge coefficient, 8-59discrete control models, 8-8discrete device states, 8-49discrete logic, 8-50discrete measurements, 8-54disperser plate, 15-72dispersion, axial:breakthrough behavior, 16-35in packed beds, 16-22 to 16-23, 16-25dispersion fundamentals, liquid-liquid, 15-41to 15-44drop size, 15-42-15-43characteristic diameter, 15-42Weber number, 15-42holdup, 15-41interfacial area, 15-41liquid-liquid dispersion stability, 15-43emulsion breakage, 15-43Marangoni instabilities, 15-43 to 15-44phase dispersal factors, 15-41 to 15-42Sauter-mean diameter, 15-41solid-surface wettability, 15-43wear-related surface alterations, 15-43dispersion units, 16-31displacement purge, 16-53distance-velocity lag, in control systems, 8-10distillation:azetropic, 13-68, 13-81 to 13-87, 13-116batch, 13-116design, 13-87entrainer selection, 13-81 to 13-85immiscible liquids, 13-85operation, 13-87batch, 13-5, 13-109 to 13-116azeotropic, 13-116binary calculations, 13-11 to 13-14constant level, 13-114multicomponent calculations, 13-114operation, 13-110 to 13-111with recifilation, 13-109 to 13-110simple, 13-109definition of, 13-4degrees of freedom and design variables, 13-55to 13-58analysis, 13-56 to 13-58definitions, 13-55efficiencies, 13-25, 13-43 to 13-44Murphree, 13-25, 13-43 to 13-44overall column, 13-43Taylor-Baur-Krishna (TBK), 13-43equilibrium stage correct, 13-5extractive, 13-87 to 13-93design/optimization, 13-89 to 13-91solvent effects, 13-88 to 13-89solvent selection, 13-91 to 13-93graphical methods, 13-16 to 13-25McCabe-Thiele, 13-6 to 13-25, 13-35 to 13-39heat integration, 13-65 to 13-67multicomponent methods, 13-25 to 13-55continuation methods, 13-35Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland (FUG),13-25 to 13-27inside-out method, 13-33Kremser method, 13-28 to 13-30simultaneous convergence, 13-33tearing method, 13-33

nonequilibrium modeling, 13-46 to 13-55Maxwell-Stefan approach, 13-52 to 13-55software, 13-55petroleum, 13-99 to 13-109applications, 13-102characterization, 13-97design procedures, 13-103 to 13-108pitchfork boundary, 13-85pressure swing, 13-82 to 13-83pseudocritical point, 13-9reactive, 13-93 to 13-98application, 13-94, 13-96 to 13-97design/implementation, 13-95modeling, 13-94region diagrams, 13-72 to 13-77single stage equilibrium flash calculations, 13-15to 13-16adiabatic flash, 13-16isothermal flash, 13-15specifications, 13-16three-phase, 13-16systems, 13-58 to 13-67direct split, 13-58dividing wall columns, 13-59 to 13-64indirect split, 13-58pretractionator, 13-59thermally coupled, 13-59 to 13-64thermodynamic data and models, 13-6 to 13-15phase equilibrium data, 13-6 to 13-14thermodynamic efficiency, 13-65 to 13-67tower configurations, 13-61 to 13-63tray efficiencies, 13-5trays, binary systems, 13-78 INDEXdistillation column, control of, 8-41distributed control system, 8-29, 8-50, 8-69,8-72, 8-86distributed database, 8-70distributed lags, tuning rule in control, 8-18dodecane, thermodynamic properties, 2-261to 2-262dominant lag, tuning rule in control, 8-16, 8-18Donnan uptake, 16-14double-entry bookkeeping, 9-4credit side, 9-4debit side, 9-4dry-basis humidity, 12-4dryer, fluosolids, 17-18dryer modeling, design and scale-up, 12-50to 12-56drying time, 12-51falling rate kinetics, 12-51heat/mass balance, 12-50, 12-75scale up effects, 12-51scaling models, 12-52 to 12-54incremental model, 12-52drying (solids) equipment selection, 12-48 to12-50drying equipment (solids):agitated and rotating batch dryers, 12-56, 12-65to 12-81calculations of dimensions, 12-70,conical mixer dryer, 12-68heated agitators, 12-67horizontal pan dryer, 12-67 to 12-68tumbler or double-cone dryers, 12-69, 12-73vertical pan dryer, 12-68agitated flash dryers, 12-101 to 12-104batch through-circulation dryers, 12-44, 12-59cascading rotary dryers, 12-56centrifuge dryers, 12-89classification, 12-40continuous agitated dryers, 12-71 to 12-81direct rotary kiln, 12-72direct Roto-Louvre dryer, 12-72,12-80 to 12-81indirect rotary calciner, 12-72, 12-79 to 12-80indirect steam-tube dryer, 12-72, 12-77paddle dryers, 12-45, 12-71, 12-73

continuous sheeting dryers, 12-45continuous through circulation band dryers,12-44, 12-64 to 12-65, 12-67cylinder dryers, 12-44, 12-89 to 12-90dielectric (RF and microwave) dryers, 12-42,12-45, 12-105 to 12-106direct rotary dryers, 12-45, 12-46, 12-72, 12-74,12-77, 12-78dispersion, dryers, 12-42drum dryers, 12-44, 12-87 to 12-89dryer classification, 12-40 to 12-48gas circuit, 12-47gas-solids separations, 12-47heater, 12-47solids feeders, 12-47entrainment dryers, 12-56film dryers, 12-89filterdryers, 12-89fluid-bed dryers, 12-45, 12-56, 12-82batch fluid beds, 12-85continuous backmix beds, 12-86continuous contact fluid beds, 12-86continuous fluid beds, 12-86continuous plug-flow beds, 12-86direct heat vibrating conveyor dryer,12-82 to 12-87fluid-bed granulators, 12-87fluidization velocity, 12-84freeze dryers, 12-104 to 12-105gas-flow pattern 12-47drying equipment (solids) (Cont.):gas-flow pattern,gravity or moving bed dryers, 12-63infrared dryers, 12-42, 12-45, 12-105 to 12-106layer dryers, 12-42, 12-46pan dryers, 12-43plate dryers, 12-61 to 12-62pneumatic conveying dryers, 12-45, 12-97 to12-99residence time, 12-54, 12-55, 12-72, 12-74,12-75ring dryers, 12-99 to 12-103screw conveyor and indirect rotary dryers,12-43spouted bed dryers, 12-45, 12-82spray dryers, 12-45, 12-87, 12-90 to 12-98rotary atomizer 12-91 to 12-93, 12-97stenters and textile dryers, 12-90tower dryers, 12-63tray and compartment dryers, 12-44, 12-46,12-54, 12-56 to 12-61tunnel/continuous tray dryers, 12-44, 12-59,12-63 to 12-64belt conveyor or screen conveyor, 12-63ceramic tunnel kiln, 12-64vacuum freeze dryers, 12-43vacuum horizontal agitated and rotary dryers,12-43, 12-72vacuum tray/shelf dryers, 12-43, 12-59, 12-60vibrating tray, vacuum band dryers, 12-44drying kinetics, 12-29 to 12-30drying curve, 12-29period of drying, 12-29 to 12-30drying of solids, 12-25 to 12-109drying software, 12-109mass and energy balances, 12-26 to 12-28mathematical modeling, 12-30 to 12-35characteristic drying curve, 12-34characteristic moisture content, 12-34mass balance equations, 12-31moisture transport mechanisms, 12-29relative drying rate, 12-35, 12-53thermodynamics, 12-28 to 12-29drying operations, 8-46Dubinin-Radushkerich equation, 16-14Duhem’s theorem, 4-27 to 4-28Dukler theory, 5-14dumb transmitters, conventional transmitter,8-66

dust clouds, combustion data for, 23-14dust collection, 17-28 to 17-63air filters, 17-52 to 17-55air-filter types, 17-54 to 17-55air-filtration theory, 17-52 to 17-54applications of, 17-52cyclone separators, 17-28 to 17-36case of vortex, 17-29commercial equipment and operations, 17-35to 17-36cyclone design factors, 17-32 to 17-33cyclone efficiency, 17-30 to 17-31fields of applications, 17-29flow pattern, 17-29 to 17-30performance curves, 17-38 to 17-39performance models, 17-37 to 17-39pressure drop, 17-31 to 17-32dry scrubbing, 17-43 to 17-45electrical precipitators, 17-55 to 17-63applications, 17-57charging of particles, 17-56coal combustion fly-ash, 17-59collection efficiency, 17-57conditioning agents, 17-59current flow, 17-56electric wind, 17-56dust collection, electrical precipitators (Cont.):field strength, 17-55high-pressure, high-temperature EP, 17-57to 17-59particle mobility, 17-56 to 17-57potential and ionization, 17-55 to 17-56power supply, 17-62rapping, 17-61resistivity issues, 17-59types of, 17-60 to 17-63fabric filters (bag filters with baghouses),17-46 to 17-51collection efficiency, 17-49 to 17-51filter fabrics, 17-49filter types, 17-47 to 17-49gas pressure drops, 17-46 to 17-47granular-bed filters, 17-51 to 17-52Kozeny-Carman equation, 17-46gravity settling chambers, 17-28impingement separators, 17-28mechanical centrifugal separators, 17-36mechanisms, 17-26 to 17-27sonic or acoustic agglomeration, 17-26Stefan flow, 17-26particulate scrubbers, 17-36 to 17-43performance, 17-27purpose of, 17-24scrubber types:cyclone, 17-42ejector venturi, 17-40electronically agumented, 17-43fiber-bed, 17-43mechanical, 17-43mobile-bed, 17-42 to 17-43packed-bed, 17-42plate tower, 17-42self-induced spray, 17-41spray, 17-41 to 17-42venturi, 17-40 to 17-41dust collector design, 17-27polydisperse test dust, 17-27dust separation, 17-14cyclones, 17-14 to 17-16cyclone arrangements, 17-15solids return seals, 17-15dynamic compensation, in control analysis, 8-22dynamic models, use in control, 8-30fitting to experimental data, 8-12simulation, 8-7Eckert pressure-drop correlation, packed towers,14-58economc journal, 9-4account title, 9-4

example of, 9-5invoices, 9-4receipts, 9-4economic project, execution and analysis,9-41 to 9-53economizers:acid dew point, 24-52background, 24-51boiler thermal efficiency, 24-52condensing, 24-52 to 24-54collateral combustion emissions, 24-54efficiency graph, 24-53environmental benefits, 24-54flue gas pollutant removal, 24-54flue gas sensible heat, 24-52fuel avoidance, 24-52technologies, 24-52 to 24-54water vapor latent heat, 24-52conventional, 24-52water dew point, 24-52INDEX 9EFV, equilibrium flash distillation, 13-102ejectors, 10-57 to 10-58condensers, 10-57aftercondenser, 10-57direct-contact (barometric), 10-57performance, 10-57constant-area mixing, 10-57use of, 10-58 to 10-58elastic element method, 8-59elasticity, modulus of, nonmetals, 10-126electric field, separations based on:dielectrophoresis, 20-23 to 20-27applications, 20-25 to 20-27field warpings, 20-26limitations, 20-25principle and theory, 20-24electrofiltration, 2-21 to 20-23concepts, 20-21cross-flow, 20-22theory, 20-22electrophoresis, 20-20 to 20-21theory, 20-19 to 20-20permittivity, 20-20zeta potential, 20-20electrical efficiency, percent, 8-92electrical precipitators, 17-55 to 17-63alternating current precipitators, 17-63charging of particles, 17-56collection efficiency, 17-57conditioning agents, 17-59corona, 17-55 to 17-63current flow, 17-56design curves, 17-60electric wind, 17-56electrode insulators, 17-62field strength, 17-55horizontal flow plate precipitator, 17-60ionic mobilities, 17-56particle mobility, 17-56potential and ionization, 17-55power supply, 17-62resistivity problems, 17-59single-stage precipitators, 17-60sparking potential, 17-56two-stage precipitators, 17-62electrically augmented scrubbers, 17-43electroanaylitical instruments, 8-63electrochemical measurement, 8-62electrochemical reactions, 7-32transfer coefficient, 7-33electrode reduction potentials, 7-32electrodialysis:energy requirements, 20-70 to 20-71energy not transporting ions, 20-71pump energy requirements, 20-71equipment and economics, 20-71examples, 20-66 to 20-67membranes, 20-67

anion-exchange, 20-67cation-exchange, 20-67efficiency, 20-67process configuration, 20-69 to 20-79diffusion dialysis, 20-70Donnan dialysis, 20-70electrodes, 20-69electrodialysis reversal, 20-69electrodialysis-moderated ion exchange, 20-70peripheral components, 20-69pretreatment, 20-69process flow, 20-69water splitting, 20-69 to 20-70process description, 20-66 to 20-69concentration polarization, 20-68ion transfer, 20-67 to 20-68limiting current density, 20-68 to 20-69electrohydraulic actuators, 8-77electromagnetic solenoid, 8-78electronic digital controllers, 8-72electrostatic precipitators, pollutants, 22-37Ely-Rideal kinetics, 7-17emf-measuring device, 8-56emissions measurements, 22-46sampling methodologies, 22-55emissivity:combustion products, 5-31example, 5-32 to 5-33gas, 5-31Hottel emissivity charts, 5-32, 5-34spectral, 5-32table, 5-21 to 5-22, 5-33, 5-34emulsion polymerization, 7-29emulsions, 18-20mixer-settlers, 18-20energy balance, 16-18energy resources, 24-3 to 24-4fossil fuels, 24-3 to 24-4energy content, 24-4reserves in United States, 24-4nonrenewable, 24-3renewable, 24-3enhancement factor, mass transfer rate, 7-28enterprise resource planning, optimization, 8-35,8-69enthalpy:of combustion:inorganic and organic compounds, 2-196 to2-200of formation, 2-478 to 2-485calculation methods, 2-478standard state thermal properties, 2-479 to 2-484function of T and P or T and V, 4-6 to 4-7of fusion:calculation methods, 2-487Chikos method, 2-487Cs group values for Chickos, 2-488Ct group values for Chickos, 2-488ideal gas state, evaluation of, 4-8 to 4-9postulate definition, 4-4potential difference, 12-17residual from PVT correlations, 4-9 to 4-12of sublimation, 2-488calculation methods, 2-488equation 2-42, 2-488Goodman method, 2-489group contributions and corrections, 2-489of vaporization, 2-486calculation methods, 2-486corresponding states correlation, 2-487vapor pressure correlation, 2-486Vetere method, 2-487enthalpy-humidity chart, 12-55entrainment separation, 17-40entropy, 2-485 to 2-486balance for open systems, 4-14 to 4-15calculation methods, 2-485Domalski-Hearing method, 2-485statistical mechanics, 2-485

function of T and P or T and V, 4-6 to 4-7ideal gas state, evaluation of, 4-8 to 4-9inorganic and organic compounds, 2-196 to 2-200postulate definition, 4-5residual from PVT correlations, 4-9 to 4-12environmental enclosures, 8-91environmental issues, plant strategies, 22-5environmental regulation in the United States, 22-4air quality legislation, U.S., 22-6Clean Air Act of 1970, 22-6Clean Air Act of 1990, 22-9controlled-trading program, 22-9nonattainment (NA), 22-9, 22-10environmental regulation in the United States, airquality legislation, U.S. (Cont.):prevention of significant deterioration (PSD), 2-6regulatory direction, 22-12solid waste legislation and regulations, U.S.,22-17, 22-82, 22-96National Environmental Policy Act, 1969, 22-17regulatory direction, 22-17Resource Conservation and Recovery Act,1976, 22-17Resource Recovery Act, 1970, 22-17Rivers and Harbors Act, 1899, 22-17Solid Waste Disposal Act, 1965, 22-17Toxic Substances Control Act, 1976, 22-17water quality legislation and regulations, U.S.,22-12, 22-58biological criteria, 22-15Bioterrorism Act of 2003, 22-17Clean Water Act of 1977, 22-15control of toxic pollutants, 22-15cooling water intake regulation, 22-17CWA amendments 1987, 22-15Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 22-12metal bioavailability and toxicity, 22-16regulatory direction, 22-17source-based effluent limitations, 22-15total maximum daily load (TMDL), 22-16water quality trading, 22-16water reuse, 22-17enzyme kinetic, 7-15enzymes, 7-15, 7-30expressed, 7-30repressed, 7-30equality constraints, 8-33equations of state:cubic:definition, 4-11 to 4-12parameter assignments, 4-11ideal gas model:definition, 4-7residual properties, 4-7 to 4-8solution thermodynamics, 4-19modified Raoul’s law, 4-28 to 4-29Pfizer’s generalized correlations, 4-12virial, 4-9 to 4-11equilibria, characterization of, 16-5equilibrium constant, 7-7inverse, 7-16equilibrium exchange current, 7-33equilibrium moisture content, 12-26equilibrium potential, 7-32equipment cost, 9-12algorithms, 9-12cost-capacity plots, 9-12cost-indices, 9-12example of, 9-13current equipment cost data, 9-12equipment sizing, 9-13inflation, 9-13six-tenths rule, 9-12equipment, safety, process design and operation,23-74emergency relief device effluent collection andhandling, 23-80equipment selection criteria and guidelines,23-86

sizing and design of equipment, 23-88types of equipment, 23-80flame arresters, 23-92deflagration arresters, 23-94detonation arresters, 23-95testing and standards, 23-96key procedures, 2-143inspection and testing of protectiveequipment, 23-11010 INDEXequipment, safety, process design and operation,key procedures (Cont.):key performance indicators, 23-110preparation of equipment for maintenance,23-109pressure relief systems, 23-74codes, standards, and guidelines, 23-75pressure relief devices, 23-76reactive systems, 23-77relief design scenarios, 23-75relief system flow capacity, 23-78sizing of pressure relief systems, 23-77terminology, 23-74safety instrumented systems, 23-102definitions, 23-102engineering, installation, commissioning, andvalidation (EICV), 23-104hazard and risk analysis, 23-103operating basis, 23-104process and safety requirements specification,23-104security, 23-104countermeasures and security risk managementconcept, 23-108defining the risk to be managed, 23-107security management system, 23-109security strategies, 23-108security vulnerability assessment, 23-106SVA methodologies, 23-106terminology, 23-104threats of concern, 23-106storage and handling of hazardous materials,23-97basic design strategies, 23-98causes, loss of containment, 23-102established practices, 23-98maintaining mechanical integrity, containmentsystem, 23-102release detection and mitigation, 23-102site selection, layout and spacing, 23-99storage, 23-99Ergun equation, 17-44error, normally distributed, 7-37ethane:K-value versus pressure, 13-12thermodynamic properties, 2-263 to 2-264ethanol:activity coefficient plot, 13-14Antoine vapor pressure, 13-14BIP data, 13-13VLE data, 13-7thermodynamic properties, 2-265 to 2-266ethernet protocols, 8-70ethyl alcohol, aqueous, thermodynamic properties,2-267ethylacetate:Antoine vapor pressure, 13-14BIP data, 13-13VLE data, 13-7 to 13-8ethylene, thermodynamic properties,2-268 to 269ethylene glycol, VLE data, 13-7Euler integration method, 8-7evaporation, 12-26evaporation load, 8-46evaporative cooling, 12-17 to 12-25evaporators, 8-45, 11-110 to 11-121accessories, 11-119 to 11-121condensers, 11-119

