Ch. 6 Chemical Bonding 6-1 Introduction to chemical bonding.
CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS
description
Transcript of CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS
![Page 1: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS
PSc.2.2 OBJECTIVE: Understand chemical bonding and chemical
interactions.
![Page 2: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Objectives PSc.2.2.1
–Infer valence electrons, oxidation number, and reactivity of an element based on its location on the Periodic Table.
![Page 3: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Bonding and Molecules
The outer electrons are involved in bonding.
These are called valence electrons.
![Page 4: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Bonding and Molecules Most stable
atoms have eight valence electrons.
When an atom has 8 valence electrons, it is said to have an octet of electrons.
![Page 5: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Octet Rule
![Page 6: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Oxidation Number An oxidation
number indicates how many electrons are lost, gained, or shared when bonding occurs.
![Page 7: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
1A
2A 3A 4A 5A 6A7A
8A0
The elements in the A groups are called the representative elements.
![Page 8: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
1A Group 1A elements have one valence electron.
They form 1+ ions after losing the one valence electron.
1+ is referred to as the oxidation number for Group 1A elements.
![Page 9: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
2A Group 2A elements have two
valence electrons. They form 2+ ions after losing the
2 valence electrons. 2+ is referred to as the oxidation
number for Group 2A elements.
![Page 10: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
3A
Group 3A elements have three valence electrons.
They form 3+ ions after losing the 3 valence electrons.
3+ is referred to as the oxidation number for Group 3A elements.
![Page 11: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
4A
Group 4A elements have four valence electrons.
They form 4+ ions after losing the 4 valence electrons.
They could just as easily form 4- ions after gaining four additional electrons.
![Page 12: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
4A
Group 4A elements could have a 4+ or 4- oxidation number, depending on the element with which they are bonding.
![Page 13: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Group 4A
Two elements in Group 4A have multiple oxidation numbers of 2+ and 4+.
These two elements are tin (Sn) and lead (Pb).
![Page 14: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
5A
Group 5A elements have five valence electrons.
They form 3- ions after gaining 3 additional electrons.
3- is referred to as the oxidation number for Group 5A elements.
![Page 15: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
6A
Group 6A elements have six valence electrons.
They form 2- ions after gaining 2 additional electrons.
2- is referred to as the oxidation number for Group 6A elements.
![Page 16: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
7A
Group 7A elements have seven valence electrons.
They form 1- ions after gaining 1 additional electron.
1- is referred to as the oxidation number for Group 7A elements.
![Page 17: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
8A Group 8A elements have eight
valence electrons, except helium which only has 2.
Group 8A elements, with a full complement of valence electrons, are generally not reactive.
![Page 18: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Question
How many valence electrons are in an atom of each of the following elements?
a) Magnesium (Mg)
b) Selenium (Se)
c) Tin (Sn)
(2)
(6)
(4)
![Page 19: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Question
Determine the oxidation number of each of the following elements.
a) Potassium (K)
b) Chlorine (Cl)
c) Tin (IV) (Sn)
(1+)
(1-)
(4+)
![Page 20: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Reactivity of Metals
In general, the reactivity of metals increases from top to bottom and decreases from left to right.
![Page 21: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Reactivity of Metals
![Page 22: CHEMICAL BONDING and CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062301/568161c9550346895dd1af60/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Reactivity of Nonmetals
In general, the reactivity of nonmetals increases from left to right and decreases from top to bottom.