salt removal, 11-120vent systems, 11-120arrangement of, 11-116 to 11-118forward-feed, 11-117heat recovery systems, 11-117mixed feed, 11-117evaporators, arrangement of (Cont.):multiple-effect evaporation, 11-116parallel feed, 11-117sea water evapoators, 11-117single-effect evaporators, 11-116thermocompression, 11-116calculations, 11-118 to 11-119boiling temperature, 11-118flash evaporators, 11-118multi-effect evaporators, 11-119optimization, 11-119thermocompression evaporators, 11-118cocurrent:control of, 8-45evaporator types and applications, 11-111 to11-114agitated film, 11-114disk or cascade, 11-114flash, 11-114forced circulation, 11-111horizontal tube, 11-113long-tube vertical, 11-112miscellaneous forms of heating surface,11-114short-tube vertical, 11-112submerged combustion, 11-114swirl flow, 11-111operation of, 11-121primary design problems, 11-110 to 11-111temperature difference, utilization of,11-114vapor-liquid separation, 11-114 to 11-116event-triggered recording, 8-88exchange of sensible heat, heat exchanger control,8-41execution rate, digital controller, 8-74exothermic reactions, 7-6expense, manufacturing-operating, 9-18 to9-21direct, 9-18estimation, rapid manufacturing, 9-20Holland expression, 9-20general overhead, 9-20indirect, 9-20packaging and shipping, 9-20raw material, 9-18scale up of, 9-21total manufacturing, 9-20total operating, 9-20total product, 9-20expert systems, 8-26expression:compactable filter cakes, 18-143definition, 18-143equipment:batch, 18-144continuous, 18-146theory, 18-143extent of reaction, 7-7external mass transfer, 7-19, 16-21correlations, 16-21resistance, 7-20extinction, 8-44extraction:acid gas, 15-9calculation methods, process fundamentals,15-44 to 15-51calculation procedures, 15-51 to 15-58computer simulations, 15-53 to 15-55immiscible solvents, 15-52partially miscible solvents with dilute solute,15-52 to 15-53partially miscible solvents with high solute

concentration, 15-53shortcut calculations, 15-51 to 15-53extraction (Cont.):caprolactam (CPL), separations, 15-15counter-current, 15-11cross-current, 15-11dual-solvent with extract reflux, 15-13dual-solvent fractional without reflux, 15-13emerging developments, 15-103 to 15-106electrically-enhanced extraction, 15-104to 15-105extraction factor and general performancetrends, 15-49 to 15-50fractional extraction calculations, 15-55to15-56single-solvent with extract reflux, 15-56to 15-58symmetric separation, 15-55 to 15-56ionic liquids, 15-105membrane-based processes, 15-103 to 15-104liquid-based, 15-104polymer-bassed, 15-103 to 15-104phase-transition extraction, 15-105rate-based calculations, 15-47 to 15-49mass-transfer rate, 15-47mass-transfer units, 15-48 to 15- 49overall mass-transfer coefficients, 15-48solute diffusion and mass-transfer coefficients,15-47single-solvent with extract reflux, 15-14solute purification and standard extraction:potential for, 15-50 to 15-51theoretical stage calculations, 15-44 to 15-47Kremser-Souder-Brown equation, 15-45to 15-46McCabe-Thiele, 15-45stage efficiency, 15-46 to 15-47tunable solvents, 15-105extraction, commercial processes, 15-13to 15-20biodiesel production, 15-17extractions, 15-13 to 15-20dissociative, 15-15 to 15-16fractional, 15-13 to 15-15liquid-solid (leaching), 15-19pH-swing, 15-16reaction-enhanced, 15-16reversed micellar, 15-18standard, 15-13supercritical fluid, 15-19 to 15-20temperature-swing, 15-17two-phase, aqueous, 15-18extractive reaction, 15-16 to 15-17hybrid extraction processes, 15-18 to 15-19liquid-liquid partitioning, 15-19fine solids, 15-19toluene nitration, 15-17extraction, cross-current, 15-11extraction, emerging developments, 15-103 to15-106electrically-enhanced extraction, 15-104 to15-105ionic liquids, 15-105membrane-based processes, 15-103 to15-104liquid-based, 15-104polymer-based, 15-103 to 15-104phase-transition extraction, 15-105tunable solvents, 15-105extraction cascade, counter-current, 15-45extraction operation, 15-20 to 15-21design considerations, 15-20 to 15-21extractor:CMS, 15-90static, 15-64extraparticle transport and dispersion mechanisms,16-19INDEX 11fabric filters, 17-46 to 17-57

air permeabilities, 17-50cake puncture, 17-51collection efficiency, 17-49filter fabrics, 17-49removal efficiency, 17-55resistance factors, 17-50reverse-flow cleaned, 17-47, 17-49reverse-pulse cleaned, 17-47, 17-49, 17-50shaker cleaned, 17-47, 17-48three-compartment bag filter, 17-48failure logic, in control, 8-50Fair’s correlation, entrainment, 14-38falling films, 6-43 to 6-44effect of surface tension, 6-44flooding, 6-44laminar flow, 6-43minimum wetting rate, 6-43turbulent flow, 6-43 to 6-44falling-film crystallization, 20-10 to 20-13equipment and applications, 20-13principles of operation, 20-13process diagrams, 20-10 to 20-12reference list of specific processes, 20-13falling-rate period (hindered drying), 12-26fan horsepower, 12-21fans and blowers, 10-49 to 10-52axial-flow fans, 10-49backward-curved blade blowers, 10-50centrifugal blowers, 10-49fan performance, 10-52forward-curved blade blowers, 10-50scirocco-type fan, 10-52Faraday’s law, 7-32fast Fourier transform, 3-59FCC unit, 17-17feed stream, 8-42feedback control, 8-5, 8-21feedback control system, 8-12feedforward control, 8-5, 8-21feedforward dynamic compensator, 8-22fermentation, 7-30fermentative pathways, 7-31fermenter, 7-18fiber mist eliminators, 14-125fiber saturation point, 12-26fiber-bed scrubbers, 17-43fiber-film contactor, 15-91fiber-optic sensors, 8-63Fibonachi search, 8-34Fick’s First Law, diffusion, 5-45Fick’s law, diffusion, 16-19Fick’s 2nd law, diffusion, 12-34fieldbus controller, 8-73fieldbus foundation, 8-70field-sensing devices, 8-73FIFO, first in first out basis, 9-10filament pyrometers, disappearing, 8-58filter, bag, 17-48filter (electric), granular bed, 17-52filter, reverse-pulse fabric, 17-49filter, shaker fabric, 17-49filtering, excessive, effect on signal, 8-73filters:aids:diatomaceous earth, 18-99perlite, 18-99batch cake filters:centrifugal-discharge, 18-104external cake tube, 18-102filter press, 18-99horizontal plate, 18-99internal cake tube, 18-102nutsche, 18-99pressure leaf, 18-103filters (Cont.):clarifying filters, 18-109continuous cake filters:colifilter, 18-106horizontal belt, 18-108

horizontal table, 18-108horizontal vacuum, 18-108precoat filters, 18-106pressure filters, 18-106removable media, 18-106roll-discharge, 18-106rotary drum, 18-105scraper discharge, 18-105sing compartment, 18-106string discharge, 18-105tilting pan, 18-108dry, 17-54filter thickeners, 18-109media:beds, granular, 18-98characteristics, 18-98fabrics, metal, 18-97fabrics, screens, 18-97fabrics, woven, 18-97felts, 18-98membranes, polymer, 18-98papers, 18-98pollutants, 22-37, 22-40prices, 18-114selection, 18-112filtration:classification, 18-82, 18-114filter prices, 18-114selection of filtration equipment, 18-112 to 18-114cake washing, 18-112 to 18-113continuous operation, 18-113equipment-related factors, 18-112filtration rate, 18-113 to 18-114theory, 18-83filtration, batch:constant pressure, 18-95constant rate, 18-95pressure tests, 18-96compression-permeability, 18-98leaf, 18-96plate and frame, 18-97variable pressure, rate, 18-96filtration, continuous:performance evaluation, 18-95scale-up:actual area, 18-94cake discharge, 18-93factor, overall, 18-94sizing, 18-95testing, small scale:correlation, data, 18-89factors, 18-83procedure, 18-85financial report, 9-5fire and explosion protection, in control, 8-91fired heaters. See indirect-fired combustionequipmentfirst order-transfer function, 8-8first-order lag, 8-9Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, 17-17, 7-28fixed capital investment, 9-10detailed estimate method, 9-16code of accounts, 9-15, 9-16estimation, 9-13exponential method, 9-13seven-tenths rule, 9-14methods, 9-15discipline method, 9-15Garrett method, 9-15Guthrie method, 9-15fixed capital investment (Cont.):order of magnitude methods, 9-13capital ratio, 9-13turnover ratio, 9-13study methods, 9-14Hand method, 9-14Lang method, 9-14step-counting method, 9-15Wroth method, 9-14

fixed-bed:analysis methods, 16-6behavior, 16-6limiting behavior, 16-7profiles, 16-7fixed-point level, 8-61flammability limits, 2-515 to 2-516calculation methods, 2-515group contributions for inorganic compounds,2-516group contributions for organic compounds,2-516Pintar method, 2-515flammable gas, vapors and liquids, measures againstignition by hot surfaces, 23-17flash calculations:adiabatic, 13-16isothermal, 13-15specifications, 13-16three phase, 13-16flash point:calculation methods, 2-515Thorton method, 2-515flexibility factor k and stress intensification factor i,10-119 to 10-120flexible batch, processes, control, 8-47float-actuated devices, 8-60flooding, column. See tray columns, floodingFlory distribution, 7-30flow, orifices, nozzles, and venturis, expansionfactor Y, values of, 10-19flow characteristics, valve flow, 8-83flow measurements:in control, 8-59pressure, 10-7 to 10-10equalizers and straighteners, 10-10head, 10-8manometer, liquid-column, 10-8mechanical gauges, 10-9multiplying gauges, 10-8perfect fluid, 10-6piezometer ring, 10-11stagnation, 10-6static head, 10-15static pressure, 10-6total pressure, 10-6 to 10-7properties and behavior of, 10-6adiabatic, 10-6flowing fluid, 10-6ideal gas, 10-6isentropic, 10-6isotropic, 10-6perfect fluid, 10-6stagnation, 10-6static pressure, 10-6total pressure, 10-6 to 10-7temperature, 10-7dry- and wet-bulb, 10-7resistive thermal detectors (RTDs),10-7static, 10-7thermocouples, 10-7total, 10-7velocity, 10-7 to 10-14anemometer, 10-13 to 10-14current meter, 10-2112 INDEXflow measurements, velocity (Cont.):flow disturbances, 10-11kiel probe, 10-11mean, traversing for, 10-13pitometer, 10-13pitot tubes, 10-11pitot-static tube, 10-11 to 10-12pitot-venturi tubes, 10-13point velocities, 10-11profile effects, 10-11pulsating flow, 10-12special pitot tubes, 10-13

variables affecting measurement, 10-1flow nonuniformities, 16-21flow reactors, 7-35CSTRS, 7-35PFRs, 7-35flow through orifices, 6-22flow velocity pitot tubes, special, 10-13pitometer, 10-13pitot-venturi, 10-13shielded total-pressure tubes, 10-13flowmeters, differential pressure, 10-15accuracy, 10-20 to 10-21abnormal velocity distribution,10-20flow pulsation, 10-20minimum Hodgson numbers, 10-21order of reliability for square-edged orificesand venturi tubes, 10-20swirling flow, 10-20elbow meters, 10-20flow nozzles, 10-19critical flow conditions, 10-19critical flow nozzles, 10-19critical pressure ratio, 10-19perfect gas, 10-19permanent pressure loss, 10-19rate of discharge, 10-19orifice meters, 10-16 to 10-18annular, 10-18coefficient of discharge, 10-17critical flow, 10-17eccentric, 10-18permanent pressure loss, 10-17quadrant-edged, 10-16segmented, 10-18sharp-edged, 10-16slotted-edge, 10-16square-edged, 10-16venturi meters, 10-18discharge coefficients, 10-19Herschel-type, 10-19multiventuri systems, 10-19permenant pressure loss, 10-19rate of discharge, 10-19pressure taps, 10-16corner taps, 10-16pipe taps, flange taps, 10-16radius taps, 10-16vena contracta, 10-16flowmeters, general:classes, 10-23classification, 10-14differential pressure meters, 10-14mass meters, 10-14open-channel flow measurement,10-14variable-area meters, 10-14velocity meters, 10-14volumetric meters, 10-14guidelines and standards, 10-14, 10-16technologies, comparison of, 10-15selection, 10-23weirs, 10-23flowmeters, mass, 10-21axial-flow transverse-momentum, 10-21coriolis, 10-22inferential, 10-21flowmeters, two-phase, 10-22gas-liquid mixtures, 10-23gas-solid mixtures, 10-23liquid-solid mixtures, 10-23flowmeters, ultrasonic, 8-59 to 8-60flowmeters, variable-area, 10-22rotometers, 10-22flowmeters, velocity, 10-21anemometer, 10-21vane anemometer, 10-21current, 10-21cup meter, 10-21

propeller meter, 10-21turbine, 10-21flowmeters, weirs, 10-23broad-crested, 10-23narrow rectangular notches, 10-24rectangular, 10-24triangular-notch, 10-24sharp-edged, 10-23flue gas desulfurization, 17-44fluid and particle dynamesc nomenclature andunits, 6-3fluid distribution, 6-32 to 6-34beds of solids, 6-34flow straightening devices, other, 6-34perforated plates and screens, 6-34perforated-pipe distributions, 6-32 to 6-33slot distributions, 6-33turning valves, 6-33 to 6-34fluid dynamics, conservation equations, 6-6 to 6-9Cauchy momentum and Navier-Stokes equations,6-8fluid statics, 6-8 to 6-9macroscopic and microscopic balances, 6-6macroscopic equations, 6-6mass balance, 6-6mass balance, continuity equation, 6-7mechanical energy balance, Bernoulli equation,6-7microscopic balance equations, 6-7momentum balance, 6-6 to 6-7stress tensor, 6-7 to 6-8total energy balance, 6-7fluid dynamics, dimensionless groups, 6-49to 6-51fluid flow, kinematics, 6-5 to 6-6compressive and incompressible flow, 6-5laminar and turbulent flow, Reynold’s number, 6-6one-dimensional flow, 6-5rate of deformation tensor, 6-5streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines, 6-5velocity, 6-5vorticity, 6-5 to 6-6fluid flow:thermodynamics:duct flow, 4-15pipe flow, 4-15fluid mixing, 6-34 to 6-36pipeline mixing, 6-36stirred tank agitation, 6-35 to 6-36fluidization vessel, 17-6fluidized beds, uses of, 17-16 to 17-20catalytic reactions, 17-16 to 17-17acrylonitrile production, 17-17chlorination of oletins, 17-17cracking, 17-16Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, 17-17naphthalene oxidization, 17-17polyethylene production, 17-17fluidized beds, uses of (Cont.):noncatalytic reactions, 17-17 to 17-20calcination, 17-17 to 17-18circulating fluidized-bed combustors, 17-19improved coal combustion, 17-18 to 17-19incineration, 17-19pressurized fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC),17-19physical contacting, 17-20adsorption-desorption, 17-20coating, 17-20drying, 17-20heat treatment, 17-20fluidized-bed combustion, 24-29 to 24-31bubbling beds, 24-29circulationg beds, 24-29 to 24-30fuel flexibiliby, 24-30mercury emissions, 24-31nitrogen oxide emissions, 24-30particulate emissions, 24-30 to 24-31

sulfur emissions, 24-30fluidized-bed seal leg, 17-14fluidized-bed steam generator, 17-18fluidized-bed systems, 17-2 to 17-20adsorption-desorption, 17-20applications, 17-16 to 17-20bed height, nominal, 17-16bed weight, overall, 17-16bubbling or turbulent beds, 17-9catalytic reactions, 17-16 to 17-17circulating fluidized-bed combustors, 17-19circulating or fast fluidized-beds, 17-11coating, 17-20cone valve, 17-13dip leg, 17-15drying, 17-20entrainment, 17-7flow measurements, 17-16fluid-bed status graph, 17-4fluidization regime, 17-4fluidized-bed steam generator, 17-18gas distributor, 17-7 to 17-9gas mixing, 17-12gas-solid systems, 17-2Geldart categorization, 17-2heat transfer, 17-11 to 17-12bed-to-surface heat transfer coefficient, 17-11heat treatment, 17-20heterogeneous reactions, 7-17higher velocity transport regime, 17-5hot windbox, incinerator, 17-20instrumentation, 17-15 to 17-16flow measurement, 17-16pressure measurement, 17-15 to 17-16temperature, 17-15l valve, 17-13, 17-14lower-velocity fast fluidized-bed regime, 17-5materials tar, 17-6multicompartment fluidized-bed, FluoSolids, 17-18phase diagram, 17-3physical contacting, 17-20plenum chamber, 17-9pneumatic conveying regime, 17-5pneumatic conveying systems, 17-11powder classification diagram, 17-2pressurized fluidized-bed combustion, 17-19quench tank, 17-13reactions, noncatalytic, 17-17 to 17-20reactor shell, hot spots, 17-6regime diagram, 17-3rotary valve, 17-13scale-up, 17-9 to 17-16bubble growth, 17-9bubble model, 17-10INDEX 13fluidized-bed systems, scale-up (Cont.):bubbling or turbulent beds, 17-19fast fluidized (Circulating) beds, 17-11fluoseal, 17-13gas mixing, 17-12heat transfer surfaces, 17-11knife-gate valves, 17-12pneumatic conveying, 17-11pressure drop, 17-13size enlargement, 17-12size reduction, 17-12solids discharge 17-13solids mixing, 12-12stand pipe, 17-13two-phase model, 17-10screw feeder, 17-13seal legs, 17-14single-stage FluoSolids roaster, 17-18size enlargement, onion skinning, 17-12size reduction, attrition, 17-12slide valve, 17-13solids discharge, 17-13solids feeders, 17-12

solids flow control, 17-12solids mixing, 17-12staging methods, 17-10standpipes, 17-12table feeder, 17-13temperature control, 17-12adiabatic, 17-12gas circulation, 17-12liquid injection, 17-12solids circulation, 17-12total transport regime, 17-5transport disengaging height, 17-7two-phase theory of fluidization, 17-2fluidized-bed:fluosolids, 17-18fractionation, 17-20noncatalytic 17-6systems, 17-5fluidizing velocity, minimum, 17-5 to 17-6fluids, bulk transport of, 10-149marine transporation, 10-151container ships, 10-151portable tanks, 10-151materials of construction for bulk transport,10-151pipe lines, 10-149tank cars, 10-150tank trucks, 10-151portable tanks, drums, or bottles, 10-151tanks, 10-149fluids, nature of, 6-4 to 6-5Bingham plastic, 6-4Deborah number, 6-5deformation and stress, 6-4dilatant, 6-5Newtonian, 6-4non-Newtonian, 6-4rheology, 6-4rheopectic, 6-5shear-thining, 6-4 to 6-5time-dependent, 6-5viscoelastic, 6-5viscosity, 6-4fluids, pastes and doughs, viscous, mixing of:continous mixers, 18-34 to 18-37AP Conti paste mixer, 18-35Ferrel continous mixer, 18-35Holo-Flite processor, 18-35Kenics static mixer, 18-36 to 18-37miscellaneous continous mixers, 18-35motionless mixers, 18-36pug mills, 18-35fluids, pastes and doughs, viscous, mixingof, continous mixers (Cont.):single-screw extruders, 18-34Sulzer static mixer, 18-37trough-and-screw mixers 18-35twin-screw extruders, 18-34 to 18-35equipment selection, 18-38 to 18-39heating and cooling mixers, 18-38intensive mixers, 18-32 to 18-34Banbury mixers, 18-32 to 18-33conical mixers, 18-32high-intensity mixers, 18-32miscellaneous batch mixers, 18-32pan mullers, 18-32 to 18-34plowshare mixers, 18-32ribbon blenders, 18-32roll mills, 18-32process design considerations, 18-37 to 18-39scale-up of batch mixers, 18-37 to18-38scale-up of continous mixers, 18-38fluorine, thermodynamic properties, 2-270 to2-271fluoSeal, type UA, 17-14flutec, 2-217, 2-271flux expressions, 5-49 to 5-50Stefan-Maxwell equation, 5-50formal potential, electrochemical reactions, 7-32

formation and combustion reactions, properties:ideal gas sensible enthalpies, 2-201ideal gas sensible entropies, 2-202inorganic and organic compounds, 2-195 to2-200formic acid:Antoine vapor pressure, 13-14BIP data, 13-13FORTRAN, 8-70Fourier Law, 5-3coefficients, 5-6Fourier number, 12-34, 12-54free moisture content, 12-26free radicals, 7-14freezing, progressive, 20-4 to 20-5applications, 20-5component separation, 20-4concentration-solidification curve, 20-5frequency-shift keying, 8-87frictional losses in pipeline elements, 6-16to 6-20contraction and entrance losses, 6-16 to 6-17curved pipes and coils, 6-19 to 6-20equivalent length and velocity head methods,6-16expansion and exit losses, 6-17fittings and valves, 6-17 to 6-19front-end loading, 9-41 to 9-48characteristics of, 9-42fuel cells:background, 24-45characteristics, 24-47design principles, 24-46 to 24-47efficiency, 24-46polarization curves, 24-48 to 24-50reaction electrochemistry, 24-47schematics, 24-45 to 24-51thermodynamic valves, 24-47types:alkaline, 24-47direct methanol, 24-49molten carbonate, 24-49phosphoric acid, 24-49polymer electrolyte, 24-48 to 24-49solid-oxide, 24-50fuel fired furnace models, 5-39 to 5-43long plug flow furnace, 5-39 to 5-40performance parameters, 5-39fuel fired furnace models (Cont.):well-stirred combustion chamber, 5-40 to 5-43dimensional approach, 5-40dimensionless approach, 5-40 to 5-41example, 5-41 to 5-43fuel-bed firing, 24-28 to 24-29comparison to suspension, 24-29overfeed firing stokers:cross-feed (mass-burning), 24-28spreader, 24-28 to 24-29underfeed firing, 24-28fugacity:coefficient:definition, 4-19 to 4-20evaluation of, 4-20definition, 4-19 to 4-20function libraries, 8-50funicular state, 12-26furnaces, industrial:atmosphere, 24-44batch furnace, 24-43continuous furnace, 24-43function and process cycle, 24-42heat source, 24-42heating mode:direct, 24-43, 24-44indirect, 24-43overhead, 24-43, 24-44underfiring, 24-43, 24-44melting furnace, 24-42muffle furnace, 24-43

fuzzy logic control, 8-26ganging alarm, use in control, 8-68gas absorption, heat-effects, 14-15 to 14-17classical adiabatic design method, 14-17classical isothermal design method, 14-16comparison of design methods, 14-17equipment considerations, 14-16operating variables, 14-16rigorous design methods, 14-17gas absorption solvent rate, 14-17gas blanketing system, use of regulator, 8-92gas chromatography, 8-62gas diffusivity, 7-20gas distributor, multiple-pipe, 17-8gas phase reactors, 19-21gas phone mass-transfer units, 14-13gas pressure drops, 17-46resistance coefficients, 17-46gas-absorption systems, design of, 14-7 to 14-10design diagrams, 14-10design of absorber-stripper systems, 14-10design procedures, 14-7equipment, selection, 14-9liquid-to-gas ratio, calculation of 14-9scrubbing chlorine from air, 14-11selection of solvent and nature of solvents,14-7gaseous emissions, control of, 22-41absorption, 22-41adsorption, 22-42biological APC technologies, 22-48combustion, 22-44condensation, 22-47membrane filtration, 22-51gaseous fuels, 24-10 to 24-12acetylene, 24-12hydrogen, 24-12liquefied petroleum gas, 24-12miscellaneous, 24-12natural gas. See natural gasgaseous pollutants, sources and significance,22-3014 INDEXgases, storage of, 10-148cavern storage, 10-149gas holders, 10-148materials, 10-149differential thermal expansion, 10-149solution of gases in liquids, 10-148storage in pressure vessels, bottles and pipe lines,10-148 to 10-149gas-in-liquid dispersions, 14-98axial dispersion, 14-111characteristics of dispersion, 14-102equipment selection, 14-106mass transfer, 14-108methods of gas dispersion, 14-102theory of bubble and foam formation, 14-100gas-liquid, suspension:dispersion, 18-18mass transfer, 18-19gas-liquid column costs, 14-85cost of column, 14-86cost of internals, 14-85gas-liquid contactors, 14-90bypassing limits spray tower performance in gascooling, 14-91converting liquid mass-transfer data to directcontact heat transfer, 14-91devolatilizers, 14-91mass transfer data, 14-91simple spray towers, 14-91spray towers as direct contact condensers, 14-91spray towers in liquid-limited systems-hollowcone atomizing nozzles, 14-91vertical reverse jet contactor, 14-90gas-liquid phase dispersion, 14-86basics of interfacial contactors, 14-86droplet size, 14-88

interfacial area, impact of droplet or bubblesize, 14-88steady-state systems, bubbles and droplets,14-86surface tension, effect on stability, 14-88unstable systems, froths and hollow cone atomizingnozzles, 14-88gas-liquid reactors, 19-38 to 19-41absorption tables, 19-39examples, 19-41, 19-45gas-liquid systems, equilibrium data sources,14-7gas-liquid-solid, suspension, 18-20loop reactors, 18-21gas-solid, systems, 17-2 to 17-6air fluidization diagram, 17-2choking velocity, 17-5fluidization regime diagram, 17-4particulate fluidization, 17-6vibrofluidization, 17-6pneumatic conveying regime, 17-5simplified fluid-bed status graph, 17-4solid types, 17-2two-phase fluidization theory, 17-2upward gas flow phase diagram, 17-3gas-solids separation, 17-21 to 17-63air filters, 17-52 to 17-55automatic filters, 17-54classification, 17-55high efficiency air cleaning, 17-54high efficiency particulate air, 17-54isolated fiber efficiency, 17-53air filtration theory, 17-52atmospheric pollution measurements, 17-24cyclone scrubbers, 17-42dry scrubbing, 17-43 to 17-45emmision control, 17-45evaporation lifetimes, 17-45VERT filter list, 17-45gas-solids separation (Cont.):dust collection, 17-24 to 17-28design, 17-27diffusional deposition, 17-26, 17-27electrostatic precipition, 17-27flow-line interception, 17-26, 17-27gravity settling, 17-27, 17-28inertial deposition, 17-26, 17-27mechanisms, 17-26 to 17-27nomenclature of, 17-21 to 17-23particle deposition, 17-28performance, 17-27sonic agglomeration, 17-26thermal deposition, 17-26, 17-27gauge, pressure, manometers, 10-8bourdon-tube gauge, 10-9closed U tubes, 10-8mercury barometer, 10-8compound gauges, 10-9conditions, 10-9deadweight gauge for high pressure, 10-9differential, 10-8differential U tube, 10-8draft gauge, 10-9inclined U tube. 10-9inverted differential U tube, 10-8manometric fluid, changes of, 10-9mechanical, 10-9diaphragm, 10-9micrometers, 10-9multiplying gauges, 10-8 to 10-9open gauge, 10-8open U tube, 10-8pressure transducers with fluid-mounteddiaphragms, 10-9tube size for, 10-8two-fluid U tube, 10-9gauges, pressure-measuring, types of, 10-7electric sensing devices, 10-8piezoelectric transducers, 10-8

piezoresistive transducers, 10-8strain gauges, 10-8gauges based on height of liquid column,10-7manometers, 10-7mechanical pressure gauges, 10-7Bourdon-tube, 10-7Gauss-Jordan decomposition, 7-9Geldart diagram, 12-84Geldart’s classification, aeration behavior, 21-22,21-23Geng Wang equation, 12-93genome, 7-31Gibbs energy:excess:models, 4-23 to 4-26fundamental property relations:excess-property relation, 4-22 to 4-23and related properties, 4-22residual-property relation, 4-21 to 4-22partial molar, 4-19Gibbs energy of formation, 2-486inorganic and organic compounds, 2-196 to 2-200Gibbs-Duhem equation:partial molar properties, 4-18global reactions, 7-5, 7-14globe and angle, 8-74glycolysis, 7-31golden search, 8-34granular-bed filters, 17-51cleanable granular bed filters, 17-51fixed granular bed filters, 17-51granulation, fluid bed and mixer, operating variable,21-113 to 21-123granulation processes, control and design,21-110controlling processing in practice, 21-113controlling breakage in practice, 21-117controlling growth and consolidation inpractice, 21-117controlling wetting in practice, 21-113engineering approaches to design, 21-110scale: granulator vessel, 21-113scale: granule size and primary feed particles,21-111scale: granule volume element, 21-112scales of analysis, 21-110granulation processes, modeling, 21-143modeling individual growth mechanisms,21-144attrition, 21-145coalescence, 21-144layering, 21-144nucleation, 21-144population balance, 21-143simulation of granulation circuits with recycle,21-147solution of the population balance, 21-146analytical solutions, 21-146effects of mixing, 21-146numerical solutions, 21-146graphical implementations, 8-50gravity decanter (horizontal), 15-98gravity sedimentation operations:clarifiers:circular clarifiers, 18-74clarifier-thickener, 18-74inclined-plate clarifiers, 18-74industrial waste secondary clarifiers, 18-74rectangular clarifiers, 18-74clarifier and thickener testing, 18-67 to 18-68coagulent and/or flocculant selection, 18-67to 18-68feed characterization, 18-67sedimentation testing, 18-67batch bench-scale settling tests, 18-67continuous piloting, 18-67semi-continuous bench-scale tests, 18-67

specifications for design and sizing, 18-67settleable solids and sedimentation, 18-66 to18-67types, 18-66 to 18-67testing for clarification, 18-68bulk settling, 18-68detention, 18-68solids recycle, 18-68testing for thickening:determination of thickener basin area, 18-69to 18-70optimization of flocculation conditions, 18-68to 18-69scale-up factors, 18-70thickener-basin depth, 180-70torque rquirements, 18-70 to 18-71underflow pump requirements, 18-71thickeners, 18-71 to 18-74design features, 18-73operations, 18-74types, 18-72 to 18-73grinding, cost, 21-46grinding and crushing, industrial practice, 21-68biological materials—cell disruption, 21-73cement, lime, and gypsum, 21-71dry-process cement, 21-71finish-grinding of cement clinker, 21-71gypsum, 21-71lime, 21-71portland cement, 21-71wet-process cement, 21-71INDEX 15grinding and crushing, industrial practice (Cont.):cereals and other vegetable products, 21-68flour and feed meal, 21-68soybeans, soybean cake and other pressedcakes, 21-68starch and other flours, 21-69chemicals, pigments and soaps, 21-72chemicals, 21-72colors and pigments, 21-72soaps, 21-72coal, coke and other carbon products, 21-71anthracite, 21-71bituminous coal, 21-71coke, 21-71other carbon products, 21-72fertilizers and phosphates, 21-70ores and minerals, 21-69asbestos and mica, 21-70carbonates and sulfites, 21-70clays and kaolins, 21-69crushed stone and aggregate, 21-70metalliferous ores, 21-69nonmetallic minerals, 21-69silica and feldspar, 21-70talc and soapstone, 21-70types of milling circuits, 21-69pharmaceutical materials, 21-73polymers, 21-72gums and resins, 21-72molding powders, 21-72powder coatings, 21-72rubber, 21-72processing waste, 21-72grinding and crushing equipment, 21-56gyratory crushers, 21-57control of crushers, 21-58design and operation, 21-57performance, 21-58hammer mills, 21-59operation, 21-59impact breakers, 21-58cage mills, 21-59hammer crusher, 21-58prebreakers, 21-59jaw crushers, 21-56comparision of crushers, 21-57design and operation, 21-57

performance, 21-57pan crushers, 21-61design and operation, 21-61performance, 21-61roll crushers, 21-60roll press, 21-60roll ring-roller mills, 21-60Raymond ring-roller mill, 21-60grinding and crushing equipment, fluid-energy,21-61design, 21-61types, 21-61opposed jet mill, 21-61other jet mill designs, 21-62spiral jet mill, 21-61grinding and crushing equipment, wet/dry grinding,21-62disk attrition mills, 21-67dispensers and emulsifiers, 21-68dispersion and colloid mills, 21-68media mills and roll mills, 21-68microfluidizer, 21-68pressure homogenizers, 21-68hicom mill, 21-67media selection, 21-62mill efficiencies, 21-65capacity and power consumption, 21-65overview, 21-62grinding and crushing equipment, wet/drygrinding (Cont.):performance of bead mills, 21-66residence time distribution, 21-66planetary-ball mills, 21-67stirred media mills, 21-65annular gap mills, 21-66attritors, 21-65design, 21-65horizontal media mills, 21-65manufacturers, 21-66vertical mills, 21-65tumbling mills, 21-63design, 21-63dry vs. wet grinding, 21-64dry-ball milling, 21-64material and ball charges, 21-64multicompartmented mills, 21-63operation, 21-64wet-ball milling, 21-64vibratory mills, 21-66performance, 21-67residence time distribution, 21-67grinding processes, modeling, 21-52batch grinding, 21-53breakage function, 21-53closed-circuit milling, 21-54continuous-mill simulation, 21-53residence time distribution, 21-53solution for continuous milling, 21-54data on behavior of grinding functions, 21-55grinding rate functions, 21-55grinding rate function, 21-53solution of batch-mill equations, 21-53modeling of milling circuits, 21-52scale-up and control of grinding circuits, 21-55parameters for scale-up, 21-55scale-up based on energy, 21-55half-cell reaction, 7-32half-life method, 7-36batch time, 7-36Hall effect sensors, 8-64halon, 2-218, 2-271Hartree Fock, compositional chemistry, 7-38Hatta number, 7-28hazardous materials and conditions, chemicalreactivity:designing facilities for avoidance of unintendedreaction, 23-27identifying potential reactions, 23-28incompatible materials, 23-29

oxidizers and organic peroxides, 23-29peroxide formers, 23-28polymerizing, decomposing, and rearrangingsubstances, 23-28self-accelerating decomposition temperature(SADT), 23-28spontaneously combustible and pyrophoricsubstances, 23-28water-reactive substances, 23-28designing mitigation systems to handleuncontrolled reactions, 23-29depressuring systems, 23-29dump systems, 23-29inhibitor injection, 23-29quench systems, 23-29short-stop system, 23-29designing processes for control of intendedchemical reactions, 23-26design of emergency relief and effluent treatmentsystems, 23-27endothermic compounds, 23-27endothermic reactions, 23-27hazardous materials and conditions, chemicalreactivity, designing processes for control ofintended chemical reactions (Cont.):exothermic reactions and runaway reactions,23-26semibatch reactions, 23-27temperature of no return (TNR), 23-26life-cycle considerations during processdevelopment, 23-25considering inherently safer approaches toreactivity hazards, 23-25scale-up considerations, 23-26reactive hazard reviews and process hazardanalyses, 23-30hazard and operability (HAZOP), 23-30reactivity testing, 23-30onset temperature, 23-30sources of reactivity data, 23-30accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC),23-30advanced reactive system screening tool(ARSSTTM), 23-30calculations, 23-30differential thermal analysis (DTA), 23-30mixing cell calorimetry (MCC), 23-30shock sensitivity, 23-30vent sizing package (VSP2TM), 23-30hazardous materials and conditions, flammability:boiling-liquid expanding-vapor explosions,23-13combustion and flammability hazards, 23-8 to23-11aerosols and mists, 23-10estimating flammability limits, 23-8flammability diagram, 23-9flammability limit dependence on temperature,23-8flammability limit dependence on pressure,23-8ignition sources and energy, 23-9, 23-10limiting oxygen concentration, 23-9liquid mixtures, 23-8minimum ignition energy (MEI), 23-10vapor mixtures, 23-8dust explosions, 23-15apparatus for collecting explosion data fordust, 23-12dust explosion device, pressure data from,23-13terminology, 23-15explosions, 23-11apparatus for collecting explosion data,23-12boiling-liquid expanding-vapor explosions,23-13 to 23-14characterizing explosive behavior for vaporsand dusts, 23-12

confined explosions, 23-11deflagration index, 23-13detonation and deflagration, 23-11vapor cloud explosions, 23-13fire triangle, 23-7flammability limits in pure oxygen, 23-11ignition sensitivity of dusts as a function ofprotective measures, 23-17relation between flammability properties,23-8static electricity, 23-22brush discharges, 23-23causes of hazardous discharges with liquids,23-24charge dissipation, 23-23charge induction, 23-22charge-dissipative materials, 23-23contact electrification, 23-2216 INDEXhazardous materials and conditions, flammability,static electricity (Cont.):corona, 23-23electrostatic charging, 23-22electrostatic discharges, 23-23external causes of incendive static discharges,23-24mists, 23-22personnel and clothing, 23-24powders, 23-24propagating brush discharges, 23-23spark discharges, 23-23spray nozzles, 23-22terminology, static electricity, 23-22hazardous materials and conditions, toxicity:data compilition, 23-32dosage equation, 23-31guidance for the corrosivity of chemicalsubstances, 23-32inerts hazards, 23-36asphyxiation and toxicity hazards, 23-36chemical incompatibility hazards, 23–37OSHA’s respiratory protection standard,23-36physiological effects of reduced carbon dioxideatmospheres, 23-37physiological effects of reduced oxygenatmospheres, 23-36sources of inerts, 23-36ingestion toxicity, 23-32inhalation toxicity, 23-31Haber equation, 23-31overinerting, 23-38physical hazards, 23-37high and low pressure, 23-37high and low temperature, 23-37static electricity, 23-22, 23-37probit equation, 23-31safeguards against toxicity hazards, 23-34skin-contact toxicity, 23-32vacuum hazards, 23-34causes of equipment underpressurization,23-34consequences of vacuum damage, 23-34equipment limitations, 23-34protective measures for equipment,23-34hazardous waste storage and containers,22-90head devices, level mesurement, 8-61heat capacity, 7-7, 2-489 to 2-498gases, 2-489Benson method, 2-490calculation methods, 2-489ideal gas, 2-490ideal gas heat capacity group contributions,2-491 to 2-495statistical mechanics, 2-490liquids, 2-490calculation methods, 2-495

liquid heat capacity group parameters, 2-496to 2-497Ruzicka-Domalski method, 2-495solids, 2-495calculation methods, 2-495Element contributions for modified Kopp’srule, 2-498Goodman method, 2-495group values and nonlinear correction,2-498modified Kopp’s rule, 2-497terms for Goodman method, 2-498heat exchangers:air cooled heat exchangers, 11-49 to 11-53air flow control, 11-52heat exchangers, air cooled heat exchangers(Cont.):costs, 11-53design considerations, 11-53fan drivers, 11-51fans, 11-51humidification chambers, 11-52trim coolers, 11-52compact and nontubular heat exchangers, 11-55to 11-60atmospheric sections, 11-60bayonet-tube exchangers, 11-59cascade coolers, 11-59graphite heat exchangers, 11-59plate and frame exchangers, 11-55, 11-58printed-circuit heat exchangers, 11-58spiral tube exchangers, 11-59control, 8-40hairpin/double-pipe, 11-48 to 11-49applications, 11-49construction, principles of, 11-48finned double pipes, 11-48multitube hairpins, 11-48nonmetallic heat exchangers, 11-60ceramic, 11-60PDYF, 11-60Teflon, 11-60solids, heat exchangers for, 11-60 to 11-69divided solids, heat-transfer equipment for,11-64 to 11-69fusion of solids, equipment for, 11-63sheeted solids, heat-transfer equipment for,11-63solidification, equipment for, 11-60 to11-63TEMA-style shell-and-tube, 11-33 to 11-46baffles and tube bundles, 11-43bimetallic tubes, 11-45characteristics of tubing, table, 11-12clad tube sheets, 11-46construction, principle types of, 11-36corrosion in, 11-45costs of, 11-46design considerations, 11-35fabrication, 11-46falling film, 11-40features of, table, 11-11fixed tube sheet, 11-36impervious graphite, 11-46internal floating head, 11-40material of construction, 11-45nonmetallic construction, 11-46outside-packed floating-head, 11-40packed lantern ring, 11-39pull-through floating-head, 11-40shell side, construction of, 11-43tube side, construction of, 11-41U-tube, 11-37heat flow controller, 8-41heat of formation, 7-6heat of reaction, 7-6heat pump, 13-66 to 13-67heats and free energies of formation, inorganiccompounds, 2-186 to 2-195

heats of combustion, inorganic and organiccompounds, 2-196 to 2-200heats of solution:inorganic compounds in water, 2-203 to2-205organic compounds in water (at infinite dilutionand room temperature), 2-206heat-transfer coefficient, 12-6, 12-53, 12-57,12-76, 12-88heat-transfer rate, 8-41heat-transfer resistances, chemical kinetics, 7-22heat-transfer surface fouling, 8-44helium, thermodynamic properties, 2-272 to2-273Henry’s Law:constants:estimation of, 22-49references, 22-48heptane:activity coefficient plot, 13-14K-value versus residue, 13-12residue map, 13-70thermodynamic properties, 2-274 to 2-275HETP, 16-44height equivalent to a theoretical plate, 13-44 to13-45hexane:activity coefficient plot, 13-14Antoine vapor pressure, 13-14BIP data, 13-13K-value versus pressure, 13-12residue map, 13-70thermodynamic properties, 2-276 to2-277Higgins contractor, 16-68high-frequency process disturbances, 8-66high-level computer language, 8-72high/low alarms, 8-67high-order lag, 8-11high-viscosity process valve, 8-76homogeneous catalysis, 7-15homopolymerization, 7-29, 7-30low conversion, 7-30mechanics and kinetics, 7-30step growth, 7-30h-transformation, 16-45HTU, 5-61Huckel, 7-38humid enthalpy, 12-5humid gas density, 12-4, 12-5humid heat, 12-5, 12-6humid volume, 12-5humidity, percentage absolute, 12-4humidity measurement, 12-16 to 12-17dew point method, 12-16electric hygrometer, 12-16gravimetric method, 12-17mechanical hygrometer, 12-17sling or whirling psychrometer, 12-16wet-bulb method, 12-16hydraulic transients, 6-44 to 6-46caviation, 6-45 to 6-46pulsating flow, 6-45water hammer, 6-44 to 6-45hydrazine, saturated, thermodynamic properties,2-278hydrocyclone flow patterns, 15-102hydrogen, para. See para-hydrogenhydrogen, thermodynamic properties, 2-279 to2-280hydrogen bromide synthesis, 7-15hydrogen chloride, aqueous, partial pressures,2-80hydrogen peroxide, thermodynamic properties,2-282hydrogen sulfide, thermodynamic properties,2-283 to 2-284hydrometallurgical PFD example, 15-10hygroscopic material, 12-26

hyperbolic trigonometry, 3-18hysteresis effects, 8-86, 12-28I/P transducers, 8-87ideal reactors:continuously stirred tank reactor, 7-10, 7-12INDEX 17ideal reactors, continuously stirred tank reactor(Cont.):liquid phase reaction, 7-12residence time, 7-12series, 7-12steady state, 7-12plug flow reactor, 7-10, 7-12constant-density system, 7-12residence time, 7-12recycle reactor, 7-12impellers:design:axial-flow, 18-14large tanks, 18-14side-entering, 18-14top-entering, 18-14impeller Reynolds number:fluid characteristics, 18-12tanks, types:baffled, 18-11unbaffled, 18-10types:axial flow, 18-9close-clearance, 18-9radial flow, 18-9implementation of MPC, 8-31incineration, 17-19incinerator, hot windbox, 17-20income statement, 9-6ammortization, 9-6bottom line 9-6consolidated, 9-4, 9-6cost of sales, 9-6depreciation, 9-6dividends, 9-6example of, 9-6expenses, 9-6administrative, 9-6general, 9-6selling, 9-6gross margin, 9-6income before extraordinary loss, 9-6income taxes, 9-6interest income, 9-6net income, 9-6net sales, 9-6operating income, 9-6incompressible flow in pipes and channels, 6-9 to6-15drag reduction, 6-14economic pipe diameter:laminar flow, 6-15turbulent flow, 6-14 to 6-15entrance and exit effects, 6-11friction factor and Reynold’s number, 6-10laminar and turbulent flow, 6-10 to 6-11mechanical energy balance, 6-9molecular flow, 6-15noncircular channels, 6-12nonisothermal flow, 6-12 to 6-13non-Newtonian flow, 6-13 to 6-14open channel flow, 6-13residence time distribution, 6-11 to 6-12slip flow, 6-15 to 6-16surface roughness values, 6-10vacuum flow, 6-15velocity profiles, 6-11indirect-fired combustion equipment, 24-41 to24-42coil design:arbor, 24-41cross-tube convection, 24-41, 24-42horizontal-tube box with side-mounted

convection tube bank, 24-42horizontal-tube cabin, 24-41, 24-42indirect-fired combustion equipment, coildesign (Cont.):simple vertical, cylindrical, 24-41vertical cyclindrical helical, 24-42vertical-tube, single-row, double-fired heater,24-41function:column reboilers, 24-41fired reactors, 24-41fractionator-feed preheater, 24-41heat-transfer fluid, 24-41reactor-feed stream, 24-41viscous-liquid, 24-41inequality constraints, 8-31, 8-33inert purge, 16-52infinite series:convergence and divergence tests, 3-26definitions, 3-25operations, 3-25 to 3-26partial sums, 3-27series summation and identities, 3-26 to 3-27arithmetic progresson, 3-26binomial series, 3-26exponential series, 3-26geometric progression, 3-26harmonic progression 3-26logarithmic series, 3-26Maclaurin’s series, 3-26sums for numbers to integer powers, 3-26Taylor’s series, 3-26trigonometric series, 3-26 to 3-27information technology, 8-69infrared analyzers, 8-62in-line blending system, control of, 8-26input conversion network, 8-84intangibles, economic, 9-5goodwill, 9-5, 9-6intellectual capital, 9-5licenses, 9-5particular scrubber, 17-36patents, 9-5, 9-6integral calculus:definite integral, 3-24 to 3-25methods of integration, 3-24 to 3-25properties, 3-24indefinite integral, 3-22 to 3-23methods of integration, 3-23algebraic substitution, 3-23direct formula, 3-23partial fractions, 3-23 to 3-24series expansion, 3-24trigonometric substitution, 3-23integral control, 8-14integral equations, 3-36 to 3-37classification, 3-36methods of solution, 3-37numerical solution, 3-54relation to differential equations, 3-36 to 3-37integral transforms, 3-37 to 3-40convolution integral, 3-39Fourier cosine transform, 3-39 to 3-40Fourier transform, 3-39Laplace transform, 3-37 to 3-40z-transform, 3-39integrated absolute error, control, 8-16intelligent alarm, use in control, 8-68intelligent field devices, use in control, 8-69interaction number, 17-22interest, 9-23effective rates, 9-25types of, 9-23compounding-discounting, 9-23continuous compounding, 9-23discrete compounding, 9-23simple, 9-23interfacial mass-transfer rates, 14-89approach to equilibrium-finite contactor with no

bypassing, 14-89bypassing, 14-90transfer coefficient-impact of droplet size, 14-90turbulence, effect of, 14-90interlocks, 8-49intermodal communications, 8-70internal diffusion, 12-26internal energy:function of T and P or T and y, 4-6 to 4-7postulate definition, 4-4interpolation and finite differences, 3-45 to 3-47central differences, 3-46divided differences of higher order, 3-45equally spaced backward differences, 3-46equally spaced forward differences, 3-45Lagrange interpolation formulas, 3-46linear interpolation, 3-45spline functions, 3-46 to 3-47intraparticle diffusion, 7-20effectiveness factor, 7-20external mass-transfer resistance, 7-22gas diffusivity, 7-20observed order and activation energy, 7-20reaction networks, 7-21reaction rate, 7-20intraparticle transport mechanisms, 16-18inventory evaluation and cost control, 9-9inverse trigonometric functions, 3-17investment capital, 9-10ion electrodes, 8-63ion exchange:Asahi countercurrent process, 16-69Himsley continous system, 16-69mixed-bed, 16-54regeneration, 16-54ion exchangers:fixed bed, design data, 16-68physical properties, 16-9 to 16-11pore size classification, 16-8ionic self-diffusivities, 16-20irreversible reaction, 7-5ISA symbols, 8-40isobutane, thermodynamic properties, 2-286 to 2-287isobutene, thermodynamic properties, 2-288 to 2-289isolation, 8-78isosteric heat of adsorption, 16-12isotachic pattern, 16-39isotherms:BET, 16-13constant pattern behavior, 16-34constant separation factor, 16-35Freundlich, 16-13linear, 16-13Sips, 6-13square-root spreading, 16-37Toth, 16-13jet behavior, 6-20 to 6-22Joule-Thomson effect:approximate inversion-curve locus in reducedcoordinates, 2-137Joule-Thomson coefficient, additional references,2-137Kachford and Kile, 13-5Karr column, 15-84kinetic control, electrochemical reactions, 7-32kinetic models, simplified, 12-32experimental methods, 12-35 to 12-36moisture determination, 12-36sample techniques, 12-3618 INDEXkinetic parameters, 7-35Arrhenius temperature dependence, 7-35kinetic rate equation, complex, 7-37kinetics, surface-reaction controlling, 7-17Kirchhoff’s law, 5-19Kister and Gill correlation, structured packing, 14-59Kister and Haas spray regime, 14-42Knox equation, 16-44Kozeny-Carman equation, 17-46

krypton, thermodynamic properties, 2-290 to 2-291Kuhni column, 15-83K-values:analytical correlations, 13-9 to 13-15Ivan Laar, 13-13Marguiles, 13-13SKK, 13-12Uniqual, 13-13Wilson, 13-13definition of, 13-7graphical correlations, 13-8 to 13-9Hadden’s method, 13-9lab-on-a-chip, 8-63ladder diagram, 8-50ladder logic, 8-72lag phase, 7-19Lagrange multipliers, 8-35LAN-based, 8-70landfill sites, 22-100Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate, 7-35Laplace transforms, 8-7Lapple equation, 17-46laser level transmitter, 8-61latent heat of evaporation, 12-5, 12-26latent heats:elements and inorganic compounds, 2-145 to2-147inorganic compounds (J/kmol), 2-155miscellaneous materials, 2-147organic compounds, 2-148 to 2-149law of mass action, 7-6leaching, 18-59 to 18-66definitions, 18-59 to 18-60mechanism, 18-60methods of operation, 18-60equipment, 18-60 to 18-64batch-stirred tanks, 18-62BMA diffusion tower, 18-64Bollman-type extractor, 18-61Bonotto extractor, 18-63continuous dispersed-solids leaching, 18-63de Smet belt extractor, 18-61dispersed-solids leaching, 18-61 to 18-62gravity sedimenter, 18-63Hildebrandt total-immersion extractor, 18-64Kennedy extractor, 18-61Lurgi frame belt, 18-61Pachuca tanks, 18-62 to 18-63percolators, 18-60rotocel extractor, 18-61screw-conveyor extractors, 18-64tray classifer, 18-64process selection and/or design, 18-64 to 18-66composition diagrams, 18-66extractor-sizing calculations, 18-65graphical method, 18-66leaching cycle and contact method, 18-65process and operating conditions, 18-65software packages, 18-65solvent choice, 18-65 to 18-65temperature, 18-65terminal stream compositions and quantities,18-65type of reactor, 18-65least squares, partial, 8-39ledger, economic, 9-4closed and balanced, 9-4example of, 9-5ledger accounts, 9-4asset account, 9-4expense account, 9-4liability account, 9-4revenue account, 9-4Lefebvre formula, 12-93level control, 8-43level measurements, 8-60liabilities, economic, 9-5current liabilities, 9-5accounts payable, 9-5

accrued expenses, 9-5current part of long term debt, 9-5income taxes payable, 9-5notes payable, 9-5long-term liabilities:bonds and notes, 9-5deferred income taxes, 9-5total liabilities, 9-5, 9-6life-cycle analysis and multimedia analysis, 22-21LIFO, last in first out basis, 9-10limit switches, 8-91limiting current, electrochemical reactions, 7-33limiting reactant, reaction kinetics, 7-7linear driving force approximation, 16-22linear programming, 8-29liqui-Cel membrane contactors, 15-103liquid chromatography, high-performance, 8-62liquid fuels, 24-7 to 24-11nonpetroleum:characteristics, 24-11coal-derived, 24-10shale oil, 24-10tar sands, 24-10petroleum. See petroeum fuelsliquid phase reactors, 19-20 to 19-21liquid-column pressure measure, methods, 8-58liquid-in-gas dispersions, 14-91atomizers, 14-93droplet breakup-high turbulence, 14-92droplet size distribution, 14-93dropwise distribution, 14-98effect of physical properties on drop size, 14-93effect of pressure drop and nozzle size, 14-93entrainment due to gas bubbling/jetting througha liquid, 14-96fog condensation-the-other way to make littledroplets, 14-97growth on foreign nuclei, 14-98hydraulic (pressure) nozzles, 14-93isolated droplet breakup-in a velocity field, 14-92liquid breakup into droplets, 14-91liquid-column breakup, 14-92liquid-sheet breakup, 14-92pipeline contactors, 14-95rotary atomizers, 14-95spontaneous (homogeneous) nucleation, 14-98spray angle, 14-93two-fluid (pneumatic) atomizers, 14-94“upper limit” flooding vertical tubes, 14-97liquid/liquid equilibrium, thermodynamics, 4-35liquid-liquid extraction, 15-6 to 15-22definitions:continuous phase, 15-10counter-current cascade, 15-11counter-current extraction, 15-11cross-current extraction, 15-11cross-flow extraction, 15-11differential contactor, 15-11dilutant, 15-10dispersed phase, 15-10liquid-liquid extraction, definitions (Cont.):dispersion, 15-10distribution coefficient (k), 15-10distribution constant (k), 15-10distribution ratio, 15-11emulsion, 15-10equillibrium stage, 15-10extract, 15-10extractant, 15-10extraction facter, 15-11extraction solvent, 15-10feed, 15-10feed as carrier solvent, 15-10flood point, 15-11flooding, 15-11fractional extraction, 15-11interfacial tension, 15-10k-value, 15-10liquid-liquid extraction, 15-10

mass-transfer coefficients, 15-11mass-transfer units, 15-11mixed solvent as solvent blend, 15-10modifier, 15-10pKa, 15-15partition ratio (k), 15-10phase inversion, 15-11phase velocity, 15-11raffinate, 15-10Sauter-mean drop diameter, 15-10selectivity, 15-11separating agent, 15-10separation factor, 15-11solutes, 15-10solutrope, 15-11solvent extraction, 15-10staged contactor, 15-11standard extraction, 15-11theoretical stage, 15-10throughput, 15-11uses, 15-7 to 15-10acetic acid recovery example, 15-8antibiotic recovery from fermentation broth,15-8aromatic compound petrochemical separation,15-8distillation impracticalities, 15-8hydro metallurgical applications, 15-8removal of acid residue from liquefied petroleumgases (LPG), 15-8liquid-liquid extraction, equipment, 15-58 to15-93agitated extraction columns, 15-79 to 15-86kuhni column, 15-82 to 15-83pulsed-liquid columns, 15-85raining-bucket contactor, 15-85 to 15-86reciprocating-plate columns, 15-83 to 15-84rotating-disk contactor, 15-84 to 15-85rotating-impeller columns, 15-79 to 15-80scheibel extraction column, 15-80 to 15-82centrifugal extractors, 15-92 to 15-93multistage, 15-92 to 15-93single-stage, 15-91 to 15-92extractor selection, 15-58 to 15-59volumetric efficiency, 15-59hydrodynamics of column extractors, 15-59 to15-63axial mixing, 15-60 to 15-62computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 15-62 to15-63flooding phenomena, 15-59 to 15-60mixer-settler equipment, 15-86 to 15-91liquid-liquid mixes design, 15-87 to 15-88mass-transfer models, 15-86 to 15-87miniplant tests, 15-87scale-up, 15-88 to 15-89INDEX 19liquid-liquid extraction, equipment, mixer-settlerequipment (Cont.):specialized equipment, 15-89 to 15-90suspended-fiber contactor, 15-90 to 15-91static extraction columns, 15-63 to 15-79baffle tray columns, 15-78 to 15-79features and design concepts, 15-63 to 15-69packed columns, 15-70 to 15-74sieve tray columns, 15-74 to 15-78spray columns, 15-69 to 15-70liquid-liquid extraction, thermodynamic basis, 15-22 to 15-32activity coefficients, 15-22 to 15-25extraction factor, 15-22 to 15-23ionizable organic salts and pH, 15-23 to 15-25min and max solvent-to solvent ratios, 15-23salting-out, salting-in and non-ionic solutes,15-24separation factor, 15-23temperature effect, 15-23 to 15-24data collection equations, 15-27 to 15-32data quality, 15-28 to 15-32

thermodynamic models, 15-28tie-line correlations, 15-27 to 15-28experimental methods, 15-27phase diagrams, 15-25 to 15-27plait point, 15-26phase equilibrium data source, 15-32recommended model systems, 15-32liquid-liquid phase separation equipment, 15-96 to15-103feed characteristics, 15-96other separators, 15-101 to 15-102centrifuges, 15-101coalescers, 15-101electrotreaters, 15-102hydrocyclones, 15-101 to 15-102ultrafiltration membranes, 15-102overall process considerations, 15-96settlers, 15-97 to 15-100decanters with coalescing intervals, 15-99design considerations, 15-97 to 15-98sizing methods, 15-99 to 15-100vented decanters, 15-98 to 15-99liquid-liquid reactors, 19-41 to 19-42examples, 19-43types of, 19-42 to 19-47agitated stir tanks, 19-42 to 19-44bubble columns, 19-44 to 19-46packed, spray and trayed towers, 19-46 to 19-47tubular reactors, 19-46liquids, storage of, 10-140atmospheric tanks, 10-140types of, 10-143pressure tanks:calculation of tank volume, 10-144container materials and safety, 10-145pond and underground cavern storage, 10-146shop-fabricated storage tanks, 10-140USTs versus ASTs, 10-140aboveground storage tank types and options,10-142double-wall, 10-142elevated tanks, 10-143environmental regulations, 10-142fire codes, 10-141fixed roofs, 10-143open tanks, 10-143posttensioned concrete, 10-143secondary containment ASTs, 10-142separation distances, 10-144standards, 10-141state and local jurisdictions, 10-142variable-volume tanks, 10-143venting, 10-144lithium, saturated, thermodynamic properties,2-292load cells, serial interface, 8-66loading ratio correlation, 16-13local equilibrium theory, 16-31Loeb equation, 17-56logical operators, 8-71long-term scheduling, 8-48low alarms, 8-67low level, switch, 8-50low-frequency process disturbances, 8-66lumping, mechanism reduction, 7-38, 7-39magnetic flowmeters, 8-59 to 8-60magnetically coupled devices, 8-60management information systems, 8-69manufacturing expenses, 9-18 to 9-21manufacturing resource planning, 8-68mass action law, 16-14 to 16-17mass flow controllers, 8-60mass flow network, 7-30mass fraction, 12-4mass ratio, 12-4mass spectroscopy, 8-63mass transfer, 5-43 to 5-83Chilton-Colburn analogy, 5-83cofficients, 5-45, 5-61

definitions, 5-61effects of chemical reactions, 5-74, 5-82 to 5-83effects of concentrations, 5-74effects of system physical properties, 5-74,5-82effects of total pressure, 5-68effects of total temperature, 5-68flow in pipes, 5-66 to 5-68packed two-phase contactors, 5-80 to 5-82particles, drops, and bubbles in agitated systems,5-75 to 5-76single flat plate, 5-63 to 5-64submerged objects, 5-69 to 5-70volumetric, 5-83constant separation factors, 16-27 to 16-28, 16-30correlations, 5-62 to 5-82drops, bubbles, and bubble columns, 5-75 to5-76falling films, 5-65fixed and fluidized beds, 5-77 to 5-79external mass-transfer control, 16-27interfacial mass transfer area, 5-83principles, 5-59 to 5-61concentrated systems, 5-60 to 5-61diluted systems, 5-59 to 5-60rate equations in absorbent particles, 16-24solid diffusion control, 16-27theories, 5-61 to 5-62mass-transfer coefficients, 12-6, 12-53, 14-24mass-transfer controlled, 7-33material balance, 5-49, 16-17materials:low temperature metals, 25-45 to 25-46high-temperature metals, 25-46 to 25-51materials of construction, properties:aluminum and alloys, 25-33brass, 25-34bronze, 25-34cast iron:austenetic, 25-5, 25-31carbon steel, 25-6duplex, 25-32low-alloy, 25-6martensitic alloys, 25-316Mo family alloys, 25-32stainless steel, ferritic, 25-31ceramic-fiber insulated linings, 25-51materials of construction, properties (Cont.):copper and alloys, 25-34creep, 25-47cupronickel, 25-34firebrick, 25-49Hastelloy alloys, 25-33incoloy, 25-35inorganic, nonmetallics:brick, 25-36cement, concrete, 25-37glass, 25-36glassed steel, 25-36porcelain, 25-36lead and alloys, 25-34Monel 400, 25-33nickel alloys, 25-32 to 25-34organic, nonmetallics, 25-37 to 25-44epoxy, 25-44ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, 25-41ethylene trifluoroethylene, 25-41fluorinated ethylene propylene, 25-37furon, 25-44perfluoroalkoxy, 25-37polyethylene, 25-41polytetrafluoroethylene, 25-37polyvinyl chloride, 25-41polyvinylidene fluoride, 25-37rubber, 25-44thermoplastics, 25-41thermosets, 25-37stress rupture, 25-47tantalum, 25-34

tinplate, 25-41titanium, 25-34zirconium, 25-34mathematical constants, 3-4mathematical signs, 3-4matrix algebra, 3-40 to 3-41equality of matrices, 3-40matrices, 3-40matrix operations, 3-40 to 3-41matrix calculus, 3-41differentiation, 3-41integration, 3-41matrix computations, 3-41 to 3-43LU factorization, 3-41 to 3-42principal component analysis, 3-42 to 3-43QR factorization, 3-42singular-value decomposition, 3-42McCabe-Thiele method, 13-16 to 13-25construction, 13-19 to 13-22B-line, 13-19 to 13-22feed stage location, 13-22operating line, 13-19 to 13-22optimum reflux ratio, 13-24pinch point, 13-24MCM-41, 16-8measurement, direct mass, 8-61mechanical centrifugal separators, 17-36mechanical deactivation, 7-23mechanical scrubbers, 17-43melt crystallization:comparison of features, 20-3comparison of processes, 20-3from the bulk, 20-6 to 2-10axial dispersion coefficients, 20-8center-fed crystallizers, 20-7 to 20-9end-fed crystallizers, 20-9equipment and applications, 20-9 to 20-10phase diagrams, 20-3, 20-4melting point, normal, 2-471 to 2-472calculation methods, 2-471Constantinov and Gani method, 2-471first-order groups contributions, 2-472second-order groups contributions, 2-47220 INDEXmembrane separation processes:background and definitions:applications, 20-36 to 20-37component transport, 20-38 to 20-39membrane types, 20-37 to 20-38membrane systems, modules:NFF, 20-40 to 20-41process configurations:batch and fed-batch, 20-43 to 20-45continuous, 20-44 to 20-45diafiltration, 20-43 to 20-44single-pass, 20-42, 20-44TFF, 20-40 to 20-43commercial modules, 20-43membranes, gas separation:description, 20-57economics, 20-61 to 20-63compression, 20-61membrane replacement, 20-63product losses, 20-62examples:carbon dioxite-methane, 20-57gas dehydration, 20-58helium, 20-58hydrogen, 20-57oxygen-nitrogen, 20-57vapor recovery, 20-58kinetic diameters, 20-57principles of operation:Barrer conversion factors, 20-58driving force, 20-58equations, 20-58gas permeation units, 20-58limiting cases, 20-59plasticization, 20-59

selectivity and permeability, 20-59 to 20-60high performance polymers, 20-59polarization, 20-60temperature effects, 20-60time effects, 20-60system design, 20-60 to 20-61energy requirements, 20-61fouling, 20-61modules and housings, 20-61partial pressure pinch, 20-61types of:advanced materials, 20-60catalytic, 20-60caulked, 20-60metallic, 20-60organic, 20-60mensuration formulas, 3-6 to 3-8irregular areas and volumes, 3-8miscellaneous formulas, 3-8plane geometric figures with curvedboundaries, 3-6plane geometric figures with straight boundaries,3-6solid geometric figures with plane boundaries, 3-6solids bounded by curved surfaces, 3-7 to 3-8mercury:enthalpy-log-pressure, 2-295saturated, thermodynamic properties, 2-293to 2-294Merkel equation, 12-17mesh equations, 13-30 to 1332metabolic flux analysis, 7-31metabolic network, 7-31metabolic pathways, 7-31metabolite, 7-18, 7-30metal powders, flammability, 21-50metals, requirements for low-temperaturetoughness tests for, 10-127methane:flammability diagram for, 23-11methane (Cont.):K-value versus pressure, 13-12pressure versus time data obtained from gasexplosion apparatus, 23-12thermodynamic properties, 2-296 to 2-297methane in air, pressure as a function of volumepercent concentration, 23-12methanol:Antoine vapor pressure, 13-14BIP data, 13-13residue curve, 13-90residue map, 13-79thermodynamic properties, 2-298 to 2-299methyl acetate:Antoine vapor pressure, 13-14BIP data, 13-13methyl butane (isopentane), thermodynamicproperties, 2-300 to 2-301methyl chloride, saturated, thermodynamicproperties, 2-304methyl ethyl ketone:residue map, 13-70, 13-79sensitivity of composition and temperature,13-79 to 13-80methyl pentane (isohexane), thermodynamicproperties, 2-302 to 2-303microfiltration:applications, 20-56 to 20-57chemical, 2-57flow schemes, 20-57food and dairy, 20-57pharmaceutical, 20-56water, 20-57description, 20-54economics, 20-57equipment configuration:cassettes, 20-56ceramics, 20-56conventional design, 20-56

examples, 20-54membranes, 20-54 to 20-56ceramic, 20-54characterization and tests, 20-55 to 2-56from solids, 20-54inversion, 20-55stretched polymers, 20-55track-etched, 20-54process limitations:fouling, 20-56polarization, 20-56microprocessor-based transmitters, 8-66microscopic reversibility, 7-7mixed potential principle, 7-33mixed-feed evaporator, control of, 8-45mixers-settlers, 15-89equipment, 18-21flow, line mixers, 18-21definition, 18-21injectors, 18-21jet mixers, 18-21line mixer, 18-22nozzles, 18-21orifices, 18-21packed tubes, 18-22pipe lines, 18-22pumps, 18-22valves, 18-22liquid-liquid extraction, 18-24purposes, 18-20vessels, agitated:coalescence, 18-24dispersion, 18-23drop size, 18-23mechanical agitation, 18-23uniformity, 18-23mixing:maximum mixedness, 19-18 to 19-20mixing times, 19-20ratio, 12-4, 12-6mobile-bed scrubbers, 17-42model development, 8-31model predictive control, 8-29advantages, 8-29disadvantages, 8-29moving horizon, 8-31modular field-mounted controllers, 8-69moisture bound, 12-26moisture change, unaccomplished, 12-26moisture content and gradient, 12-26moisture measurement, 8-63capacitance method, 8-63moisture, unbound, 12-26mole fraction, 12-4mole ratio, 12-4molecular weight distribution, 7-29number chain length distribution, 7-29number molecular weight distribution, 7-29weight chain length distribution, 7-29weight molecular weight distribution, 7-29moments:method of, 7-30, 16-40of distribution, polymers, 7-29Monod kinetics, 7-18, 7-31equation, 7-31grow rate, 7-31product inhibition, 7-31substrate inhibition, 7-31Monte Carlo simulations, 3-54motion conversion, 8-77motorized valves, 8-87moving bed systems, simulated, 16-56MPC, integration of, 8-22multi-input, multi-output systems, 8-12multiphase flow, 6-26 to 6-32gases and solids, 6-30liquids and gases, 6-26 to 6-30solid/liquid or slurry, 6-30 to 6-32multiphase reactors, 19-49 to 19-60

bioreactors, 19-49 to 19-50CSTRs, 7-35electrochemical reactors, 19-50 to 19-53types:agitated slurry reactors, 19-53 to 19-56fluidized GLS reactors, 19-57slurry bubble column reactors, 19-56 to 19-57trickle bed reactors, 19-57multiple reactions, 7-33multiple transition system, 16-32multiplexer, 8-65, 8-70multiport, 8-76multivariable calculus and thermodynamics,3-21 to 3-22partial derivatives of all thermodynamicfunctions, 3-22state functions, 3-21thermodynamic state functions, 3-21multivariable control, 8-26multivariable optimization, 8-34multivariable statistical techniques, 8-39municipal waste, leacheate, 22-103nanofiltration. See reverse osmosisNational Electric Code, 8-91natural gas, 24-10 to 24-12analysis, 24-11background, 24-10 to 24-11liquefied, 24-11 to 24-12supercompressibility, 24-11negative feedback loop, 8-5INDEX 21neon, thermodynamic properties, 2-305 to 2-306Nernst equation, 7-32net worth economic, 9-6neutralization-extraction hybrid, 15-19Newton’s linearization, 7-38Newton’s method, 8-34nitrogen:enthalpy-pressure, 2-309removal systems, 22-72thermodynamic properties, 2-307 to 2-308nitrogen oxides, catalytic reduction, 22-54nitrogen tetroxide, saturated, thermodynamicproperties, 2-240, 2-310nitrogen trifluoride, thermodynamic properties,2-311 to 2-312nitrous oxide, 2-313 to 2-315nodes, high and low boiling, 13-70noise control, 8-81noise measurement, 8-66nomograph, 12-19non self-regulating, 8-19nonane, thermodynamic properties, 2-316 to 2-317nonharmonic frequency, 8-81nonhygroscopic material, 12-26nonlinear decouplers, 8-28nonlinear equations in one variable, numericalsolutions, 3-44 to 3-45Descartes rule, 3-44methods, 3-44 to 3-45false position, 3-44method of continuity (homotopy), 3-45method of successive substitution, 3-44method of Wegstein, 3-44methods of perturbation, 3-44Newton-Raphson method, 3-45Newton-Raphson procedure, 3-44successive substitutions, 3-44polynomials, 3-44nonlinear programming, 8-35nonlinear regression, 7-38non-self regulating, 8-18normal logic, 8-50nozzle amplifer, 8-90nozzles:characteristics, 4-15thermodynamics, 4-15 to 4-16NTU, 5-61Nukiyama and Tanasaws equation, 17-37

numerical differentiation, 3-47first-degree least squares with three points, 3-47numerical derivatives, 3-47second-degree least squares with five points, 3-47smoothing techniques, 3-47three-point formulas, 3-47numerical integration (quadrature), 3-47 to 3-48computer methods, 3-48Gaussian quadrature, 3-47parabolic rule (Simpson’s rule), 3-47Romberg’s method, 3-48singularities, 3-48trapezoidal rule, 3-47two-dimensional formula, 3-48Nusselt number, 12-58objective function, 7-37, 8-34weighted, 7-37occupational safety and health act, 8-81O’Connell correlation, column efficiency, 14-15octane, thermodynamic properties, 2-318 to 2-319offsite capital, 9-10, 9-17Ohmic control, 7-33on/off control, 8-12open systems:energy balances:open systems, energy balances (Cont.):general, 4-14steady-state, 4-14entropy balance, 4-14 to 4-15equations of balance, 4-15mass, 4-14open-loop method, 8-19open-loop system, 8-5operating curve, absorber, 14-12operating expenses, 9-18 to 9-21operating margin,economic, 9-6operating points, purpose of controller, 8-8operation and troubleshooting, 12-106 to 12-109opportunity cost, 9-39optimization, 3-60 to 3-70development of optimization models, 3-70global optimization, 3-66 to 3-67gradient-based nonlinear programming, 3-60 to3-64mixed integer programming, 3-67 to 3-69optimization methods without derivatives, 3-65to 3-66single-variable, 8-34unconstrained, 8-34ordinary differential equations:first order, 3-30exact equations, 3-30linear equations, 3-30separable variables, 3-30higher order, 3-30complex roots, 3-30dependenct variable missing, 3-30distinct real roots, 3-30independent variable missing, 3-30 to 3-31linear homogeneous, 3-30linear nonhomogeneous, 3-31multiple real roots, 3-30special differential equations, 3-31 to 3-32Bessel’s equation, 3-31Chebyshev’s equation, 3-32Euler’s equation, 3-31Hermite’s equation, 3-32Laguerre’s equation, 3-32Legendre’s equation, 3-32ordinary differential equations, boundary valueproblems:adaptive meshes, 3-53 to 3-54finite difference method, 3-52spreadsheet solutions, 3-52 to 3-53Galerkin finite element method, 3-53molecular dynamics, 3-51 to 3-52numerical solutions, 3-51 to 3-54orthogonal collocation 3-53singular problems and infinite domains, 3-54

ordinary differential equations, initial valueproblems:computer software, 3-50 to 3-51differential-algebraic systems, 3-50implicit methods, 3-49 to 3-50numerical solution, 3-48 to 3-51sensitivity analysis, 3-51stability, bifurcations, limit cycles, 3-51stiffness, 3-50organic pollutants, partial pressures over varioussubstrates, 22-43 to 22-44orifice meter, 8-59orifices:quadrant-edge, discharge coefficients for, 10-18sharp-edge, 8-59out-of-control situation, 8-27overflow, quench tank for, 17-13overload conditions, 16-48overpressure protection, 8-94override control, 8-25oxidation, partial, 7-16oxidative phosphorylation, 7-31oxide sensors, 8-63oxygen, thermodynamic properties, 2-320 to 2-322oxygen-nitrogen mixture at 1 atm, enthalpyconcentration,2-323ozone conversion to oxygen in prescence ofchlorine, 7-14packed bed height, calculation, 14-11packed columns, packing, 14-53packing objectives, 14-53random packings, 14-54, 14-60structured packings, 14-54packed-bed scrubbers, 17-42packed-column flood and pressure drop, 14-55flood and pressure-drop prediction, 14-57flood-point definition, 14-56pressure drop, 14-59packed-tower design, gas-liquid systems, 14-11 to14-13calculation of transfer units, 14-12HETP data for absorber design, 14-13HTU and K data, 14-13mass-transfer-rate expression, 4-11operating curve, 4-11stripping equations, 4-13transfer units, calculation, 14-11packed-tower design, scale-up, 14-72aging of packing, 14-73diameter, 14-72distributors, 14-73height, 14-72high viscosity and surface tension, 14-80liquid holdup, 14-76loadings, 14-73minimum wetting rate, 14-79preflooding, 14-73two liquid phases, 14-79underwetting, 14-73wetting, 14-73packing efficiency, 14-63comparison of various packing efficiencies forabsorption and stripping, 14-68effect of errors, VLE, 14-68effect of pressure, 14-67factors affecting HETP, 14-63HETP prediction, 14-63HETP vs. fundamental mass transfer, 14-63implications of maldistribution for packing designpractice, 14-70maldistribution and its effects on packingefficiency, 14-69modeling and prediction, 14-69physical properties, effect off, 14-67underwetting, 14-67para-hydrogen, thermodynamic properties, 2-281to 2-282paramagnetism, 8-62parameter estimation, 7-37

linear model, single reaction, 7-37network of reactions, 7-38nonlinear models, single reaction, 7-38parametric pumping, 16-55temperature, 16-55partial differential equations, 3-32 to 3-34numerical solution, 3-54 to 3-59computer software, 3-58elliptic equations, 3-56finite volume methods, 3-58hyperbolic equations, 3-56 to 3-58parabolic equations in one dimension, 3-54 to3-56parabolic equations in two or threedimensions, 3-5822 INDEXpartial molar properties:equation of state parameters, 4-18 to 4-19Gibbs-Duhem equation, 4-18Gibbs energy, 4-19particle density, 16-10particle dispersion, 17-24, 21-11dust, 17-24fume, 17-24wet, dry, 21-12particle dispersoid properties, 17-24Stokes’ settling diameter, 17-24particle dynamics, 6-51 to 6-56gas bubbles, 6-54 to 6-55hindered settling, 6-53liquid drops in gases, 6-55 to 6-56liquid drops in liquids, 6-55nonspherical rigid particles, 6-52 to 6-53spherical particles, 6-51 to 6-52terminal settling velocity, 6-51 to 6-56time-dependent motion, 6-53 to 6-54wall effects, 6-56particle measurements, 17-24 to 17-26atmospheric pollution, 17-24particle-size analysis, 17-24process-gas sampling, 17-24isokinetic sampling, 17-24particle Nusselt number, 12-54, 12-76particle Reynolds number, 12-53particle shape, 21-10particle shape factor, 17-23particle size analysis, 17-24 to 17-25methods and equipment, 17-25particle-size analysis in the process environment,21-19at-line, 21-19in-line, 21-19on-line, 21-19verification, 21-19particle-size measurement, 21-12acoustic methods, 21-14Brownian motion, 21-14centrifugal sedimention methods, 21-17differential electrical mobility analysis (DMA),21-18diffraction patterns, 21-13dynamic image analysis, 21-13dynamic light scattering method, 21-14electrical sensing zone methods, 21-16focused-beam techniques, 21-15Fraunhofer theory, 21-12 to 21-13gas adsorption, 21-18gravitational photo sedimentation methods, 21-16gravitational sedimentation methods, 21-16gravitational x-ray sedimentation methods, 21-17hydrodynamic diameter, 21-14image analysis method, 21-13laser diffraction methods, 21-12Leeds and Northrup, 21-14light extinction, 21-15light scattering, 21-15Lorenz-Mie theory, 21-12mercury porosimetry, 21-18sedimentation balance methods, 21-17

shape factor, 21-12sieving methods, 21-18single-particle light interaction methods, 21-15small-angle x-ray scattering method, 21-15spectroscopy, photon correlation and croscorrelation,21-14static image analysis, 21-13Stokes’ diameter, 21-16Stokes’ law, 21-16surface area determination, 21-18ultrafine particle size analyzer, 21-14ultrasonic attenuation spectroscopy, 21-14particle size reduction, principles, 21-45energy required and scale-up, 21-47breakage modes and grindability, 21-48energy laws, 21-47fine size limit, 21-48grindability methods, 21-49industrial uses of grinding, 21-45operational considerations, 21-50cryogenic grinding, 21-51dispersing agents and grinding aids, 21-51hygroscopicity, 21-51mill wear, 21-50temperature stability, 21-51size reduction combined with other operations,21-51liberation, 21-52other systems involving size reduction, 21-52size classification, 21-52size reduction combined with size classification,21-51theoretical background, 21-46single-particle fracture, 21-46types of grinding, particle fracture vs. deagglomeration,21-45typical grinding circuits, 21-46wet vs. dry grinding, 21-46particle sizing, 21-8data, 21-8distribution, 21-8 to 21-10particulates specification, 21-8particles, sampling and sample splitting, 21-10powders, cohesive and free-flowing, 21-11sampling reliability, 21-11spinning riffler, 21-11particles and particle dispersoids characteristics,17-25particulate emissions, source control, 22-53particulate fluidization, 17-6particulate formulation, control in flames:carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons,24-25nitrogen oxides, 24-23 to 24-24air and fuel staging, 24-23emission control, 24-23flue gas recirculation, 24-24fuel, prompt, and thermal NOx, 24-23lean premixing, 24-24particulates:cenospheres, 24-24 to 24-25mineral matter, 24-24soot, 24-25sulfate, 24-24unburned carbon, 24-24sulfur oxides, 24-24particulate scrubber, 17-36partition ratio, 16-31pattern tests, 8-38peak-to-peak amplification, 8-19peat, 24-7pendular state, 12-26pentane:K-value versus pressure, 13-12residue map, 13-70thermodynamic properties, 2-324 to 2-325perforate and siphon centrifuge coparisn, 18-132performance index, 8-30permeability, 12-26

pervaporation:definitions, 20-64 to 20-65enrichment factor, 20-65description, 20-63examples:dehydration, 20-65organic from water, 20-65pollution control, 20-65pervaporation (Cont.):membranes, 20-64 to 20-66hydrophilic, 20-64hydrophobic, 20-64modules, 20-66operational factors, 20-65vapor feed, 20-65petroleum fuels:considerations:commercial, 24-10safety, 24-10properties, 24-8 to 24-10heat capacity, 24-9heat of combustion 24-9kinematic viscosity, 24-9pour point, 24-9relative density, 24-9thermal conductivity, 24-9 to 24-10thermal expansion, 24-9ultimate analyses, 24-9requirements for fuel oils, 24-8specification, 24-7 to 24-8PFBC unit, 17-19pH measurement, 8-63pH neutralization, 8-26phase rule, 4-27phase separation, 14-111gas-phase continuous systems, 1-111collection equipment, 14-114collection mechanisms, 14-113continuous phase uncertain, 14-126design and selection of collection devices,14-113electrically qugmented collectors, 14-25electrostatic precipitators, 14-125energy requirements for inertial-impactionefficiency, 14-123fiber mist eliminators, 14-125fine mists, collection of, 14-124gas sampling, 14-112mist and spray definitions, 14-112other collectors, 14-126particle growth and nucleation, 14-126particle size analysis, 14-112liquid-phase continuous systems, 14-126automatic foam control, 14-129chemical defoaming techniques, 14-128foam prevention, 14-129physical defoaming techniques, 14-128separation of foam, 14-127separations of unstable systems, 14-127types of gas-in-liquid dispersions, 14-126pH-auxostat, 7-35phosgene synthesis, 7-14photobodies, 8-58photoconductors, 8-58photoelectric pyrometer, 8-58photometric moisture analysis, 8-64physcial properties:prediction and correlation, 2-463 to 2-517density, 2-497 to 2-504flammability properties, 2-515 to 2-517heat capacity, 2-489 to 2-497latent enthalpy, 2-486 to 2-489physical constants, 2-468 to 2-477surface tension, 2-513 to 2-515thermal conductivity, 2-509 to 2-513thermal properties, 2-478 to 2-486vapor pressure, 2-477 to 2-478viscosity, 2-504, 2-509physical properties, estimation methods, classification

of, 2-467 to 2-468computational chemistry (CCC), 2-468corresponding states (CS), 2-467empirical QSPR correlations, 2-468INDEX 23physical properties, estimation methods,classification of (Cont.):group contributions (GC), 2-467 to 2-468molecular simulations, 2-468theory and empirical extensions, 2-467physical properties, pure substances:elements and inorganic compounds, 2-7 to 2-27organic compounds, 2-28 to 2-46physical property specifications, 8-35physisorption, 16-4PID controllers, 8-5piezoelectric crystal, 8-63piezoelectric method, 8-63piezoelectric transducers, 8-59piezoelectric transmitter, 8-61piezoresistive transducers, 8-59pilot-operated regulator, 8-93pipe fittings:locations of orifices and nozzles relative to, 10-20miter bends, nomenclature for, 10-113pipe joining, acceptance criteria for welds andexamination methods, 10-130 to 10-131pipes, properties for, 10-78 to 10-80piping and instrumentation diagram, 8-39piping materials, cost rankings and cost ratios for,10-136piping system materials, selection of, 10-74bolting, 10-85flanged joints, 10-81flanged-end fittings, 10-81flanged-end pipe, 10-81flanges, carbon and alloy steel, types of, 10-82,10-86ring joint flanges, 10-85with conical ends, 10-104gates, 10-93dimensions of, 10-94 to 10-95globe, 10-96plug, 10-97, 10-98swing check, 10-98tilting-disk check valves, 10-98general considerations, 10-74metallic components, 10-76seamless pipe and tubing, 10-76tubing, 10-76welded pipe and tubing, 10-76methods of pipe joining, 10-76branch connections, 10-77seal weld, 10-81socket weld, 10-81straight-pipe threads, 10-81threaded joints, 10-81union joints, 10-81welded joints, 10-77miscellaneous mechanical joints, 10-87bite-type fitting joints, 10-89, 10-90compression-fitting joints, 10-89, 10-90expanded joints, 10-87flared-fitting joint, 10-89grooved joints, 10-88O-ring seal joints, 10-89, 10-90packed-gland joints, 10-87poured joints, 10-87pressure-seal joints, 10-88, 10-89push-on joints, 10-87seal ring joints, 10-88silver brazed joints, 10-89soldered joints, 10-89tubing joints, 10-88V-clamp joints, 10-88pipe, fitting and bends, 10-89butt-welding fittings, 10-90, 10-93elbow fittings, 10-90flanged fittings, dimensions of, 10-91 to

10-92piping system materials, selection of, pipe, fittingand bends (Cont.):malleable-iron threaded fittings, 10-90reducing elbow fittings, 10-93pipe, thermoplastic, recommended temperaturelimit for, 10-76thermoplastic used as linings,thermosetting resin pipe, 10-77specific material consideration, metals, 10-75specific material consideration, nonmetallics,10-75valves, 10-93angle, 10-96ball, 10-97butterfly, 10-98check and lift-check, 10-98diaphragm, 10-96dual-plate check, 10-98piping systems, cast iron, ductile iron, and high-siliconiron, 10-98cast iron and ductile iron, 10-98ductile-iron pipe, dimension of, 10-100hard-drawn copper threadless pipe, 10-103high-silicon iron, 10-99pipe, 10-100piping systems, cost comparison of, 10-135piping systems, design of, 10-107air condensation effects, 10-108category D, 10-107category M, 10-107classification of fluid services, 10-107cyclic effects, 10-108design conditions, 10-107ambient influences, 10-107dynamic effects, 10-108pressure, 10-107temperature, 10-107thermal expansion and contraction effects,10-108weight effects, 10-108design criteria, metallic pipe, 10-108effects of support, anchor, and terminal movements,10-108limits of calculated stresses due to sustainedloads and displacement strains, 10-111pressure design of metallic components, 10-111reactions:anchors for expansion joints, 10-123displacement strains, 10-123elastic behavior, 10-123expansion joints, 10-121maximum reactions for simple systems,10-120pipe supports and attachments, 10-124support fixtures, 10-123reduced ductility, 10-108safeguarding, 10-107test conditions, 10-113thermal expansion and flexibility, 10-114cold spring, 10-115displacement strains, 10-114flexibility stress, 10-115piping systems, flexibility classification for,10-121required weld quality assurance, 10-120requirements for analysis, 10-115total displacement strains, 10-114values for reactions, 10-115piping systems, fabrication, 10-123assembly and erection, 10-126bending and forming, 10-126joining nonmetallic pipe, 10-126preheating and heat treatment, 10-126welding, brazing, or soldering, 10-123typical weld imperfections, 10-132piping systems, forces of piping on processmachinery and piping vibration, 10-135displacement strains, 10-123

elastic behavior, 10-123expansion joints, 10-121maximum reactions for complex systems,10-121maximum reactions for simple systems, 10-120pipe supports and attachments, 10-124support fixtures, 10-123piping systems, heat tracing of, 10-135types of heat-tracing systems, 10-137electric tracing, types of, 10-139 to 10-140fluid-tracing systems, 10-137steam tracing versus electric tracing, economicsof, 10-137steam-tracing system, 10-137piping systems, metallic with nonmetallic pipe andlinings, 10-103cement-lined carbon-steel pipe, 10-103, 10-104concrete pipe, 10-104fused silica or fused quartz, 10-105glass pipe and fittings, 10-104dimensions for glass pipe and flanged joints,10-104glass-lined steel pipe and fittings, 10-105plastic pipe, 10-106clamped-insert joint, 10-106polyethylene, 10-106polypropylene, 10-107plastic-lined steel pipe, 10-105kynar liners, 10-105polypropylene liners, 10-105polyvinylidene chloride liners, 10-105PTFE and PFA lined steel pipe, 10-105reinforced-thermosetting-resin (RTR) pipe,10-107hanger-spacing ranges for RTR pipe, 10-107rubber-lined steel pipe, 10-106piping systems, nonferrous metal, 10-99aluminum, 10-99copper and copper alloys, 10-100standard copper water tube sizes, 10-101standard dimensions, copper and red-brasspipe, 10-102standard dimensions for coil lengths, 10-101standard dimensions for straight lengths, 10-102flexible metal hose, 10-101nickel and nickel-bearing alloys, 10-103titanium, 10-101piping systems, tracing, choosing the best, 10-140piston power, 8-77Planck’s Law, 5-16Plank’s distribution law, 8-58plant capacity, 8-48plate towers, 17-42plug-flow reactor:modeling, 19-8tracers, 19-16pneumatic amplifier, 8-89pneumatic controller, 8-71, 8-86pneumatic measurement devices, 8-65pneumatic transmission, 8-65point alarm, 8-68pollutants:control techniques, 22-32 to 22-35emission statistics, 22-29polluting gases, oxidation of, 7-16pollution prevention, barriers and incentives, 22-24barriers to pollution prevention (“the dirtydozen”), 22-24economic considerations associated with pollution-prevention programs, 22-25pollution prevention incentives (“a baker’sdozen”), 22-2424 INDEXpollution prevention, ethical issues, 22-27pollution-prevention assessment procedures, 22-22assessment phase, 22-22assessment phase material balance calculations,22-23feasibility analysis, 22-22

implementation, 22-23industry programs, 22-23planning and organization, 22-22sources of information, 22-23pollution-prevention hierarchy, 22-1Polonyi potential theory, 16-14Polyani linear approximation, 7-38polydispersity, 7-29polyethylene, 17-17polymer characterization, 7-29polymer live. See polymer, growingpolymer, growing, 7-30polymerization bread, 7-29polymerization chain, 7-15polymerization kinetics, 7-29polymerization rate, 7-15polymerization reactions, 7-29, 19-21 to 19-25polymerization, bulk, 7-29stirred bulk polymerization, 7-29polymers, 7-29pore diffusion, 16-19pore structure, bidispersed, 16-21 to 16-23porosity, internal, 16-10positioner application, 8-86positioner/actuator stiffness, 8-86positive displacement meter, 8-59posting, economic, 9-4potassium:Mollier diagram, 2-17, 2-236saturated, thermodynamic properties, 2-326powder flow behavior, 21-20failure, active vs passive, 21-20flowability, 21-20yield stress, 21-20Powell’s method, 8-34power-law rate, 7-23precipitator:blast-furnace pipe, 17-60horizontal-flow, 17-60vertical-flow, 17-62water-film, 17-61preforming, 12-64 to 12-65pressure, static:average, 10-10local, 10-10specifications for piezometer taps, 10-10pressure measurements, 8-58pressure relief valves, 8-78pressure vessels, 10-151additional ASME code considerations, 10-155brittle fracture, 10-156metal fatigue, 10-156ASME code developments, 10-158ASME code section VII, divisions 1 and 2, 10-152to 10-155care of pressure vessels, 10-158corrosion, 10-159mechanical damage, 10-159temperature extremes, 10-158vacuum, 10-158code administration, 10-151other regulations and standards, 10-157pressure-vessel cost and weight, 10-159vessel codes other than ASME, 10-158vessel design and construction, 10-158vessels with unusual construction, 10-157concrete pressure vessels, 10-158graphite and ceramic vessels, 10-158high-strength steels, 10-157pressure vessels, vessels with unusualconstruction (Cont.):lined vessels, 10-157plastic pressure vessels, 10-158pressure-drop correlations:packed tower, 14-58tray columns, 14-45prilling operations, common characteristics,21-136principal component analysis, 8-39

probability of propagation, 7-30process actions, 8-49process analyzers, sampling systems, 8-64process capability indices and ratios, 8-38process control:advanced, benefits of, 8-20considerations:controlled-cycling operation mode, 15-94 to15-96sieve tray column interface control, 15-94steady-state process control, 15-93 to 15-94empirical models, 8-6integrity, 8-95failure mode and effect analysis, 8-96hazard and operability studies, 8-96interlocks, 8-96process actions, 8-96safety interlocks, 8-96languages, 8-70 to 8-71linear models, 8-7nonlinear models, 8-7physical models, 8-6plant safety in, 8-94hazard, 8-94regulatory, 8-94risk, 8-94technical, 8-94safety, 8-95statistical, 8-35subroutine libraries, 8-50testing, 8-96valves, solenoid actuated, 8-72process dynamics, 8-71process gain, 8-7process gas sampling, 17-24process measurements, 8-54accuracy, 8-54cost, 8-55dynamics, 8-55electrical classification, 8-55invasive, 8-55materials of construction, 8-55measurement span, 8-55physical access, 8-55prior use, 8-55range and span, 8-54reliability, 8-55repeatability, 8-54selection criteria, 8-55process models, development of, 8-33process optimization, real-time, 8-32process plant, examination, inspection, and testing,10-126examination and inspection, 10-126examination methods, 10-128liquid-penetrant examination, 10-129magnetic-particle examination, 10-129radiographic examination, 10-129ultrasonic examination, 10-131visual examination, 10-128type and extent of required examination, 10-131examination—category D fluid service, 10-132impact testing, 10-133normally required, 10-131pressure testing, 10-131process plant, examination, inspection, and testing,type and extent of required examination (Cont.):requirements for heat treatment, 10-134types of examinations for evaluatingimperfections, 10-135process plant, piping:code contents and scope, 10-74codes and standards, 10-73government regulations, OSHA, 10-73international regulations, 10-74national standards, 10-73pipe and tubing sizes and ratings, 10-73pressure-piping codes, 10-73process safety analysis:

atmospheric dispersion, 23-61 to 23-66atmospheric dispersion models, 23-64to 23-66estimation of damage effects, 23-66parameters affecting atmospheric dispersion,23-62project review and audit processes, 23-71 to23-74discharge rates from punctured lines and vessels,23-54accuracy of discharge rate predictions,23-61types of discharge, 23-55hazard analysis, 23-41 to 23-47CCPS preliminary screening for chemicalreactivity hazards, 23-43definitions, 23-41ranking methods, 23-45 to 23-47HAZOP guide words associated with time,23-45HAZOP guide words used with processparameters, 23-44logic model methods, 23-47NFPA 704 system for hazard identification,23-46process drawing and fault tree for explosion of anair receiver, 23-50risk analysis, 23-47 to 23-53assessment, 23-48criteria, 23-53decision making, 23-53estimation, 23-52version of a risk analysis process, 23-49process simulation, 3-89 to 3-90classification, 3-89commercial packages, 3-90process modules or blocks, 3-89 to 3-90process topology, 3-90thermodynamics, 3-89process states, 8-49process technology, 8-53processor-based positioners, 8-86product polymer, 7-30product quality, 12-38 to 12-40biochemical degradation, 12-39surface tension, 12-38product technology, 8-53production limitation, 8-35production monitoring, 8-48production scheduling, 8-48productostat, 7-35profit margin, 9-6profitability:economic balance, 9-39 to 9-40factors, 9-21amortization, 9-22cash flow, 9-27depletion, 9-22depreciation, 9-21taxes, 9-22time value of money, 9-23INDEX 25profitability (Cont.):feasibility analysis, 9-34qualitative measures, 9-32quantitative measures, 9-30 to 9-32discounted cash flow (DCFROR), 9-30net present worth (NPW), 9-30payout period (POP) plus interest, 9-30sensitivity analysis, 9-32 to 9-33break-even analysis, 9-32relative sensitivity plot, 9-32Strauss plot, 9-33tornado plot, 9-33uncertainty analysis, 9-33 to 9-34Monte Carlo technique, 9-34programmable logic control, 8-50, 8-69, 8-72programming languages, 8-50propane:

K-value versus pressure, 13-12thermodynamic properties, 2-327 to 2-328propanol,:Antoine vapor pressure, 13-14BIP data, 13-13propionil acid, BID data, 13-13proportional band, 8-18, 8-74proportional control, 8-14proportional element, 8-9proportional-integral derivative, 8-13control, 8-15propylene, thermodynamic properties, 2-329 to 2-300pseudo-steady-state, reaction kinetics, 7-14psychrometer coefficient and equation, 12-6, 12-6psychrometric calculations, 12-13 to 12-16methods for various humidity parameters, 12-14psychrometric charts, 12-6 to 12-15Bowen chart, 12-6Grosvenor chart, 12-6 to 12-9, 12-11Mollier chart, 12-6, 12-10, 12-12, 12-15Salen-Soiininen, 12-7psychrometric ratio, 12-3, 12-6psychrometric software, 12-13 to 12-14psychrometry, 12-3 to 12-17calculation formulas, 12-5interconversion formulas, 12-4pthalic anhydride, 17-17pulse inputs, 8-65pulse testing, 8-12pulsed liquid columns, 15-85pulse-width-modulated combination, 8-92pump, adjustable-speed, 8-91 to 8-92pumping horsepower, 12-21pumps, 10-24 to 10-40classification, 10-26governing standards, 10-25net positive suction head (NPSH), 10-27available, NPSH, 10-28NPSH calculation, 10-28NPSH reductions for pumps handling hydrocarbonliquids and high-temperaturewater, 10-28pump performance curve, 10-36selection, 10-27range of operation, 10-27specifications, 10-28terminology, 10-25 to 10-27capacity, 10-25centrifugal force, 10-25displacement, 10-25electromagnetic force, 10-25friction head, 10-27measurement of performance, 10-25mechanical impulse, 10-25power input and output, 10-27static discharge head, 10-26static suction head, 10-26total dynamic head, 10-26pumps, terminology (Cont.):total static head, 10-26total suction head, 10-26transfer of momentum, 10-25velocity, 10-27velocity head, 10-27viscosity, 10-27work performed in pumping, 10-27pumps, centrifugal, 10-32 to 10-37action of, 10-33canned-motor, 10-36, 10-38casings, 10-33circular, 10-33diffuser-type, 10-33, 10-40guide vanes or diffusers, 10-33volute, 10-33characteristics, 10-33affinity laws, 10-34, 10-36chemical pump, sealing, 10-35close-coupled, 10-35, 10-38double-suction single-stage, 10-35

impeller, 10-33double-suction, 10-33, 10-40open- or semiopen-type, 10-33performance curves, open impeller, 10-35shrouded or closed-type, 10-33single-suction, 10-33multistage, 10-37volute-type, 10-39process pumps, 10-34horizontal and vertical, 10-35, 10-39selection, 10-34sump pump, 10-37system curves, 10-34, 10-36vertical pumps, 10-36, 10-39dry-pit, 10-36vertical process, 10-36wet-pit, 10-36pumps, electromagnetic, 10-39pumps, positive-displacement, 10-29diaphragm pumps, 10-29, 10-30, 10-32pneumatically actuated diaphragm pumps,10-31, 10-32fluid-displacement, 10-32acid egg or blowcase, 10-32air lift, 10-32, 10-33gear pumps, 10-31, 10-32duplex double-acting pumps, 10-30exterior-bearing type, 10-32interior-bearing type, 10-31simplex double-acting pumps, 10-30plunger pump, 10-29, 10-30duplex single-acting, 10-31metering or proportioning pumps, 10-30, 10-31power pumps, 10-30, 10-31reciprocating pumps, 10-29diaphragm pumps, 10-29piston pumps, 10-29plunger pumps, 10-29rotary or reciprocating pumps, 10-29 to 10-32flow variations, 10-29screw pumps, 10-32 to 10-33pumps, problems, 10-43capacity-type, 10-43cavitating-type, 10-43overload, 10-44pumps, propeller and turbine:axial flow (propeller) pump, 10-37, 10-41jet, 10-39ejectors, 10-39injectors, 10-39regenerative pumps, 10-38, 10-41turbine, 10-38, 10-41pumps, reciprocating, flow variation of, 10-40pumps, specific speed variations, types of, 10-37pumps, vibration monitoring, 10-71 to 10-72machinery faults, frequency range, 10-72vibration spectrum, 10-72purge/concentration, swing adsorption, 16-52PVT systems:phase rule, 4-27postulate definition, 4-5thermodynamics:constant-composition, 4-5 to 4-8equilibrium criteria, 4-26 to 4-27variable composition, 4-17 to 4-26pyrometers, 8-56 to 8-58accuracy, 8-58quadratic programming, 8-29, 8-35quality control, 8-35, 8-42quantum Monte Carlo, 7-38quasi-newtonian methods, 8-34radar level transmitters, 8-61radiation, 5-15 to 5-43augmented black view factors, 5-27black body, 5-16 to 5-19direct exchange areas, 5-20 to 5-24enclosures, 5-24 to 5-30from gases, 5-30 to 5-35flames and particle clouds, 5-34 to 5-35

mean beam length, 5-31opaque surfaces, 5-19 to 5-20radiative equilibrium, 5-26radiation pyrometers, 8-58radiation-density gauge, 8-61radius of gyration, 2-475 to 2-477calculation methods, 2-476 to 2-477electron density distribution, 2-477principle moments of inertia 2-476raining-bucket contactor, 15-85Raleigh-Jeans Formula, 5-16Raman spectroscopy, 8-63range resistor, 8-65Raoult’s law:modified, def, 13-15negative deviation, 13-68positive deviation, 13-68rapping, 17-61 to 17-62rate factors, 16-18rate meter, 8-59rate-determining step, reaction kinetics, 7-14rate-of-drying, process control, 8-46ratio pyrometers, 8-58ratios, financial, 9-7activity ratios, 9-7debt/equity ratio, 9-9example of, 9-7leverage ratios, 9-7liquidity ratios, 9-7profitability ratios, 9-7RC filter, analog, 8-66reactant, gas phase, 7-17reaction equilibrium, 7-5reaction initiation, 7-14reaction initiation efficiency, 7-30reaction kinetics:adiabatic, 7-6homogeneous gas, 7-6heterogeneous gas-liquid, 7-6heterogeneous gas-liquid-liquid, 7-6heterogeneous gas-liquid-solid, 7-6heterogeneous gas-sold, 7-6homogeneous liquid, 7-6heterogeneous liquid-liquid, 7-6heterogeneous liquid-solid, 7-6heterogeneous solid-solid, 7-626 INDEXreaction kinetics (Cont.):integral data analysis, 7-36BR equation, 7-36isothermal constant pressure, 7-6isothermal constant volume, 7-6temperature-controlled, 7-6theoretical methods, 7-38chaotic behavior, 7-39lumping and mechanism reduction, 7-38multiple steady states, 7-39oscillations, 7-39prediction of mechanisms and kinetics,7-38reaction mechanism, 7-5, 7-16nonchain, 7-14reaction mechanism discrimination, 7-38reaction mechanism reduction, 7-38reaction networks, 7-9independent reactions, 7-9procedure, 7-9reaction product, 7-5reaction propagation, 7-14reaction rate, 7-5reaction termination, 7-14reaction yield, 7-8reaction-diffusion regime, 7-27fast reaction regime, 7-27mass transfer time, 7-28slow reaction regime, 7-27, 7-28reactions:elementary, 7-5endothermic, 7-6

nonchain, 7-15order of, 7-6reactions, noncatalytic, 7-9gas-liquid reactions, 7-27gas-solid noncatalytic reactions, 7-23diffusion control, 7-26diffusion models, 7-23reaction control, 7-26sharp interface model, 7-23, 7-25volume reaction model, 7-25reactions network, 7-5reactor (high pressure), polyethylene, 17-17reactor case studies, 19-61reactor concepts:parametric sensitivity, 19-13pressure drop, heat and mass transfer, 19-10to 19-11reactor dynamics, 19-11 to 19-13reactor modeling:batch reactor, 19-8semibatch reactor, 19-8reactors, 7-10batch, 7-10, 7-11constant volume, 7-11conversion, 7-11liquid-phase reactions, 7-11residence time, 7-11laboratory, 7-33batch reactors, 7-34bioreactors, 7-35catalytic gas-solid, 7-34flow reactors, 7-35gas-liquid, 7-34gas-liquid-solid, 7-34homogeneous gas, 7-34homogeneous liquid, 7-34liquid solid, 7-34multiphase reactors, 7-35noncatalytic gas-solid, 7-34reaction rate 7-34solid catalysis, 7-35solid-solid, 7-34statistical model, 7-34reactors (Cont.):noncatalytic:examples, 19-37rotary kilns, 19-36vertical kilns, 19-36, 19-38semibatch, 7-12real-number system, 3-4receding horizon approach, 8-30recirculation, with batch processing, 8-52recuperators, 24-56configuration, 24-56recycle, 8-44recycle ratio, 7-13redox neutral, 7-31reduction-oxidation, 7-32reflux condensers, with batch processing, 8-52reflux ratio, 8-43external, 13-19 to 13-21internal, 13-19 to 13-21minimum, 13-26total 13-22refractive index, 8-61refrigerants:gaseous at atmospheric pressure, velocity ofsound in, 2-420saturated liquid, surface tension, 2-419saturated liquid, velocity of sound in, 2-420thermodynamic properties, 2-331 to 2-399refrigeration:capacity control, 11-96equipment, 11-82 to 11-90centrifugal compressors, 11-85compressors, 11-82condensers, 11-85evaporators, 11-87positive displacement compressors, 11-83

system analysis, 11-87other refrigeration systems applied in theindustry, 11-90 to 11-96ammonia water cycle, 11-92lithium bromide cycle, 11-90steam-jet (ejector) systems, 11-94refrigerants, 11-96 to 11-98organic compounds (inhibited glycols), 11-98secondary refrigerants (antifreezes or brines),11-97safety in, 11-98vapor compression systems, 11-79 to 11-82cascade systems, 11-82multistage systems, 11-79 to 11-82regenerators:checkerbrick, 24-54 to 24-55blast-furnace stoves, 24-54 to 24-55glass-tank, 24-55open-hearth, 24-55Ljungstrom heaters, 24-55miscellaneous systems, 24-56regenerative burners, 24-55 to 24-56schematic, 24-56regulators, 8-92 to 8-94relative gain, multivariable control, 8-28relative humidity, 12-4, 12-26relative volatility:definition of, 13-7distillation process control, 8-43relative-humidity, methods of calculation, 8-63remote control units, 8-70replacement analysis, 9-36residence time:conversion, 19-17 to 19-20table, 19-5residual error, 7-37resistance thermometer, 8-56response surface analysis, 7-34retained earning statements, 9-4retention factor, 16-40reverse osmosis:applications. 20-45 to 20-47component transport, 20-48osmotic pressure, 20-48solute retention, 20-48configurations, 20-47 to 20-48design considerations (osmotic pinch), 20-49diavolumes, 20-46economics, 20-49 to 20-50membrane types, 20-47pretreatment and cleaning, 20-48 to 20-49particle and oxidant removal, 20-49sanitization, 20-49Reynolds number, 17-22robbins chart, 13-91 to 13-93Robbin’s correlation, packed column, 14-65Robinson equation, 17-58rotameter, flow measurement, 8-60rotary dryer, control of, 8-46rotor dynamics, 10-70amplification factor, 10-71response plot, 10-71rubidium, saturated, thermodynamic properties,2-400Runge Kutta method, 8-7safety restrictions, process optimization, 8-35sampling point, process control, 8-64saturated air, thermodynamic properties, 12-11saturated volume, 12-5saturation constant, 7-78saturation humidity, 12-4saturation temperature, 12-4saturation vapor pressure, 12-4, 12-5scalable process control systems, 8-69Scheibel column, 15-83scrubbers, 17-41ejector-venturi, 17-40fibrous-bed, 17-43mechanical, 17-43

mobile-bed, 17-42performance curves, 17-38, 17-39pollutants, 22-37self-induced spray scrubbers, 17-41spray, self-induced, 17-41venturi, 17-40seawater, saturated, thermodynamic properties,2-400second-order element, process modeling, 8-9Securities and Exchange Commission, 9-5sedimentation, gravity:controls, 18-80design criteria, 18-80equipment, 18-75instrumentation, 18-78sedimentation recovery versus g-seconds,18-119selective process control, 8-25selectivity, 7-7self-diffusion coefficients, 16-21self-operated regulators, 8-92, 8-93self-tuning, digital hardware, 8-69semi-batch, operations, control of, 8-47semiclassical method, 7-38semiempirical methods, 7-38sensible heat, 12-26separation factor, 16-14separators:impingement, 17-28mechanical centrifugal, 17-36sequence logic, process control, 8-49serial interfaces, 8-66set point, process control, 8-5, 8-19, 8-26INDEX 27shafts, rotating, sealing of, 10-59 to 10-65internal and external seals, 10-64labyrinth seals, 10-59mechanical face seals, 10-63mechanical seal selection, 10-63equipment, 10-63main seal body, 10-63product, 10-63seal arrangement, 10-63seal environment, 10-63seal face combinations, 10-63seal gland plate, 10-63secondary packing, 10-63noncontact seals, 10-59packing seal, 10-62application of, 10-62butt and skive joints, 10-62lubricant, 10-63seal cage or lantern ring, 10-63ring seals, 10-62fixed, 10-62floating, 10-62packing, 10-62throttle bushings, 10-64materials, 10-65shaft sealing elements, types of, 10-64Sherwood chart, 8-36Sherwood number, 12-58signal processing, 8-54simple wave, 16-32simultaneous reactions, 7-5single-input single-output systems, 8-12sintering, 7-23size enlargement, equipment and practice, 21-117centrifugal granulators, 21-134centrifugal designs, 21-134granulation rate processes, 21-135particle motion and scale-up, 21-134fluidized-bed and related granulators, 21-130controlling granulation rate processes, 21-130draft tube designs and spouted beds, 21-133hydrodynamics, 21-130mass and energy balances, 21-130scale-up and operation, 21-133mixer granulators, 21-123

controlling granulation rate processes, 21-126high-speed mixers, 21-123low-speed mixers, 21-123powder flow patterns and scaling of mixing,21-125scale-up and operation, 21-127pressure compaction processes, 21-136pellet mills, 21-139piston and molding presses, 21-137roll presses, 21-137screw and other paste extruders, 21-139tableting presses, 21-137spray processes, 21-135flash drying, 21-136prilling, 21-135spray drying, 21-135thermal processes, 21-142drying and solidification, 21-143sintering and heat hardening, 21-142tumbling granulators, 21-118controlling granulation rate processes, 21-120disc granulators, 21-118drum granulators, 21-119granulator-dryers for layering and coating,21-122moisture control in tumbling granulation,21-121scale-up and operation, 21-123size enlargement, methods and application,21-76size enlargement, principles, 21-73mechanics, 21-74compaction microlevel processes, 21-77granulation rate processes, 21-74key historical investigations, 21-80process vs. formulation design, 21-77product characterization, 21-80flow property tests, 21-82permeability, 21-82physiochemical assessments, 21-82porosity and density, 21-81redispersion test, 21-82size and shape, 21-80strength testing methods, 21-81scope and applications, 21-73skeletal density, 16-10slugging, 17-2slurry reactors, 7-29smart transmitters, 8-66Smith predictor technique, 8-24soda-lime, 17-44sodium:Mollier diagram, 2-402saturated, thermodynamic properties, 2-401sodium hydroxide, aqueous solution, enthalpyconcentration,2-403solenoid valves, 8-91solid analytical geometry:coordinate systems, 3-13 to 3-14lines and planes, 3-14space curves, 3-14surfaces, 3-15solid-liquid, suspension:dispersion, 18-17extraction, 18-18fluid motion, 18-24pumping, 18-25heat transfer, 18-25leaching, 18-18mass transfer, 18-17separation, equipment selection, 18-149speed for just suspension, 18-16solid-liquid separations, 20-28solid-solid reactors, 19-48 to 19-49SHS, 19-48solid wastes, 24-7sources and types, 22-83solid wastes, characteristics and handling, 22-82generation of, 22-82

hazardous waste, 22-83properties of solid wastes, 22-86quantities of solid wastes, 22-86sources of industrial wastes, 22-84types of solid wastes, 22-82on-site handling, storage, and processing, 22-88on-site handling, 22-89on-site processing of solid wastes, 22-90on-site storage, 22-89processing and resource recovery, 22-90concentrations of WTE incinerators, 22-96materials-recovery systems, 22-92processing techniques for solid waste, 22-90recovery of biological conversion products,22-92thermal processes, 22-92ultimate disposal, 22-98landfilling of solid waste, 22-98solid wastes, price index, 22-100solids, bulk flow properties, 21-23angle of repose, 21-32Beverloo equation, 21-30Carr and Hausner ratios, 21-32coefficient aof internal friction, 21-27critical state line, 21-27critically consolidated, 21-25solids, bulk flow properties (Cont.):direct shear cells, 21-25effective angle of power friction, 21-28effective angle of wall friction, 21-28effective coefficient of powder friction,21-28effective coefficient of wall friction, 21-28effective yield locus, 21-27flow function, 21-28flow functions and flowability indices, 21-28flow indices, 21-29hopper flow characterization, 21-32internal angle of friction, 21-27isotropic hardening, 21-27mass discharge rates for coarse solids, 21-30methods of flow characterization, 21-31Mohr-Coulomb, 21-27overconsolidated, 21-25pneumatic conveying, 21-24powder flowability, 21-28powder shear cells, 21-26powder yield loci, 21-27shear cell measurements, 21-23shear cell standards validation, 21-29shear plane, 21-23time flow function, 21-28unconfined uniaxial compressive yield stress,21-28underconsolidated, 21-25wall adhesion, 21-28wall friction measurements, 21-23wall yield locus, 21-28yield behavior of powders, 21-25yield locus, 21-27solids, bulk, permeability and aeration properties,21-20aerated cohesion, 21-20air-augmented flow, 21-22Darcy’s law, 21-21deaeration measurement, 21-22dense-phase conveying, 21-22dilute-phase conveying, 21-22Dixon classification, 21-22Ergun’s relation, 21-22excess gas velocity, 21-20fixed-bed, 21-20fluidization measurement, 21-20Geldart’s classification, 21-22homogeneous fluidization, 21-20Kozeny-Carman relation, 21-21minimum bubbling velocity, 21-20minimum fluidization velocity, 21-20permeability and deaeration, 21-20

permeameters, 21-20solids, mixing principles, 21-33ideal mixtures, 21-36industrial relevance of solids mixing, 21-33measuring the degree of mixing, 21-37mixing mechanisms: dispersive and convectivemixing, 21-33mixture quality: the statistical definition of homogeneity,21-34on-line procedures, 21-38segregation in solids and demixing, 21-34transport segregation, 21-34solids, summary of compaction expressions,21-105solids drying. See drying of solidssolids metering, 8-76solids mixing, equipment, 21-38bunker and silo mixers, 21-38mixed stockpiles, 21-38mixing by feeding, 21-40rotating mixers or mixers with rotating component,21-3928 INDEXsolids mixing process, design, 21-42batch mixing, 21-43feeding and weighing equipment for a batchmixing process, 21-44goal and task formulation, 21-42mixing with batch or continuous mixers, 21-42solubilities:air, 2-131ammonia-water at 10 and 20°C, 2-131carbon dioxide, 2-131carbonyl sulfide, 2-131chlorine, 2-132chlorine dioxide, 2-132gases in water, as function of temperature andHenry’s constant at 25°C, 2-130Henry’s constant, 2-130, 2-131hydrogen chloride, 2-132hydrogen sulfide, 2-132inorganic compounds in water at various temperatures,2-126 to 2-129sulfur dioxide over water, partial vapor pressure,2-133solution:thermodynamics:binary liquid solutions, behavior of, 4-26excess properties, 4-21fugacity, 4-19 to 4-20ideal gas mixture model, 4-19ideal solution model, 4-20 to 4-21property changes of mixing, 4-21relations connecting property changes ofmixing and excess properties, 4-21solution crystallization, definition of, 20-3solution polymerization, 7-29solvent properties, desirable:availability and cost, 15-13construction materials, 15-13density difference, 15-12environmental requirements, 15-12freezing point, 15-12industrial hygiene, 15-12interfacial tension, 15-12loading capacity, 15-11multi-use, 15-13mutual solubility, 15-12partition ratio (Ki+yi/xi), 15-12safety, 15-12solute selectivity, 15-12stability, 15-12viscosity, 15-12solvent screening methods, liquid-liquid extraction,15-32 to 15-41assessing liquid-liquid miscibility, 15-34 to15-38design, computer-aided, 15-38 to 15-39high-throughput experimental methods, 15-39 to

15-41Donahue-Bartell collection, 15-40Du Nouy’s method, 15-40Fu, Li, and Wang ternary system correlation,15-41Wilhelmy method, 15-40Robbins’ chart, 15-32 to 15-33thermodynamic data, 15-32thermodynamic screening calculations, 15-33 to15-34Hanson model, 15-34LSER, 15-34MOSCED, 15-34NRTL-SAC, 15-34UNIFAL, 15-33UNIQUAL, 15-33 to 15-34solvents, nonaqueous, 12-36 to 12-38sonic methods, 8-61Sonntag equation, 12-5sorption equilibrium:experiments, 16-13heterogeneity, 16-12isotherm classification, 16-12model categorization, 16-12surface excess, 16-12sorption isotherm, 12-28sorptive separations:classification of, 16-5sound intensity, 8-81specialty plants, 8-47specific gravity, measurement of, 8-61units conversions, 1-19degrees Baume´, 1-19degrees Twaddell, 1-19specific growth rate, 7-18specific heats, aqueous solutions, 2-183to 2-184specific heats, miscellaneous materials:miscellaneous liquids and solids, 2-185oils, 2-185specific heats, pure compounds:elements and inorganic compounds, 2-156to 2-163gases at 1 atm, Cp/Cv ratios, 2-182inorganic and organic compounds, ideal gas statefit to a polynomial Cp, 2-174 to 2-175inorganic and organic compounds, ideal gas statefit to hyperbolic functions Cp, 2-176 to2-181inorganic and organic liquids, 2-165 to 2-170organic solids, 2-171 to 2-173specific heats, selected elements, 2-164specific humidity, yw, 12-4specific rate constant, 7-6specification limit, lower, 8-38split operator technique, 7-38spray column with two-phase dispersed, 15-71spray nozzles, 14-95spray scrubbers, 17-41 to 17-42flow regime, 17-42nonatomizing reverse-jet froth, 17-41S-shape step response, 8-9stability limit, 8-6, 8-13stack gas emmissions, dispersion, 22-37design calculations, 22-38miscellaneous effects, 22-40preliminary design considerations, 22-37stainless steel:type 304 (group 2.1 materials), pressuretemperatureratings for, 10-109type 304L and 316L, pressure-temperaturerating, 10-110type 316 (group 2.2 materials), pressuretemperaturerating, 10-110type 316 (group 2.2 materials), pressuretemperatureratings for, 10-110start-up expenses, 9-10, 9-17static air horsepower, 12-21statistical control, state of, 8-37

statistics, 3-70 to 3-88enumeration data and probability distributions,3-72 to 3-73error analysis of experiments, 3-86factorial design of experiments and analysis ofvariance, 3-86 to 3-88least squares, 3-84 to 3-86measurement data and sampling densities, 3-73to 3-78tests of hypothesis, 3-78 to 3-84status alarms, 8-67steady-state multiplicity, 7-39steady-state steady-flow processes, thermodynamicanalysis, 4-39 to 4-40steepest descent method, 8-34, 7-38Stefan-Bolteman Law, 5-16step growth, 7-29step response coefficients, 8-30step size, 8-34stirred-tank reactor, 8-44STNS, state-task networks, 13-59stockholders’ equity, 9-4, 9-6common stock, 9-6paid in capital, 9-6preferred stock, 9-6retained earnings, 9-6stoichiometric balances, 7-8constant volume, 7-8isothermal constant-pressure ideal gas, 7-9stoichiometric matrix, 7-9stoichiometry, 7-5chemical reaction, 4-35Stokes’ law, 17-28, 17-56storage and process vessels, 10-140 to 10-159storage facilities, cost of, 10-149strain gauges, 8-59stroke test, partial, 8-89structured batch logic, 8-53styrene polymerization, 7-30substrates, biochemical reactions, 7-30sulfur dioxide, thermodynamic properties, 2-404 to2-405sulfur hexafluoride, thermodynamic properties,2-406 to 2-409sulfuric acid, aqueous solution at 1 atm,enthalpy-concentration, 2-409sum of squares of residual errors, 7-37supercritical conditions, 19-21supercritical fluid separations:extraction, 20-16 to 20-17applications, 20-16 to 20-17concepts, 20-16crystallization by reaction, 20-18mass transfer, 20-16phase equilibria:cosolvents and complexing agents, 20-15liquid-fluid models, 20-15polymer-fluid and glass transition, 20-15solid-fluid, 20-15surfactants and colloids, 20-15 to 20-16physical properties:density-pressure diagram, 20-14thermodynamic, 20-14transport, 20-15supply chain management, 8-35, 8-69suppressed-zero ranges, 8-59surface tension, 2-513 to 2-515calculation methods, 2-513Jasper method, 2-513liquid mixtures, 2-514Brock-Bird method, 2-513calculation methods, 2-514Parachor method, 2-513Parachor group contributions for Knottsmethod, 2-514suspending agent, 7-29suspension firing, 24-25 to 24-28char oxidation, 24-25cyclone furnaces, 24-27 to 24-28

devolatilization, 24-25pulverized coal furnaces, 24-26 to 24-27configurations, 24-26, 24-27fantail vertical firing, 24-26low-NOx burners, 24-26overfire air, 24-26 to 24-27reburn, 24-27tangential firing, 24-26pulverizers, 24-27capacity vs. grindability, 24-27capacity vs. moisture in coal, 24-28INDEX 29suspensions:classification, 18-6gas-liquid, 18-18gas-liquid-solid, 18-20solid-liquid, 18-16SUVA AC 9000, 2-302, 2-409synthesis reactions, 7-16t statistics, 7-38taxes, 9-22example of, 9-19, 9-22TCA cycle, 7-31telemetering, 8-65temperature control, 8-41, 8-44temperature measurements, 8-56tetrahydrofuran:Antoine vapor pressure, 13-14BIP data, 13-13thermal afterburners, combustion or pollutants, 22-46thermal conductivity, 2-509 to 2-513, 5-3, 8-62gases, 2-510calculation methods, 2-510Chung-Lee-Starling method, 2-510Stiel-Thodos method, 2-510liquid mixtures, 2-512calculation methods, 2-512Filippov correlation, 2-512Li correlation, 2-512liquids, 2-510baroncini method, 2-510calculation methods, 2-510Missenard method, 2-510Sastri-Rao method, 2-511thermal conductivity correlation parametersfor Baroncini method, 2-511thermal conductivity group contributions forSastri-Rao method, 2-511solids, 2-512thermal deactivation, 7-23thermal decomposition, 19-48thermal design of heat-transfer equipment:batch operations:applications, 11-18external heat loss or gain, effect of, 11-19heating and cooling vessels, 11-18 to 11-20condensers, design of, 11-11 to 11-13multicomponent, 11-12single-component, 11-11thermal design, 11-12evaporators, design of, 11-13 to 11-18fluid properties, effect of, 11-17forced-circulation, 11-14heat transfer from, 11-16long-tube vertical, 11-14miscellaneous types of 11-16noncondensables, effect of, 11-18short-tube vertical, 11-15extended or finned surfaces, 11-22 to 11-23applications, 11-22high fins, 11-23low fins, 11-23pressure drop, 11-23fouling and scaling, 11-23 to 11-24control of, 11-23deposits, removal of, 11-24transients and operating periods, 11-24heat exchanger design approach, 11-5 to 11-6countercurrent or cocurrent flow, 11-4

mean temperature differences, 11-4reversed, mixed or crossflow, 11-5heating and cooling of tanks, 11-21 to 11-22bayonet heaters, 11-22external coils or tracers, 11-22fin tube coils, 11-22thermal design of heat-transfer equipment, heatingand cooling of tanks (Cont.):jacketed vessels, 11-22spiral baffles, 11-22Teflon immersion coils, 11-22reboilers, thermal design of, 11-13forced-recirculation, 11-13horizontal thermosiphon reboilers, 11-13kettle reboilers, 11-13vertical thermosiphon, 11-13scraped-surface exchangers, 11-31single-phase heat transfer, 11-5 to 11-11baffled shell-and-tube exchangers, 11-7calculation, 11-7 to 11-11double-pipe heat exchangers, 11-5solids processing, 11-24 to 11-31conductive heat transfer, 11-24contactive heat-transfer, 11-29convective heat-transfer, 11-30cylindrical rotating shell, 11-30drying rate, 11-30emissivity, table, 11-10evaporative cooling, 11-30fluidization, 11-27radiative heat transfer, 11-30solidification, 11-28vibratory devices, 11-29tank coils, thermal design of, 11-20 to 11-21thermal diffusivity, 12-54thermal expansion:linear expansion:miscellaneous substances, 2-136, 2-135solid elements, 2-135, 2-134volume expansion:liquids, 2-137, 2-136solids, 2-138, 2-136thermal expansion coefficients, nonmetal, 10-125thermal inertia, 8-58thermal insulation:economic thickness of 11-72 to 11-76installation practice, 11-76insulation materials, 11-70system selection, 11-71thermal mass flowmeters, 8-60thermal regeneration, 16-34thermistors, 8-56thermocompressor, 8-45thermocouples, 8-56thermodynamics:analysis of processes, 4-38 to 4-40calculations:ideal work, 4-38 to 4-39K values, VLE, and flash, 4-31 to 4-32lost work, 4-39equilibrium:chemical reaction 4-35 to 4-38criteria, 4-26 to 4-27laws:first law, 4-4second law, 4-5nomenclature and units, 4-3property relations:liquid phase, 4-13liquid/vapor phase transition, 4-13 to 4-14mathmatical structure of, 4-6thermometers, bimetal, 8-57thermophysical properties, 2-463nonmetallic solid substances, 2-463thickeners, costs:equipment, 18-82operating, 18-82Thiele modulus, 7-20three-state controller, 8-13

throttling process, thermodynamics, 4-16thrust limit, 8-89time constants, 8-55time-delay compensation, 8-24Tofel empirical equation, 7-33toluene:activity coefficient plot, 13-14K-value data, 13-12thermodynamic properties, 2-410 to 2-411Txy diagram, 13-8X-Y diagram, 13-8tortuosity, 7-20toxic materials ERPG values and other toxicityvalues for, 23-33 to 23-34trace solute separations, 16-48trans-2-butene, thermodynamic properties, 2-238to 2-239transcription, biological systems, 7-31transducers, 8-89transfer functions, 8-8process characteristics, 8-9transition state complex, 7-14transition state theory, 7-6translation, biological systems, 7-31transmitter networks, 8-66transmitters, 8-54transport properties:diffusivities:gases and vapor pairs (1 atm), 2-454 to 2-455liquids (25°C), 2-456 to 2-458selected elements, thermal diffusivity, 2-462gases, transport properties at atmosphericpressure, 2-445Prandtl numbers:air, 2-451refrigerants, 2-451thermal conductivities:alloys at high temperatures, 2-461building and insulating materials, 2-459to 2-460chromium alloys, 2-461insulating materials at high temperatures,2-461insulating materials at low temperatures, 2-462insulating materials at moderate temperatures,2-462liquids, inorganic and organic substances,2-439 to 2-444metals, 2-460organic liquids, 2-450refrigeration and building insulation materials,2-330, 2-461vapor, inorganic and organic substances, 2-433to 2-438thermophysical properties, miscellaneoussaturated liquids, 2-452 to 2-453viscosities, inorganic and organic substances:gases, 2-317, 2-446 to 2-447liquids at 1 atm, 2-427 to 2-432, 2-448 to 2-449sucrose solutions, 2-450vapor, 2-241 to 2-426tray columns, flooding, 14-36derating (“system”) factors, 14-40downcomer backup flooding, 14-38downcomer choke flooding, 14-39entrainment (jet) flooding, 14-36spray entrainment flooding prediction, 14-36tray columns, gas-liquid systems, 14-26 to 14-34baffle trays, 14-34bubble-cap trays, 14-34centrifugal force deentrainment, 14-34clearance under the downcomer, 14-31cowncomers, 14-29dual flow trays, 14-34flow regimes on trays, 14-17fractional hole area, 14-31hole sozes, 14-3130 INDEXtray columns, gas-liquid systems (Cont.):

multipass balancing, 14-32outlet weir, 14-29radial trays, 14-34tray area definitions, 14-26tray capacity enhancement, 14-32tray considerations, 14-29tray spacing, 14-29truncated dowcomers/forward push trays, 14-32vapor and liquid-load definitions, 14-27tray columns, other hydraulic limits, 14-40dumping, 14-46entrainment, 14-40froth emulsions, 14-48loss under downcomer, 14-44pressure drop, 14-42transition between flow regimes, 14-47turndown, 14-47valve trays, 14-48vapor channeling, 14-47weeping, 14-44tray efficiencies, 14-48, 14-51, 14-52calculation, 14-50empirical efficiency production, 14-52experience factors, 14-50rigorous testing, 14-50scale-up from a pilot or bench-scale column,14-51scale-up from an existing commercial column,14-50theoretical efficiency prediction, 14-53definitions, 14-48factors affecting, 14-49fundamentals, 14-48tray towers and packed towers, comparison,14-80capacity and efficiency comparision, 14-81factors favoring packings, 14-80factors favoring trays, 14-80trays vs random packings, 14-81trays vs structured packings, 14-81tray-tower design, gas-liquid systems, 14-14to 14-15algebraic method for concentrated gases, 14-14algebraic method for dilute gases, 14-14graphical design procedure, 14-14steam stripping, 14-15stripping equations, 14-14tray efficiencies in tray absorbers and strippers,14-15trend alarm, 8-67trip valves, 8-91tube banks, 6-36 to 6-39laminar region, 6-37 to 6-39transition region, 6-37turbulent flow, 6-36 to 6-37tubular reactor, 19-46modeling, 19-9tracers, 19-16tuning method:known process models, 8-18process model is uknown, 8-19turbidostat, 7-35turbine flowmeters, 8-65turbine inlet cooling:background, 24-56schematic, 24-57technologies:evaporative, 24-56refrigeration, 24-56 to 24-57temperature effects, 24-57thermal energy storage (TES), 24-57benefits, 24-57turbine meter, 8-60turbines, thermodynamics, 4-16turbulence, 6-46 to 6-47closure models, 6-46 to 6-47eddy spectrum, 6-47time averaging, 6-46ultrafiltration:

applications, 20-50component transport:flux behavior, 20-52solute flux, 20-53solute passage/retention, 20-53design considerations:continuous, 20-54single pass TFF, 20-54economics, 20-53 to 20-54membranes, 20-50properties, 20-50modules and systems, 20-50 to 20-51ultraviolet and visible radiation analyzer, 8-62under damped, dynamic measurements, 8-55uniform cycle, 8-19unit operations control, 8-39units, fluid cracking, 17-16units and quantities:common, 1-17SI:base and supplementary, 1-2derived, additional common, 1-2derived, with special names, 1-2UOP cyclesorb process, 16-59UOP sorbex process, 16-56upper specification limit, 8-38uranium, leaching and extraction, 18-18vacuum, 8-52vacuum systems, 10-58diffusion pump, 10-58vacuum equipment, 10-58vacuum levels attainable with various types ofequipment, 10-60value, quick opening, 8-83value-improving practices, 9-48, 9-52valve assemblies, 8-85valve control devices, 8-84valve design, 8-79materials ratings, 8-79sizing, 8-79valve positioner, 8-84valve types, 8-74valves for on/off applications, 8-78vapor pressure, 2-477 to 2-478, 8-80, 12-4, 12-26liquids:Antoine equation, 2-477calculation methods, 2-477Reidel equation, 2-477Wagner vapor pressure equation, 2-477pure substances:inorganic and organic liquids, 2-55 to 2-60inorganic compounds, up to 1 atm, 2-65 to2-79water ice from 0 to −40°C, 2-48water, liquid from 0 to 100°C, 2-48water, supercooled liquid from 0 to −40°C, 2-48solids:calculation methods, 2-478Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 2-478solutions:acetic acid aqueous solutions, total vaporpressures, 2-89HCl over aqueous HCl solutions, partialpressures, 2-80HI over aqueous HI solutions at 25°C, partialpressures, 2-89vapor pressure, solutions (Cont.):HNO3 and water over aqueous HNO3solutions, partial pressures, 2-88NH3 over aqueous NH3 solutions, partial pressures,2-92NH3 over aqueous NH3 solutions, total vaporpressure, 2-93sulfur trioxide over aqueous sulfuric acidsolutions, partial pressures, 2-84 to 2-85sulfuric acid over aqueous sulfuric acidsolutions, partial pressures, 2-86sulfuric acid over aqueous sulfuric acidsolutions, total pressure, 2-87

water and CH3OH over aqueous methylalcohol solutions, partial pressures, 2-94water and HBr over aqueous HBr solutions at20 to 55°C, partial pressures, 2-89water in saturated air over aqueous H3PO4solutions, weights, 2-81water over aqueous HCl solutions, partialpressures, 2-81water over aqueous H3PO4 solutions, partialpressures, 2-81water over aqueous NaOH solutions, partialpressures, 2-94water over aqueous NH3 solutions, molepercentages, 2-91water over aqueous NH3 solutions, partialpressures, 2-90water over aqueous sodium carbonatesolutions, partial pressures, 2-94water over aqueous SO2 solutions, partialpressures, 2-81water over aqueous sulfuric acid solutions,partial pressures, 2-82 to 2-83water-sulfuric acid-nitric acid, vapor pressuresof the system, 2-89vaporization/implosion transitions, 8-82vapor/liquid equilibrium:calculations:K-values, VLE, and flash, 4-31 to 4-32data reduction, 4-30 to 4-31definition, 4-28equation-of-state approach, 4-32 to 4-34extrapolation of data with temperature, 4-34to 4-35gamma/phi approach, 4-28modified Raoult’s law, 4-28 to 4-29results for methanol/acetone, 4-35solute/solvent systems, 4-31thermodynamics, 4-35variance-covariance matrix, 7-37various liquids, surface tension, 2-309, 2-419velocity, abnormal distribution, 10-20minimum Hodgson numbers, 10-21order of reliability for square-edged orifices andventuri tubes, 10-20swirling flow, 10-20velocity ration versus Reynolds number, 10-13resisitive thermal detectors (RTDs), 10-7static, 10-7thermocouples, 10-7vena contracta condition, valve design, 8-80vena contracta region, valve design, 8-82venture-scrubber models, 17-37, 17-40 to 17-41venturi meter, 8-59vessels, agitated, jackets and coils, 18-25vibrofluidization, 17-6view factors, 5-20 to 5-24viscosity, 2-504 to 2-509density, and kinematic viscosity of water and airin terms of temperature, 10-6gases, 2-504calculation methods, 2-505Jossi-Stiel-Thodos method, 2-505INDEX 31viscosity, gases (Cont.):Reichenberg group contribution values,2-505Reichenberg method, 2-505Yoon-Thodos method, 2-505kinematic, 10-7liquids, 2-506calculation methods, 2-506Hsu method, 2-506Hsu method group contributions, 2-507to 2-508liquid mixtures, 2-506calculation methods, 2-506Grunberg-Nissan equation, 2-506UNIFAC-VISCO method, 2-508UNIFAC-VISCO group interaction

parameters, 2-509viscous materials, mixing (pastes and doughs):anchor, 18-28double, triple shaft, 18-31helical ribbon, 18-28kneading, double arm, 18-31planetary, 18-30VOCs, removal for air, costs, 22-51voidage, total, 16-10volumetric growth rate, 7-18volumetric humidity, 12-4, 12-5von Deemter equation, 16-44vortex shedding, 6-41 to 6-42flowmeters, 8-60waste fuel analysis, 24-7wastewater, categories, 22-59wastewater, characteristics and treatment, 22-69dissolved solids, 22-62equalization, 22-63grease and oil removal, 22-64inorganics, 22-62neutralization, 22-63nutrients and eutrophication, 22-62oil and grease, 22-63organics, 22-60pH and alkalinity, 22-62physical-chemical treatment, 22-76adsorption, 22-76advanced oxidation process, 22-77wastewater, characteristics and treatment,physical-chemical treatment (Cont.):chemical oxidation, 22-77concentration: thickening and flotation,22-79industrial reuse, 22-78ion exchange, 22-77membrane bioreactors (MBRs), 22-78membrane processes, 22-78objectives, 22-78sludge processing, 22-78, 22-80stabilization, 22-79stripping, 22-77pretreatment, 22-63primary, treatment, 22-64chemical precipitation, 22-65gravity sedimentation, 22-64grit chambers, 22-64screens, 22-64priority pollutants, 22-60secondary treatment, 22-65activated sludge, 22-69biological fluidized beds, 22-75design of biological treatment systems,22-66determination of kinetic and stoichiometricpseudo constants, 22-68fixed-film reactor systems, 22-74lagoons, 22-72packed-bed fixed-film systems, 22-74reactor concepts, 22-67rotating biological contactors (RBCs), 22-74trickling filters, 22-3solids, 22-62temperature, 22-62toxic substances, 22-64wastewater treatment, 22-63whole effluent toxicity (WET), 22-63water:Antoine vapor pressure, 13-14BIP data, 13-13residue curve, 13-90residue maps, 13-70, 13-79saturated solid/vapor, thermodynamic properties,2-412sensitivity of composition and temperature, 13-79to 13-80water (Cont.):thermodynamic properties, 2-413 to 2-415VLE data, 13-9, 13-7, 13-9

water content of air, 2-95water substance along the melting line,thermodynamic properties, 2-416water treatment ion exchange cycles, 16-54wave shape, 16-38weighting factor, 8-30weights and measures, U.S. customary, 1-18western electric rule, 8-37wet basis, 12-26humidity, 12-4wet density, 16-10wet-bulb temperature, 12-5, 12-6wet-dry cooling, 12-25wetted-wall columns, 14-82flooding in wetted-wall columns, 14-85mass transfer, 14-83Wien equation, 5-16wood, 24-7work:ideal, 4-38 to 4-39lost, 4-39working capital, 9-6, 9-9, 9-10, 9-17workstations, process control, 8-70Wurster coaters, sizes and capacities,21-133xenon, 2-307, 2-417 to 2-418z transform, 7-30, 8-8zeolites, 16-8Ziegler and Nichols closed-loop method,8-19zone melting, 20-5 to 20-6applications, 20-6component separation, 20-5zone method, 5-24 to 5-27, 5-36 to 5-39electrical network analog, 5-27 to 5-28examples, 5-28 to 5-29matrix formulation, 5-25, 5-36 to 5-37methodology, 5-25multizone enclosures, 5-27two zone enclosure, 5-26This page intentionally left blank